Consumer behavior

Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior?

-Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. -It is often necessary to conduct research. -Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. -Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society

The LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) or gay market has been estimated to comprise __________ of the adult U.S. population.

2-5 percent

What is the approximate population of the United States today?

320 million

Which of the following is an example of cause-related marketing (CRM)?

A company donates $1 to Diabetes research for every purchase of its product by consumers.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the overall model of consumer behavior?

A consumer's self-concept and lifestyle influence his or her needs and desires.

A family structure with either two or more adult generations, or with both grandparents and grandchildren living under one roof is known as

A multigenerational household.

__________ have experienced health problems which limit their physical activities, but their positive outlook means they remain active within physical constraints.

Ailing Outgoers

Marketing strategy begins with

Conducting a market analysis

is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society.

Consumer behavior

__________ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product.

Consumer cost

are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable.

Cultural values

__________ describes a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.

Demographics

values prescribe a society's relationship to its economic and technological as well as its physical environment.

Environment-oriented

Since women are quite diverse as a group, what other factors must marketers also consider when designing marketing communications?

Ethnicity, age, life stage, employment status

The generation born between 1995 and 2009 is referred to as

Generation Z.

People in this group retain their physical health, but life events (i.e., death of a spouse) have reduced their self-concept and they become withdrawn.

Healthy Hermits

Which country has the largest percentage of its citizens older than 60 years of age?

Japan

The voluntary simplicity movement in America represents a shift in which value?

Material/nonmaterial

are the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words.

Nonverbal communication systems

refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in power, authority, status, and wealth as natural or inherent in society

Power distance

__________ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole.

Social marketing

is done to enhance the welfare of individuals or society without direct benefit to a firm.

Social marketing

Which of the following is a factor influencing nonverbal communications?

Things, relationships, space, symbols

Late adolescents and early teens are known as

Tweens

is consumers' efforts to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions.

Voluntary simplicity

Which of the following is a traditional American value?

Youth, competition, active, hardwork

Which of the following is an emerging American value?

admiring nature

Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers?

ads packages store environments sales pitches

Placing ads in videogames is known as

advergaming

A(n) __________ is a group of persons who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment.

age cohort

A product's position refers to

an image of the product in the consumer's mind relative to competing products.

A(n) _____ is based on an attribute over which the individual has little or no control.

ascribed role

Which of the following is an internal influence on consumer behavior?

attitudes

Which generation is considered to be more self-centered, individualistic, economically optimistic, skeptical, suspicious of authority, and focused on the present than other generations?

baby boom generation

Tracking consumers' online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as

behavioral targeting.

How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers?

by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does

The upper-middle class achieve their social position primarily

by their occupation and career orientation.

Which term is used to refer to the application of marketing principles and tactics to advance a cause such as a charity, an ideology, or an activity?

cause marketing and social marketing

Which type of marketing ties a company and its products to an issue or cause with the goal of improving sales or corporate image while providing benefits to the cause?

cause-related marketing

What is the movement called in which companies have expanded opportunities for less affluent consumers to afford luxury?

class to mass

One's perceived age, a part of one's self-concept, is known as

cognitive age.

Which of the following is considered a symbol that has varying meaning across cultures?

colors, animals, numbers, music

Which of the following is not evaluated when analyzing a company's own ability to meet customer needs?

competitors

Consumers higher in individualism are more likely to __________ when faced with poor service performance.

complain, switch, and engage in negative word-of-mouth

Which of the following is a component of a market analysis?

conditions

Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as __________ societies.

consumption

A shift back to an emphasis on postponed gratification in America would most likely

decrease the use of credit.

Age, gender, education, occupation, and income are examples of __________ variables.

demographic

Which of the following describes a population in terms of its size, distribution, and structure?

demographics

Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets?

demographics, lifestyles, and media usage

Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy?

demographics, values, language, and nonverbal communications

According to the authors, American culture increasingly values

diversity

Generation Y is sometimes referred to as the

echo boom

What is the basis for virtually all societies?

family unit

Which term is used to refer to whether a person is biologically a male or female?

gender and sex

The children of the original baby boomers are known as _____.

generation y

What is the first step in market segmentation?

identify product-related need sets

Which type of materialism is the acquisition of things to enable one to do something?

instrumental

Which type of decisions involve very little effort or thought on the part of the consumer?

low-involvement decisions

A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n)

market segment.

Which of the following is a self-oriented value?

material/nonmaterial

Consumers 55 years of age and over constitute the __________ market.

mature

When comparing income levels by education and gender, which of the following is true?

men earn more than women at each level of education

A woman that is married where both she and her husband work and share homemaking and child care responsibilities is classified as __________ with respect to gender orientation.

modern

Which time perspective views time almost as a physical object believing that a person does one thing at a time?

monochronic time perspective

Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need?

need set

The boundaries that culture sets on behavior are called

norms.

Nouveaux riches are most commonly associated with the

ower-upper class.

The nearness that others can come to you in various situations without your feeling uncomfortable is known as

personal space.

What are the two major ways time varies between cultures?

perspective and interpretation

An image of the product or brand in the consumer's mind relative to competing products and brands is referred to as the product's

position.

Individuals born before 1930 belong to which generation?

pre-Depression generation

What is the first step in the consumer decision process?

problem recognition

A(n) __________ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need.

product

Which of the following is part of the marketing mix?

product price communications distribution

Which value has a strong influence on entrepreneurship and economic development as well as new-product acceptance?

risk taking/security

Which value relates to tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty avoidance?

risk taking/security

Violation of cultural norms results in __________, or penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group.

sanctions

The totality of an individual's thoughts and feelings about him- or herself is known as

self-concept

Which is not a step in the consumer's decision process?

self-concept analysis

The value that Americans place on youth has

shown a slow reversal toward more value being placed on age in recent years

What two basic approaches are used to measure social status?

single-item and multi-item indexes

A hierarchical division of a society into relatively distinct and homogeneous groups with respect to attitudes, values, and lifestyles is known as a

social class system.

One's position relative to others on one or more dimensions valued by society is known as one's

societal rank.

The more consistent an individual is on all status dimensions, the greater the degree of __________ for the individual.

status crystallization

Which type of materialism is the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself?

terminal

What has been found to improve the results of cause-related marketing programs?

the fit between the company and the cause

A shift from a focus on sensual gratification to abstinence in America would most likely affect

the types of advertising themes used.

A shift away from a competition oriented society would most likely affect

the use of comparative advertising

A culture's overall orientation toward time is known as its

time perspective.

Which of the following is an example of an environment-oriented value?

tradition/change

A woman who is married with the husband assuming the responsibility for providing for the family and the wife running the house and taking care of the children would be classified as

traditional.

To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more __________ than is provided to them by its competition.

value

__________ are widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable.

Cultural values

Which one of the four segments of world citizens feels positively about international brands, values their symbolic aspects, and is less concerned about corporate responsibility?

global dreamers

Which age category is expected to experience the largest percentage increase between 2010 and 2020?

60-69

The percentage of millennial fathers in the U.S. men who have primary or shared grocery shopping responsibilities for their household is

80 percent

In the United States, promptness is considered a virtue. Americans are expected to be on time to an event, and they expect others to do so as well. Which aspect of culture best explains this behavior?

Culture is acquired, that is, it is learned.

Which generation "invented" rock and roll and grew up with music and television as important parts of their lives?

Depression generation

refers to the physical location of individuals in terms of geographic region and rural, suburban, and urban location.

Distribution

represents generally accepted ways of behaving in social situations.

Etiquette

Trademarks?

For the most part need to be established on a country-by-country basis.

This segment of mature consumers has accepted their old-age status and has adjusted their lifestyles to reflect reduced physical capabilities and social roles.

Frail Recluse

__________ refers to the traits of femininity and masculinity.

Gender identity

The behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given society are known as

Gender roles.

Which generation is not part of the mature market?

Generation X

Individuals born between 1977 and 1994 belong to which generation?

Generation Y

__________ deals with the mature market and is based on the theory that people change their outlook on life when they experience major life events such as becoming a grandparent, retiring, losing a spouse, or developing chronic health conditions.

Gerontographics

As green claims increased in number and scope, the FTC developed the __________ to help alleviate concern over the potential for marketers to mislead consumers.

Green Guides

occurs when individuals or groups make consumption decisions that have negative consequence for their long-run well-being.

Injurious consumption

__________ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products.

Marketing communications

The "Green Guides" provide examples of acceptable and unacceptable practices dealing with advertising and package claims relating to such areas as the environment, in general, as well those relating specifically to

Ozone Friendly, biodegradable, recyclable, recycled content

is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product.

Price

is based on the cost of a standard market basket of products bought in each country.

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

values reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable.

Self-oriented

The practice whereby a firm promotes environmental benefits that are unsubstantiated and on which they don't deliver is known as

greenwashing.

What is the largest single influence on the movement toward uniformity in the global youth market?

mass media

Which of the following is enabling the growth of a global culture?

mass media, work, education, travel

The rise of social media has

shifted power from marketers to consumers and helped marketers like CVS listen and adapt to consumers in real time.

Those who work in such professions as architecture, science, engineering, and health care and business who generate new ideas and technologies for a living or engage in complex problem solving are referred to as

the creative class.