Corrections Exam 1
A positivist would most likely agree with which statement?
"Crime occurs due to specific, observable causes."
A political candidate who argues for the implementation of a crime control model would most likely make which statement?
"Criminal activity must be suppressed with ruthless efficiency."
A follower of the Classical School would most likely agree with which statement?
"Criminal behavior takes place due to specific, observable causes."
An advocate of rehabilitation as a justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement?
"Criminals are simply people suffering from faulty thinking and are in need of treatment."
A political candidate who argues for the implementation of a due process model would most likely make which statement?
"Even criminal offenders deserve to have their rights protected."
A crime theorist who views human nature as evolutionarily driven by the need to survive and reproduce would most likely agree with which statement?
"Human nature is not necessarily 'bad,' just essentially selfish."
A crime theorist who views human nature as socially constructed would most likely agree with which statement?
"People learn to commit criminal offenses from influences around them."
An advocate for incapacitation as the main justification for punishment would most likely agree with which statement?
"The primary goal of punishment should be to defend society from criminal predation."
Which scenario provides an example of general deterrence?
A person chooses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act.
Which scenario provides an example of specific deterrence?
A person chooses not to pick a person's pocket because he was previously arrested for this act.
Which scenario best demonstrates the contrast effect?
A potential offender compares the possibility of spending a year in jail with her expected life experience.
In 1831, which pair came to America, intending to study the newly minted prison system?
Beaumont and Tocqueville
Who is most closely associated with the classical school?
Beccaria
Cesare Beccaria founded the positivist school.
False
Durkheim pioneered the idea of the hedonistic calculus.
False
Enlightenment ideas form the basis of positivism.
False
Penology is the study of the criminal justice system as a whole.
False
Rehabilitation reflects the "just deserts" model of punishment.
False
Reintegration is a less pragmatic version of rehabilitation.
False
The United States is closer to a pure crime control model than to a pure due process model.
False
The crime control model can be considered an obstacle course in the carrying out of justice.
False
The goal of incapacitation is to prepare offenders to reenter society.
False
The goal of retributive justice is simple deterrence.
False
The modern rehabilitation model views criminal behavior as a moral sickness.
False
The practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane during the 19th century.
False
The principle of utility was used to evaluate the success of prisons.
False
The severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence.
False
______ slavery was a form of punishment in which those convicted were forced to work as rowers on ships.
Galley
Which statement describes the size of the American prison population from 1963 until 2018?
It increased considerably.
Why did Enlightenment thought so drastically affect correctional thinking?
It shifted the focus from the afterlife to humans on Earth.
______ is the quality of having good sense and sound judgment in the pursuit of self-interest.
Rationality
______ argues that the goal of corrections should be to equip criminals with the necessary skills to reenter society.
Reintegration
Both specific and general deterrence rely on individuals engaging in the hedonistic calculus.
True
Criminals regularly consider punitive probabilities when deciding whether to continue committing crimes.
True
Early state-controlled punishment was typically as severe as uncontrolled vengeance.
True
General deterrence is aimed at potential offenders.
True
In controlled vengeance, the state takes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged.
True
Positivist approaches to punishment used science to determine the causes of crime.
True
Restitutive justice is characterized by making amends.
True
Selective incapacitation argues for incarcerating only a small number of violent repeat offenders.
True
The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the expected life experience of the individual to be punished.
True
The correctional enterprise is primarily about punishment.
True
The crime control and due process models are more about police and courts than corrections.
True
When penologists discuss recidivism, they are talking about ______.
an offender committing additional crimes after being punished
Early workhouses built to hold and whip "beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers" were known as ______.
bridewells
When the state assumes responsibility for punishing wrongdoers, rather than leaving this up to individuals, it is called ______.
controlled vengeance
Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiencies are called ______.
correctional institutions
The functions carried out by government or private agencies that deal with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are collectively known as ______.
corrections
The three major subsystems of the criminal justice system in the United States are police, courts, and ______.
corrections
The ______ model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society.
crime control
In his 1775 census of correctional facilities in England and Wales, John Howard found that the most common types of prisoners were ______.
debtors
An individual is hesitant to speed on the highway because she knows there are speed traps. This is an example of which justification for punishment?
deterrence
Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders?
deterrence
The primary goal of general deterrence is to ______.
discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole
Overall, the United States is closer to a pure ______ model than a pure crime control model.
due process
The more a country respects the ideals of democracy, the more likely that country follows a ______ model.
due process
Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments and, instead, relied on ______ to determine appropriate punishment.
empirical science
One benefit for the state associated with the practice of transportation was ______.
exploitation of labor
In ancient Rome, a punishment called capitis diminutio maxima involved ______ and turned criminals into penal slaves.
forfeiture of citizenship
Which doctrine maintains that all life goals are desirable only as means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain?
hedonism
King Henry II required that gaols be built to ______.
hold the accused for trial
Which concept provides a philosophical justification for punishment because it acknowledges that people purposely weigh options before deciding on a course of action?
human agency
The crime control model and the due process model are ______ models meant to exaggerate differences between correctional systems.
ideal-type
Under Garofalo's individualized sentencing guidelines, the ______ criminal would be subjected to transportation to a penal colony.
impulsive
The idea that offenders are not to be trusted and should be constrained is associated with ______.
incapacitation
Which punishment would an advocate of the Classical School suggest for someone convicted of armed assault for the third time?
incarceration
The due process model emphasizes ______.
justice for the community
The major tension between the crime control model and the due process model lies in their emphasis on ______.
justice for the offender or for the community
Corrections serves which primary function for accused and convicted individuals?
management
The belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ______.
positivism
The doctrine of ______ argued that people should only concern themselves with things that can be observed and measured.
positivism
The Enlightenment concept of human nature saw individuals as ______.
possessing free will
In criminal justice terms, ______ is the state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law.
punishment
According to the concept of selective incapacitation, an offender convicted of ______ is most deserving of incarceration.
rape for the third time
According to sociologist Émile Durkheim, the primary societal function of the rituals of punishment was to ______.
reaffirm social norms
Nationwide rates of ______ suggest approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within six months.
recidivism
One recurring theme throughout the history of corrections in the United states is the cyclical need for ______.
reform
The ______ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model.
rehabilitation
An advocate of ______ as a justification for punishment would argue that individuals can be transformed through effective, concrete programs.
reintegration
According to Durkheim, ______ justice could both calm moral outrage and arouse empathy and sympathy in the community.
restitutive
A candidate for public office recently stated, "Criminals deserve to suffer because of the harm they cause our society." This statement corresponds with ______.
retribution
Incarcerating an offender for 10 years because he or she "deserves" to be punished would be considered which justification for punishment?
retribution
The Code of Hammurabi, which codified controlled vengeance, is consistent with which justification for punishment?
retribution
Which justification for punishment taps most directly into humankind's primitive desire for revenge?
retribution
The cohort studies by Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin (1972) that found that only 6.3% of the population studied committed over 70% of the murders, rapes, and robberies attributed to that group provide justification for ______.
selective incapacitation
A major theme over the course of correctional history has been a growing ______.
sense of compassion in treating offenders
Beccaria argued that a system of punishment should include punishment that is certain, swift, and ______.
severe
A person is convicted of serial murder more than twenty years after the murders were committed. The offender states that he carried out the murders on the assumption that he would not be caught and would not be punished. He is sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. Which of the three components of effective punishment does this scenario demonstrate?
severity
Beccaria thought that punishment would be most effective if it occurred soon after the crime was committed. This concept is known as ______.
swiftness
During which period in history did positivism emerge?
the 19th century
During the Middle Ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was ______.
the Catholic Church
In the late Middle Ages, galley slavery was used as an alternative to ______.
the death penalty
What is specific deterrence?
the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received punishment
The method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs is known as ______.
the hedonistic calculus
A relatively constant theme in corrections over the past few centuries has been ______.
the importance of money in decision making
Bentham argued that people's behavior should be judged according to its effects on the happiness of the rest of the community, a concept called ______.
the principle of utility
Penology is most properly defined as ______.
the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime
Which of the following contributed most to the increase in U.S. incarceration rates in recent decades?
the war on drugs
The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations, such as the American colonies or Australia, was known as ______.
transportation
The incapacitation perspective on punishment views offenders as ______.
wicked people who need to be separated from the innocent
