corrections exam 3

. Which of the following scenarios most suggests the presence of a negative subculture? a. A correctional officer rushes to pull an inmate off of another officer. b. A correctional officer looks the other way when a coworker assaults an inmate. c. A staff member acts as a character reference for an inmate seeking employment. d. A staff member alerts the warden to the potential of overcrowding in the facility

a correctional officer looks the other way when a coworker assaults an inmate

Which of the following scenarios best represents a hack role? a. An officer finds contraband on an inmate and confiscates it. b. A staff member physically breaks up a fight between two inmates. c. An officer reads over an inmate's resume to help with finding employment. d. A staff member provides information on prison gangs to a researcher.

a staff member physically breaks up a fight between two inmates

During the ______, prisoners were tortured by mostly untrained correctional officers, who made them sleep naked, crawl on the floor, and pose in pyramids naked. a. San Diego Correctional Experiment b. Abu Ghraib scandal c. Corrections Compendium survey d. Attica Prison riot

abu ghraib scandal

An officer is helping a group of inmates smuggled contraband, usually prescription pills, into the facility in exchange for cooperation and a cut of the profit. This is an example of ______. a. a subculture b. human service c. use of force d. abuse of power

abuse of power

What is more likely to occur in environments where administrators do not supervise staff closely enough and inmates have little or no ability to contact the outside? a. ethics b. turnover c. use of force d. abuse of power

abuse of power

One way correctional agencies attempt to prevent ethical abuses is by ______. a. having officers reread guidelines b. hiring people over 18 c. adopting a code of ethics d. allowing inmates to give feedback

adopting a code of ethics

Which of the following scenarios best represents a human service role? a. An officer finds contraband on an inmate and confiscates it. b. A staff member physically breaks up a fight between two inmates. c. An officer reads over an inmate's resume to help with finding employment. d. A staff member provides information on prison gangs to a researcher.

an officer reads over an inmates resume to help with finding employment

A hack is most likely to focus on ______ in their interactions with inmates. a. goods and services b. human service c. brute force d. advocacy

brute force

Women and minorities did not work in corrections until after the ______ Act. a. Civil Rights b. Criminal Justice c. Equal Pay d. Fair Employment

civil rights

Negotiations used by union workers to seek benefit provisions from employers are called ______. a. defects of total power b. stressors c. collective bargaining d. abuses of power

collective bargaining

A general continuum of correctional professionalism across the field in relation to pay, from most professionalized to least, would likely be ______. a. jail, community corrections, public prisons b. community corrections, public prisons, jail c. public prisons, jail, community corrections d. community corrections, jail, public prisons

community corrections, public prisons, jail

The old English shire reeves were the equivalent of modern day ______. a. prison guards b. probation officers c. correctional officers d. watchmen

correctional officers

Most jobs in ______ do not meet the criteria for professional status. a. criminology b. criminal justice c. law enforcement d. corrections

corrections

What is a common reason why someone might work in public corrections? a. high potential for promotion b. desire to help others c. secure working conditions d. high pay and bonuses

desire to help others

As discussed in the chapter, a role within corrections is ______. a. determined by what someone does at their job on a daily basis b. formally assigned and strictly adhered to c. the same for all correctional officers d. defined solely by one's job description

determined by what someone does at their job on a daily basis

. In 2012, the most common means for offenders to gain parole was via ______ release. a. mandatory b. indeterminate c. unconditional d. discretionary

discretionary

When was the United States Board of Parole created? a. early 1800s b. late 1800s c. early 1900s d. late 1900s

early 1900s

You are the new warden at a facility where use of force has been excessive in the past. What new policy would be most likely to lead to limited use of force in the future? a. instating a policy of swift punishment for noncompliance b. hiring a large number of new, younger staff c. isolating the staff from the outside world d. encouraging staff-inmate communication

encouraging staff inmate communication

All jails, prisons, and even juvenile institutions require applicants to have a college degree.

false

Male officers are more likely to be involved in "consensual" sexual relations with inmates than are their female counterparts.

false

Prior military service is not a valuable attribute of those working in corrections

false

Some correctional agencies will hire job applicants as young as 16.

false

The use of force can be seen more in minimum-security facilities than anywhere else.

false

Which of the following workers would probably command the highest salary? a. state-level corrections officer working in a prison b. state-level community corrections officer c. federal corrections officer working in a prison d. federal community corrections officer

federal community corrections officer

Which is true about sexual harassment in the correctional workplace? a. Sexual harassment rarely happens in the correctional workplace. b. Both genders are likely to be harassed equally. c. Males are more likely to be harassed by female coworkers. d. Females are more likely to be harassed by male coworkers.

females are more likely to be harassed by male coworkers

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a profession? a. formal on-the-job training b. the existence of a subculture c. a clear and detailed job description d. the ability to work overtime

formal on the job training

A ticket of leave is ______. a. granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison b. a system that allows convicts to see their families once per year c. a system that allows convicts to serve their entire sentence in the community

granted for individuals who have received enough credits while in prison

What makes it more likely for a subculture's norms to diverge from those of the broader community? a. greater isolation b. older age of members c. degree of professionalization d. large size of subculture

greater isolation

Current scholars in corrections use the term hack to refer to the people who used to be called ______. a. watchmen b. thief-takers c. sheriffs d. guards

guards

An advantage of hiring correctional officers over 40 years old is they ______. a. are more physically fit than younger workers b. have more experience and wisdom c. cost less to hire and provide benefits for d. do not complain as much

have more experience and wisdom

A correctional officer has worked for 10 years with adult prisoners. He has recently gotten a job in which he will be working with youth. What strategy should he use going into his new job? a. With youth, it is best to take on the role of a hack. b. If he uses force, he will be able to scare the children into behaving. c. He should take on a human service role. d. He should use the same approach he used with adults.

he should take on a human service role

Most correctional officers focus on ______, serving as advocates for inmates and helping them transition into prison life. a. bureaucracy b. power c. human service d. professionalization

human service

The subcultural values of corrections ______. a. prohibit officer-inmate interactions b. resemble those of public service c. include an us-versus-them mentality d. do not affect what staff members do

include an us versus them mentality

Over the past several decades, the number of people working in state and local corrections has ______. a. decreased slightly b. decreased dramatically c. increased dramatically d. increased slightly

increased dramatically

Maconochie advocated what was essentially a(n) ______ sentence. a. indeterminate b. determinate c. consecutive d. concurrent

indeterminate

Which of the following is one of the stages of the Irish system? a. shocking offenders with prison life b. convicts engaging in labor for free c. remaining in prison for the entire sentence d. inmates earning tickets of leave

inmates earning tickets of leave

Parole is different from probation insofar as it ______. a. is an administrative function by a part of the executive branch b. is a judicial function decided by a judge and jury c. depends entirely on the good time an offender earns d. involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence

is an administration function by a part of the executive branch

What is a concern of unions? a. They have collective bargaining power. b. They advocate for better working conditions. c. They allow workers to voice their concerns. d. It is harder to fire incompetent people.

it is harder to fire incompetent people

Why can't correctional officers use force to get inmates to comply with all orders? a. It would be impractical. b. Staff are not strong enough. c. Use of force is prohibited. d. Inmates tend to be compliant.

it would be impractical

When was the first parole system instituted in the United States? a. late 1700s b. early 1800s c. late 1800s d. early 1900s

late 1800s

Discretion is defined as the ability to ______. a. make choices and to act or not act on them b. distinguish between right and wrong c. make informed decisions on the basis of ideology d. the requirement of following guidelines

make choices and to act or not to act on them

What was the result of the case of Willie Horton, an infamous criminal who committed an armed robbery and rape while on weekend furlough for murder? a. Indeterminate sentencing became the norm. b. The practice of unconditional release ended. c. Many states abolished discretionary parole. d. Mandatory parole was outlawed nationwide.

many states abolished discretionary parole

You are the commissioner for the department of corrections in your state. You have just learned that a correctional officer engaged in the use of force at one of the facilities. Which type of facility would you guess it happened at? a. minimum b. medium c. maximum d. juvenile

maximum

According to the most recent statistics, the vast majority of parolees in the United States are ______. a. women b. men c. White d. Black

men

Research indicates that in comparison male corrections officers, female officers are ______. a. less likely to be disciplined for sexual harassment b. more likely to be involved in "consensual" sexual relations with inmates c. less likely to be sexually harassed by male supervisors d. more likely to engage in major sexual harassment of inmates

more likely to be involved in consensual sexual relations with inmates

In comparison to probation officers, correctional officers within the prison are ______. a. more likely to interact regularly with repeat felons b. more likely to feel safer on the job c. less likely to have to use force d. less likely to be paid well

more likely to interact regularly with repeat felons

Jails continue to operate at ______ of their capacity. a. more than three-quarters b. just under half c. a small minority d. nearly all

more than three quarters

. Which of the following would likely command the lowest salary? a. union corrections officer b. non-union police officer c. non-union corrections officer d. union police officer

non union corrections officer

The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the ______. a. Eastern State Penitentiary b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony c. Elmira Reformatory d. Walnut Street Jail

norfolk island penal colony

You are performing research on why people choose correctional work. You would most likely find those who report finding it rewarding chose the work because of the ______. a. potential for promotion b. regular on-the-job training c. lucrative paycheck associated with it d. opportunity to break the cycle of criminality

opportunity to break the cycle of criminality

Parole in the United States is the practice of ______. a. releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence b. providing intermediate sanctions for offenders deemed to be of little threat c. allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community d. revising the sentences of convicted criminals during their incarceration in prison

releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence

Compared to other professions, the typical correctional job ______. a. has higher educational requirements b. requires less formal training c. tends to pay more on average d. had less job security

requires less formal training

The ______ was an investigation into the effects of authority and was discontinued after mere days when it found that guards quickly began to abuse inmates. a. Abu Ghraib scandal b. Stanford prison experiment c. Corrections Compendium survey d. Attica Prison riot

stanford prison experiment

According to Lipsky, ______ are entry-level public sector workers who tend to be overworked and underpaid. a. hacks b. detectives c. correctional officers d. street-level bureaucrats

street level bureaucrats

The norms, values, beliefs, history, traditions, and language held and practiced by a group of people are collectively known as ______. a. roles b. professionalization c. power d. subculture

subculture

According to Maconochie, the goal of corrections is to ______. a. protect and serve b. keep the peace c. exact revenge d. teach virtue

teach virtue

Which statement accurately describes the numbers of correctional staff in comparison to numbers of inmates over time? a. The number of correctional staff has increased, but not as much as the number of inmates. b. The number of correctional staff has increased at the same rate as the inmate population. c. The number of correctional staff has decreased, while the inmate population continues to increase. d. The number of correctional staff has decreased at the same rate as the inmate population.

the number of correctional staff has increased, but not as much as the number of inmates

Which of the following principles was the basis for Maconochie's approach to prison administration? a. Cruel and vindictive punishment is good for the criminal and the larger society. b. The purpose of punishment should be reformation of the convict. c. Criminal sentences should be viewed in terms of time served. d. Definite prison terms allow convicts to know the length of their sentence and are the only just way to tailor a punishment.

the purpose of punishment should be reformation of the convict

The mark system was based on ______. a. a convict's ability to convince a magistrate of his or her innocence b. the speedy and efficient performance of tasks c. a set of punishments convicts received for violating institutional rules d. marks that convicts received on their written tests

the speedy and efficient performance of tasks

What might be one reason that the general public does not view correctional work as desirable? a. They see the training as too rigorous. b. They do not understand it. c. They are hoping for greater job security. d. They want to break the cycle of criminality.

they do not understand it

In her study of staff members in a juvenile training facility, what did Inderbitzin (2006) find regarding the different roles correctional officers took when supervising children? a. Their roles did not change much from the ones they took on in adult facilities. b. They served as their adolescent inmates' guardians and role models. c. The staff members who were most effective were those who took on a hack role. d. They generally preferred working with adults to working with juveniles

they served as their adolescent inmates guardians and role models

. As the correctional workplace has diversified, so has the importance of race on perceptions of workers and their labor.

true

A concern of unions is that it is harder to fire incompetent people.

true

A profession is typified by five things, one of which is pay and benefits that are commensurate to the work.

true

About three times as many men as women work with inmates as correctional officers.

true

Abuse of power is likely to occur in environments where staff are younger.

true

Community corrections is arguably the most professionalized sector of American corrections.

true

Correctional organizations today are less likely to have as strong a staff subculture as they did in the past.

true

Everyone who works in a criminal justice agency starts as a street-level bureaucrat.

true

Probation officers tend to earn more money than corrections officers.

true

Research indicates that female correctional workers are more likely to be sexually harassed by male workers than vice versa.

true

Subcultural values can be positive, facilitating officers' ability to do their work well.

true

The Army initially attempted to blame the Abu Ghraib scandal on ______. a. media bias b. an incompetent supervisor c. dangerous inmates d. untrained staffers

untrained staffers

You are in charge of hiring new staff at a correctional facility where there have been several ethical violations. What method would be most helpful to use during hiring to ensure that ethical guidelines are followed in the future? a. hire primarily men, to avoid sexual misconduct b. require all hires to have obtained college degrees c. use selection instruments that assess ethical instincts d. ensure that all new hires have passed physical fitness tests

use selection instruments that assess ethical instincts

Ill-informed choices and unethical behavior can result when correctional officers ______. a. lack college degrees b. defer to the handbook c. act in human service roles d. use their discretion

use their discretion

In correctional work, a hack is a(n) ______. a. violent and cynical keeper of inmates b. new, untrained correctional officer c. older officer focused on human service d. street-level bureaucrat

violent and cynical keeper of inmates

The term parole comes from a French phrase that means ______. a. under great supervision b. the second chance c. word of honor d. renewed promise

word of honor

An abuse of power would be most likely to occur when most of the staff members are ______. a. young b. former military c. excessively trained d. college-educated

young

. Two different correctional roles include the correctional officer and the ______. a. police officer b. probation officer c. prison guard d. watchman

probation officer

When corrections work does require a graduate degree, it is generally a specific degree in criminal justice or criminology.

false

Within the last century, the public has come to consider corrections work a profession.

false

Dahl (1961) defined ______ as being able to "get people to do what they otherwise wouldn't." a. professionalization b. discretion c. experience d. power

power

What age do most correctional institutions require applicants to be before they are hired? a. 18 b. 21 c. 25 d. 30

21

Which individual would have preference over the others in the correctional hiring process? a. 25-year-old female with military experience b. 40-year-old female returning to work after taking care of her kids c. 30-year-old male with a master's degree in criminal justice d. 18-year-old male who just graduated from high school

25 year old female with military experience

It is 1963, and you are a hiring manager for a correctional institution. Which of these candidates is most likely going to be hired? a. 17-year-old White male b. 30-year-old White male c. 22-year-old White female d. 25-year-old Black male

30 year old white male

The underlying cause of the misbehavior of the guards in the Stanford prison experiment was ______. a. job stress b. poor supervision c. difficult inmates d. power

power

Correctional officers and probation officers have the same roles.

false

Dahl (1961) defined discretion as being able to "get people to do what they otherwise wouldn't."

false

During the Abu Ghraib scandal, researchers divided volunteers into the roles of inmates and guards.

false

Police officers and corrections officers are paid about the same wage

false

The Stanford prison experiment found that inmates would take advantage of guards if the guards did not act abusively.

false

The hack role serves as a positive role model for inmates and other officers.

false

Which statement accurately compares the Stanford prison experiment with the Abu Ghraib scandal? a. Countless people died in both the Stanford prison experiment and at Abu Ghraib. b. The Stanford prison experiment displayed correctional officers at their best, whereas Abu Ghraib displayed them at their worst. c. Both the Stanford prison experiment and Abu Ghraib saw correctional officers abusing their power. d. The Stanford prison experiment resulted in hunger strikes among the inmates, while the Abu Ghraib scandal resulted in staff starving the inmates.

both the stanford prison experiment and abu ghraib saw correctional officers abusing their power

. Overall, the general public tends to ______. a. believe corrections officers are overpaid b. reject corrections work as a profession c. believe most correctional officers are racist d. reject the idea of get-tough-on-crime laws

reject corrections work as a profession

One way to help professionalize corrections is to ______. a. require a college degree b. prohibit underage hiring c. form an isolated subculture d. provide uniforms for staff

require a college degree

Staff are more likely to abuse their power when they are not supervised.

true

Sykes (1958) noted that staff need inmates to comply with orders, as it would be difficult, if not impossible, to force them to do what they otherwise would not. This is known as ______. a. the defects of total power b. the human service role c. collective bargaining d. the abuse of power

the defects of total power

Why might a former military service member feel more comfortable than non-military officers in a correctional workplace? a. Correctional officers enjoy a great deal of discretion. b. Corrections is also a highly professionalized endeavor. c. The hierarchy of power and command is similar. d. The job security and benefits are much greater.

the hierarchy of power and command is similar

Why do correctional agencies tend to hire younger workers? a. They are better at counseling. b. The job is physically demanding. c. The job requires a college degree. d. They often have military experience.

the job is physically demanding

What was one way in which the Stanford prison experiment does not accurately reflect correctional reality? a. Officers worked in teams. b. The officers were not given any training. c. The conditions were freezing. d. Inmates were the same race as officers.

the officers were not given any training