RPI Drugs, Society, and Behavior Test 3
True or false, if you might inhale (vape) small doses of nicotine regularly, you are apt to get the potential positive effects of the vaping experience, but not have developed an addiction (manifest as a marketed tendency to continue the act of taking a drug; and when taken often, it is difficult to stop taking the drug, in this case nicotine).
False
True or false, acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the fiber system of the brain named the medial forebrain bundle is the system strongly associated with the experience of reward and pleasure?
False
True or false, cannabis leaves and flowers of tiny, sticky, hairs contain about 40 chemicals, which about 30 are unique to the cannabis plant
False
True or false, despite extensive research, no one has isolated an endogenous opioid agonist?
False
True or false, does chronic use of opioid antagonists produce itch?
False
True or false, doses of opioid antagonists are used as therapeutic doses for treating diarrhea and suppression of cough
False
True or false, only a few of the drugs that humans become addicted to are readily self-administered by experimental animals, i.e., cocaine is unique?
False
Drugs that reduce anxiety are called anxiolytics
True
Females use prescription sedative/hypnotics more than males
True
Fentanyl is highly lipid-soluble, and so it has a rapid onset and short duration of action
True
Generally, the more cannabidiol a strain of cannabis has, the less THC
True
Heroin use has increased significantly over the past years
True
The synthetic cannabinoid Spice binds more fully to brain cannabinoid receptors than does THC and may produce more intense effects
True
True or false, the average citizen of some countries live as long as 4 to 5 years longer than the average citizens of the USA?
True
True or false, the following generality is probably the case: any drug, when taken regularly, that enhanced the release of dopamine in the system of the brain known as the Medial Forebrain Bundle system (i.e. places where MFB fibers terminate and release dopamine) is apt to induce an addiction to the act that led to the enhanced dopamine
True
True or false, the human body makes an endogenous form of THC
True
True or false, the poppy plant has been cultivated for thousands of years?
True
True or false, there are data to support CBD is antioxidant, anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic and neuroprotective?
True
With chronic use, the liver becomes able to metabolize opioids faster
True
Withdrawal from sedative/hypnotics can cause insomnia
True
Recreational use of which of the following is not a schedule I drug?
Valium
Which is true about vaporizing marijuana?
Vaping marijuana does not get hot enough to burn the plant material
Which is true about the mechanism of action of sedative/hypnotics?
When benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor, they allow more chloride to enter the cell
Pick the odd one: - heroin - anandamide - 2AG - endorphins
heroin
Opium was a common ingredient in many patent medicines in the 19th century
True
Sedative/hypnotic drugs increase the amount of time spent in REM sleep
False
THC and its metabolites have long half-lives and may remain in the body for many days or even weeks after use
True
THC is a phytocannabinoid and anandamide is an endocannabinoid
True
The Opium Wars were when England went to war against China to try to make China stop smuggling their opium into England
False
Tolerance develops to benzodiazepines but not to barbiturates
False
True or false, REM sleep is characterized by high intensity, slow wave EEGs?
False
Which of the following is associated with long-term use of opioids?
Constipation and increased sensitivity to pain
Which is true about cannabis sativa compared to cannabis indica?
It is a taller, lighter colored plant
5% of American adults, and 10% of Americans between the ages of 12 and 17, report using opioid drugs for non-medical purposes
True
Cannabis use is associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia
True
Deprivation of REM sleep during a few nights lead to
An apparently strong tendency to "recoup" the lost REM sleep at first opportunity
Which of the following is true about REM sleep?
Associated with a loss of skeletal muscle tone
Pick the correct conclusion
Both REM sleep and NREM sleep is critical
Barbiturates are addictive but benzodiazepines are not
False
Cannabis sativa has a higher cannabidiol to THC ratio
False
Ingesting opium gives a rapid, more intense and more addictive high than smoking opium
False
Marijuana decreases heart rate
False
True or false, the USA has the best health-care system in the world (or is closely tired to other advanced nations) as indexed by the fact that citizens of the USA live longer than citizens of other countries?
False
True or false, typically, we only use 50% of our brains?
False
Name the short acting opioid agonist that is a major component in the current opioid crises
Fentanyl
Pick the odd one
Fentanyl
Which one of the following neurotransmitters do benzodiazepines affect?
GABA
Which of the following is the safest way (of those listed) to take the addictive ingredient known as THC? (Safest is defined as being most free of disease due to the act of inhaling a vapor)
Inhaling the smoke of burning marijuana plants
Compared to morphine, methadone is
Is longer-lasting
Which of the following is false about opioids such as morphine or heroin?
Local anesthetic
Chronic users of marijuana develop tolerance to all of the below except:
Memory effects
Which of the following is a type of opioid receptor?
Mu
Which of the following is the drug of choice to treat opioid-induced respiratory depression?
Naloxone
Morphine is to Methadone as Naloxone is to
Naltrexone
Pick the odd one: - naltrexone - methadone - heroin - morphine
Naltrexone
Which opioid is a long-lasting antagonist?
Naltrexone
Which is the most common route of administration for sedative/hypnotics?
Oral
In a normal, average night of sleep, how many periods of REM sleep are usually recorded?
Probably more than 4
Which of the following is not seen with opioid withdrawal?
Respiratory depression
Which of the following is not an example of a Z drug?
Rozerem
Opioid receptors are to heroin as cannabinoid receptors are to
THC
Pick the description that best characterizes the modern theory of drug addiction
The addictive drugs induce pleasure when initially used (different addictive drugs do so to a different degree, but all do produce an increment in pleasant experience or satisfaction of some sort). With prolonged use the acts of taking the drugs becomes habitual and hence the habit sustains the use rather than the experience of marked positive affect
Which of the following is the current knowledge on whether MDMA is neurotoxic in human users?
The effects of using MDMA as a recreational drug are highly controversial
Which of the following might best explain the surge in heroin use over the past decade?
The increased use of prescription pain medications
When considering what treatments might be effective in treating a drug-addiction (including those established by nicotine and ethanol), it appears that the strongest predictor of the outcome of the treatment has to do with
The quality of the patient along variables such as regularly employed, has strong family support and generally healthy or the opposite
Your professor stated one of the following about how long we should regularly sleep during a day. Pick what he said.
The standard is whether you awaken feeling rested and restored and do not have a period, say in the afternoon, of lethargy; regardless of how long you slept, as long as you get some hours of sleep (probably at least 5 hour/night or maybe even somewhat shorter)
Which is false about opioid receptors?
The two main classes of opioid receptors are endorphins and enkephalins
Injecting opioids is more addictive than ingesting them
True
Instead of being storied in vesicles, endocannabinoids are rapidly synthesized when needed
True
Many benzodiazepines end with the suffice "-epam" or "-olam"
True
Marijuana is an effective treatment for chronic pain in adults
True
Marijuana today generally has a significantly higher THC content than the marijuana that was available in the 1960s and 1970s
True
Once heroin reaches the brain, it is converted back into morphine
True
Opioid pain relievers are responsible for more deaths than from heroin and cocaine combined
True
Opioids cause constipation
True
True or false, CBD stands for cannabidiol?
True
True or false, OxyContin is an opioid analgesic?
True
True or false, Spice, also called K2, is commercially available, but is labeled as "not for human consumption?"
True
True or false, THC levels in sold marijuana products have increased almost yearly from 2001 to 2013?
True
True or false, amphetamine doses are a common medicine for the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactive syndrome among children?
True
True or false, are there as many as three endogenous opioids?
True
True or false, asian and black groups (identified socially) are the groups that use the lease amount of use of illegal stimulants
True
True or false, brief, low intensity stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in all mammals tested will reinforce the act that delivered the stimulation?
True
True or false, cocaine, at the molecular level, blocks reuptake of dopamine (in areas of the brain such as the accumbens n.)?
True
True or false, current programs for treating major addictions of humans are only marginally successful and often (as many as 50% and commonly 80%) of the treated individuals return to regularly using the addictive agent (or agents) within a matter of months?
True
True or false, do opioid agonists when used as pain-killers induce constipation?
True
True or false, does circulating ethanol in blood of a sleeping person tend to suppress REM sleep?
True
True or false, does the USA FDA advise "no youth or pregnant women should be using any vaping product, regardless of the substance?"
True
True or false, is it a consensus that babies and young children need many hours of sleep a day, say usually more than 8 hour/day?
True
True or false, it appears that nearly all animals have a period of a day in which they do something similar to sleep?
True
True or false, it is possible to vape virtually pure nicotine (i.e. no tars similar to inhaled smoke of burning tobacco leaves) with only a carrier thought to be reasonably safe?
True
True or false, most marijuana laws only mention cannabis sativa?
True
True or false, numerous studies of MDMA (ecstasy) in animal studies show that large doses of MDMA are neurotoxic to serotonin neurons?
True
True or false, rats and other experimental animals readily self-administer cocaine if given the opportunity to do so?
True
True or false, the Department of Agriculture has research to indicate that fiber hemp grown during 4-6 months, has the same amount of paper as 4-5 acres as 20 year-old trees?
True
True or false, the USA is only one of two nations that allow the advertisement of drugs via all forms of media?
True
The term "endorphin" refers to
a peptide manufactured in the brain that has opioid-like effects
Using high doses of amphetamines for multiple days
can induce a depletion of neuronal stores of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, hence leaving the drug-user with neural circuits involving these neurotransmitters less functional
Dextromethorphan is a drug designed for
cough
Naltrexone ___ addictive
is not
Some countries for example, Switzerland, allow doctors to prescribe heroin have
lower mortality rates, less illicit drug use, and higher rates of retention in addiction treatment programs
We have data on drug-related deaths in the USA (drug overdoses). Those data are different now than a decade ago. Currently, the kind of drug causing the most death is....
opioids
A man arrives at the emergency room with needle tracts on his arm and respiratory depression that is dangerous. He is given a large dose of naloxone, but that seems to do little to lift the respiratory depression. Such actions...
rule out overdoses of opioids as a reason for the respiratory depression