Corrections Final (Ch. 1-7)

Research shows that the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model can cut recidivism of high-risk offenders by as much as ____________________ percent.

20

Nearly ____________________ of all probationers have been convicted of a violent offense, such as assault, sexual assault, and domestic violence.

20%

How many adult Americans in the U.S. are currently under some form of probationary control?

4 million

Truth-in-sentencing laws require inmates to serve what percentage of their sentence?

85%

EM (electronic monitoring) signals are transmitted via:

Active and passive phone line service

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of house arrest?

All offenders on house arrest are being monitored electronically

In the United States, the practice of probation began in 1841 in Boston due to the work of:

Augustus

A____________ bond is a money bond levied to ensure the return of a criminal defendant for trial, allowing the defendant to remain in the community prior to trial.

Bail

The temporary conditional release of an accused person awaiting trial is referred to :

Bail

The Bureau of Prisons uses the house arrest sanction for inmates:

Before release

A type of probation in which the probationer is not supervised is:

Bench Probation

According to the continuum of intermediate sanctions, which of the following is the most intrusive sanction

Boot camp

Which of the following statements about boot camps is most accurate?

Boot camp programs are on the decline

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of community corrections acts (CCA)?

CCAs are created by each state's supreme court

The nation's first crime victim compensation program began in 1965 in which U.S. state?

California

In 1780 BCE, the King of Babylon created the first formal legal code known as the:

Code of Hammurabi

The state-based act through which local governments receive subsidies for diverting minor offenders is the:

Community Corrections Act

____________________ requires an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or government agency.

Community Service

A court order requiring an offender to perform a certain number of work hours at a private nonprofit or a government agency is a:

Community Service Order

The federal sentencing guidelines originated in October 1984 when Congress passed which federal law---a law that, among other things, abolished parole?

Comprehensive Crime Control Act

One or more sentences imposed at the same time and served one after the other are called:

Consecutive Sentences

Criminal forfeiture can occur only after:

Conviction

Sentencing is the formal beginning of which process?

Correctional

The sanction requiring a portion of the defendant's income to be paid is referred to as the:

Day Fine

An intensive form of short-term community supervision that also requires attendance is the:

Day Reporting Center

Which of the following is NOT a goal of diversion today?

Dealing with the punitively oriented alternative

Which of the following is considered to be an appropriate legal factor for a judge to consider prior to making a final sentencing decision?

Defendant's Prior Record

A sentence delaying conviction on a guilty plea until after probation is served is a:

Deffered Sentence

Sentences with a fixed term of years to serve are called:

Determinate

Which goal of punishment is designed to prevent others from committing similar crimes?

Deterrence

The purpose of ___________ programs is to prevent a novice offender from being stigmatized and labeled by the justice system while at the same time sparing the public the cost of unneeded criminal justice processing.

Diversion

____________________ was finished in 1829 and became a model for prisons in several European countries. It had a radial design, with seven wings, each containing 76 cells, radiating from a central hub, where control personnel were stationed.

Eastern State Penitentiary

To ensure that an offender is complying with his or her home confinement orders, many jurisdictions use:

Electronic Monitoring

Which was the first institution to pay wages to prisoners as a reward for diligence and productivity?

Elmira Reformatory

The setting of justice policy is aided by the ____________________ branch of government

Executive

A prison is a county correctional facility that holds people pending trial, awaiting sentence, service a sentence (usually less a year) or awaiting transfer to another facilities after conviction.

False

A risk management correctional system is more focused on providing treatment services for offenders than regulating or controlling them.

False

A sentence of 1 to 15 years is an example of a determinate sentence.

False

All 50 states now impose some form of fee on probationers to defray the cost of probation and other community programs.

False

All criminal cases, felony or misdemeanor, are fully processed through the entire formal criminal justice system.

False

Before sentencing takes place in felony cases, it is common for the prosecutor to personally conduct a presentence investigation.

False

By the 1890s, the medical model was implemented in correctional institutions throughout the United States.

False

Criminal forfeiture occurs after a suspect is arrested by police officers but before he or she is convicted in a criminal court.

False

Federal and state sentencing guidelines were created to limit prosecutorial discretion so that people committing similar crimes received similar terms of incarceration.

False

Financial restitution is payment of a sum of money by the offender to the court.

False

In order to meet their specific intended goals, intermediate sanctions are usually not used conjunction with one another.

False

In rem proceedings are used to return property illegally seized by the government.

False

In the federal courts, the home confinement program is only used with pretrial defendants.

False

In the mid 19th century, probation began with the volunteer services of John Howard in Massachusetts.

False

Incapacitation is based on being able to predict the future needs of the offender, not on the gravity of the current offense.

False

Intermediate sanctions are typically administered by county sheriffs.

False

It has been shown that "three-strike" laws have not contributed to overcrowded prisons in America.

False

It is appropriate for judges to consider a defendant's race in making their sentencing decision.

False

John Howard was responsible for building the first prison in the United States, the Heritage House, in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1794.

False

Montesquieu based the legitimacy of criminal sanctions on the social contract.

False

One major purpose of community corrections acts is to encourage state imprisonment in lieu of local sentencing options.

False

One trend during the 1980s was the increase in secure confinement of drug offenders.

False

Political pressure has no real impact on how a judge may choose to impose a criminal sentence.

False

Pretrial detention is the official beginning of the correctional process.

False

Recent Supreme Court decisions ruled that federal sentencing guidelines are and must always be mandatory in order to ensure equality for all offenders.

False

Recent research has determined that gender does not appear to affect probation's effectiveness.

False

Recent research has shown that drug courts truly have not been as effective as prisons when it comes to reducing the recidivism rates of drug offenders.

False

Restorative justice focuses on the welfare of the offender in the aftermath of the crime.

False

Revocation of probation because of a new crime is referred to as a technical violation.

False

TASC, or Team-administered sexual comprehension, programs, are aimed at treating sexual predators for reintegration back into society.

False

The Bail Reform Act of 1984 overturned the 1976 Supreme Court case of Burton v. South Carolina, which required that no defendant be kept in pretrial detention simply because he or she could not afford financial bail, and reinstated pretrial detention for indigent offenders.

False

The Irish Mark System, developed by Lawrence Driscoll in 1794, established probation and parole requirements for Irish-born offenders in what were then English-ruled colonies.

False

The New York System was first adopted in Auburn, New York and focused on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration, especially isolation.

False

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that probationers are entitled to the same constitutional protections as other citizens.

False

The United States has approximately 2,000 adult probation agencies with more than half regulated and controlled by the federal government.

False

The executive branch has the right to overturn or ban policies that are in conflict with constitutional rights.

False

The philosophy of general deterrence focuses on the fact that individual offenders should learn firsthand that crime does not pay when they experience harsh criminal penalties caused by their illicit actions.

False

Treating offenders in the community is a relatively new idea dating back to post World War II.

False

Under presumptive sentencing guidelines, the governor sets the penalties for criminal acts.

False

The _________________ of 1994 requires a mandatory life sentence for any offender convicted of three felony offenses

Federal Crime Act

Monetary sanctions, better known as ___________, can be traced back to the early common-law practice of requiring that compensation be paid to the victim and the state for criminal acts.

Fines

The lowest end of the continuum of intermediate sanctions is:

Fines

Boot camps in adult corrections are usually used for:

First time offenders in their late teens or early twenties

The RICO Act initiated the use of __________ as a sanction.

Forfeiture

________________ is the intermediate sanction that involves the government seizing property that was derived from or used in criminal activity.

Forfeiture

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of specialized courts?

Gang Courts

Disclosure of PSI report to defense counsel in a death penalty case was held permissible by which U.S. Supreme Court case?

Gardner v. Florida

Intensive supervised probation (ISP) was created and first implemented in 1982 in the state of:

Georgia

A deduction of time awarded to inmates for good behavior is commonly referred to as:

Good Time

In ____________________, the U.S. Supreme Court held that probationers have fewer constitutional protections than the general public and specifically that their homes can be searched without a warrant.

Griffin v. Wisconsin

Prerelease centers for inmates that also serve as an intermediate sanction for probationers are called ______________and include probation centers, restitution centers, county work- release centers, and therapeutic communities.

Halfway Houses

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the reformatory model?

Housed older offenders who had medical issues

During the Middle Ages, those labeled as vagrants, beggars, and delinquents could be forced to work in___________________ for the purposes of punishment and discipline.

Houses of Corrections

Who of the following was an early advocate of medical treatment in prisons in the United States?

Howard Gill

Which goal of punishment promotes sentencing people to prison to restrain them physically, so that during the time they are confined society is protected?

Incapacitation

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a primary goal of structured sentencing?

Increade gender disparity

Recidivism rises as probation caseload size _

Increases

Specialized courts differ from traditional courts in that they focus on one type of offender or offense, and because of their rehabilitative focus, tend to use which type of sentencing approach?

Indeterminate

The most widely used type of sentence today is:

Indeterminate

___________ sanctions falling between probation and prison are used to spare people incarceration, even in cases involving death.

Intermediate

Which of the following is NOT one of the key features of "the new penology" approach to probation?

It focuses more on treatment and offering services to penal agents

Which classical prison reformer and philosopher believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose, while the socially desirable outcome from punishment should be the protection of society?

Jeremy Bentham

Who was the English sheriff who advocated jail reform during the 1700s?

John Howard

If a jury trial is waived, the decision of guilt or innocence falls upon the:

Judge

With the number of plea bargains increasing over the past few years, there seems to be a transfer of power in the courtroom to the prosecutor from the:

Judge

The interpretation of laws is done by the ____________________ branch of government.

Judicial

Which position on punishment is most closely linked to retribution?

Just Deserts

Law is created by the ____________________ branch of government.

Legislative

Sentence types and lengths are typically created by a:

Legislative Body

The sentence requiring a certain number of years of incarceration for particular crimes is a(n):

Mandatory Minimum Sentence

The ____________________ is the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention.

Medical Model

Fines are more frequently used in cases involving:

Misdemeanors and lesser offenses

Which of the following were prisons established by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages for those believed to be engaging in acts that violated religious principles?

Monastic Confinement

The equity goal of punishment means that convicted offenders must do which of the following?

Pay back victims, justice system, and society (all of these)

A ____________________ is a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society.

Penitentiary

Which state led the way in repealing the British laws that the colonists had enacted concerning crime and punishment?

Pennsylvania

Which early correctional model was based on the belief that most prisoners could benefit from the actual experience of incarceration?

Pennsylvania Model

A major report required of a probation officer is used at the time of sentencing by the judge is known as the:

Presentence Investigation

Before sentencing takes place in felony cases, it is common for the court's probation staff to conduct a:

Presentence Investigation

Which of the following is NOT a primary feature of probation?

Prison Time

Which term is used to describe the multimillion-dollar prison-building boom in which powerful corporate interests groups, large businesses, and politicians joins together to profit from the large corrections industry?

Prison-Industrial Complex

The most common form of criminal sanction during the 20th century was:

Probation

_____________________ generally involves suspension of the offender's sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the community while under supervision of the courts.

Probation

Which term is used to describe the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or make a profession?

Professionalism

Electronic monitoring includes which of the following?

Programmed contact services, GPS, Field monitoring devices (all of these)

Which of the following is NOT a reason federal sentencing guidelines have been criticized?

Prosecutors have little use for them because of their harshness and because they shift sentencing authority to judges

According to the text, citizens are most concerned about the high rate of probationers'_

Recidivism

The practice that permits convicted offenders to remain free if they agreed to take care of their debt obligation with the state is referred to as:

Recognizance

Which aspect of sentencing views those who violate the law as "society's victims"?

Rehabilitation

The ____________________ is a correctional approach aimed at returning offenders to the community as soon as possible.

Reintegrative Philosophy

The most popular model of restorative justice is:

Restitution

When a convicted offender primarily pays into a victims' fund for damages caused by the crime, it is known as:

Restitution

Which goal of sentencing centers upon the purpose of having the offender make amends to the victim or to society for the harms that his or her criminal act has caused?

Restoration

Involving the offender, victim, and victimized communities in levying justice is known as:

Restorative Justice

Punishment that is based on "getting even" for violating the social contract is known as:

Retribution

During the 1980s and 1990s, many large correctional and community supervision agencies adopted new policies that were known as a:

Risk Management System

During trials without juries, the judge does which of the following?

Rules on appropriateness of conduct, settles questions of evidence, guides questioning of witnesses (All of these)

What policy promotes sentencing repeat offenders to long prison terms while granting first-time and nonviolent offenders shorter, more lenient sentences?

Selective Incapacitation

Which federal law created the U.S. Sentencing Commission?

Sentencing Reform Act

The various types of sentences that can be awarded by the courts are called:

Sentencing Sanctions

Suspending the remainder of a sentence after serving a period of time in prison is:

Shock Probation

Which of the following challenges the ability of corrections to function as a system?

Social costs, financial costs, system overload (all of these)

Disparities in sentencing often occur due to:

Social status, race, gender (all of these)

A sentence requiring an offender to serve time in jail or prison before a probation placement is known as a:

Split Sentence

Short-term incarceration followed by a period of probation is called:

Split Sentencing

What is considered to be one of the most important drives toward professionalism in the American corrections system?

Staff Training

Individuals who would agree to make themselves responsible for offenders who had been released from custody are called:

Sureties

In _________________, the U.S. Supreme Court found that federal law does not allow rehabilitation to be used as a factor when handing down a sentence.

Tapia v. United States

The state believes that in order for an offenders' behavior to change, punishment should:

Teach a Lesson

The court actor who is responsible for bringing the state's case against the accused is:

The Prosecutor

Civil forfeiture is an act solely against:

The property used illegally

Wide public support for "just desert" sentencing caused interest in community sanctions geared toward:

The seriousness of a crime

Which statement indicates the relationship between day reporting centers and recidivism?

There is little evidence to support the idea that day reporting centers contribute to lower rates of recidivism

Mandatory life sentences for repeat offenders are popular in many states. These laws are known as:

Three-Strikes Laws

A program to divert drug abusers from the criminal justice system into specialized support services is known as:

Treatment Alternatives to Street Crime

A community service order requires an offender to perform work hours at a nonprofit or government agency.

True

A signature bond is usually given for minor offenses, such as minor traffic offenses, and is based on the defendant's written promise to appear in court.

True

According to the "just desserts" philosophy, punishment is a justified only when it conforms to what the guilty deserves, no more and no less.

True

According to the 8th Amendment, all individuals accused of a crime in the U.S. are entitled to bail.

True

Assignment of probation to the executive branch on a statewide basis allows for uniform standards of policy making.

True

Beccaria and Bentham both believed that the goal of punishment should be deterrence, not revenge.

True

Boot camps began in adult corrections, but are more recently used for juvenile offenders.

True

Courts in states with determinate sentencing typically use probation more frequently than do courts in states with indeterminate sentencing.

True

Deferred prosecution programs appear to be a good option for most first offenders because they avoid the stigma of a criminal record and reduce the volume of persons going through the criminal justice process.

True

Deferred prosecution programs have focused on persons suffering from alcohol, drug, or mental health problems who can ask permission of the court to go through an intensive treatment program in lieu of being prosecuted.

True

During the Middle Ages, criminals were seen as menaces to the community and as insults to God.

True

For African American children, 1 of every 14 has a parent behind bars on any given day.

True

Forfeiture involves the government seizing property that was derived from or used in criminal activity.

True

Government figures show that an African American male born today has a one in three chance of spending at least a year in prison at some point in his life.

True

Half of all detainees being held in jail are misdemeanants who could not make bail.

True

If a judge wants to depart from the federal sentencing guidelines, he or she must justify that departure in writing.

True

In 1970, about 1 in 12 cases made it to trial; today, fewer than 1 in 40 felony cases are tried in court.

True

In most states, a PSI report must be prepared regardless of whether the offender is eligible for probation.

True

In reference to a type of bail known as percentage bail, the defendant deposits a portion of the bail amount, usually 10 %, with the court clerk.

True

In some states, juries may also recommend probation if the case meets legally regulated criteria.

True

Intermediate sanctions fall along a continuum ranging from least intrusive (fines and community service) to most intrusive (house arrest, electronic monitoring).

True

Intermediate sanctions, if successfully completed, cost less than jails and prisons.

True

It was helpful to bounce ideas around and dissect the texts together.

True

Law enforcement agencies can use forfeited assets to supplement their budgets.

True

Only about 40 % of convicted felons go to prison, the rest receive a jail or community sentence.

True

Participants in healing or sentencing circles typically speak out while passing around a "talking piece" (such as a feather or stone).

True

Probationers account for less than 50 % of the correctional growth since 1990.

True

Recidivism rates are low among those placed on probation for a misdemeanor.

True

Research has shown that both Latinos and African-Americans are, in general, sentenced more harshly than are whites.

True

Restitution is the most popular model of restorative justice.

True

Sentences given by state and federal courts have traditionally been long in the United States.

True

Several definitions of restorative justice can be found, but at the heart of most of these definitions is the conviction that those most directly involved in a crime (individual victims, offenders, families of victims and offenders, and victimized communities) should be central in responding to the harm caused by crime.

True

Shock probation calls for the shock of a brief period of incarceration in a jail or prison, immediately followed by a standard term of probation.

True

Split sentencing is a standard feature in many states with intensive supervision programs.

True

The general public's reaction to crime has a major influence on the types of punishable behavior and the punishments that are acceptable at a given time.

True

The majority of people convicted of sex offenses are placed on probation, and many never set foot inside a jail or prison.

True

The presentence investigation serves as the basis for sentencing and has a significant influence on whether the convicted defendant will be granted community release or sentenced to secure confinement.

True

The purpose of fines is to equalize the financial impact of sentences of offenders.

True

There has been a transfer of power in the courts that has undercut the formal court process with a more informal system shaped by backroom deals and agreements.

True

Third-party custody occurs when the court assigns custody of the defendant to an individual or agency that promises to ensure his or her later appearance in court.

True

True diversion takes place when an offender is referred to a program, and the completion of which will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution.

True

Under intensive probation, a probationer is supervised far more strictly than under standard services.

True

Under mandatory minimum sentencing policies, the legislature may prohibit defendants convicted of certain violent crimes from being placed on probation.

True

Under the medical model, the prison would become an analogue to the hospital.

True

Unsecured bail allows release without a deposit or bail arranged through a bondsman.

True

What takes place when an offender is referred to a program and the completion of this program will enable him or her to avoid criminal prosecution?

True Diversion

Release after serving the required minimum portion of the sentence is a(n):

Truth-in Sentencing Laws

Which Supreme Court case held that federal sentencing guidelines can be taken into consideration by federal judges but that they no longer had to be regarded as mandatory?

United States v. Booker

Which federal law authorized funding for additional state prisons and jails in order to ensure that convicted offenders serve a large portion of their sentence?

Violent Crime Control and Law Endorcement Act

Who developed the Irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release?

Walter Croften

Which prison reformer developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the United States and influenced the development of parole?

Zebulon Brockway

Who is eligible for drug court?

nonviolent offenders with substance abuse problems

Currently, public outrage dictates that offenders should suffer by:

paying for their crimes