Western Civ II study guide
Whose ideas dominated the Congress and its "congress system?"
Prince Klemens von Metternich (foreign minister of austria)
what was the #1 effective locomotive
Rocket by george stephenson
what are the forces of change?
Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism, Romanticism
what are the working class called
proletariats
what impact did the railways have on British society
receded cost of shipping freight overland created mass markets created mass production created jobs for uban proletariat
how did industrialization impact working conditions for the average worker
required work discipline they were not used to resulted in child labor created "separate spheres" for men and women emboldened law makers to promote economic freedom
what are individual freedoms
speech, press, assembly, arbitrary arrest
what inventions made the creation of the cotton-textile factory possible?
spinning jenny (james hargreaves) water frame (richard arkwright)
how did workers respond to the changes in working conditions?
started the labor movement ignored combination acts and formed unions tried to from massive national unions and formed political groups
what did france look like under Louis Philippe
symbolically liberal in that he Accepted constitutional charter of 1814, adopted tricolor flag of revolution and expanded suffrage from 100,000 to 170,000 men BUT not revolutionary changed
what did thomas Malthus essay on the principle of population say
that population would always grow faster than food supply
according to marx, what were the three stages of the inevitable communist revolution
1. violent revolution by workers 2. consolidating the revolution 3. classless society
what was the turning point in the Greek war for independence?
1827 decision by Great Britain, France, and Russia to direct Ottomans to accept Greek independence
what was romanticism?
19th century cultural revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment
what is the Holy Alliance 1815
Alliance between Prussian, Austria, and Russia that vowed to crush forces of change wherever they popped up
what are British police called
Bobbies named after LIBERAL Prime minister robert peel
what are the middle class called
Bourgeoisie
What other things were done that help avoid revolution in Britain
Chartist Movement and Anti-Corn Law League
What is the big idea that dominated this period from 1815-1850?
Conservatism
how did the revolution of 1848 play out in Prussia
Frederick William IV grants liberal constitution and promises to merge Prussia into new germany
Where did industrialization start?
Great Britain, england, scotland and wales
Who are the Great Powers
Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia
in what countries did the forces of change manifest themselves in the early 1800s?
Greece, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Austria, Prussia
how did the liberals del toward the radical masses
THEY HATED AND FEARED THEM
in what book did marx outline his ideas on socialism
The communist Manifesto
what two forms of socialism dominated 1815-1850
Utopian socialism: 19th century movement that sought to overcome income inequality by appealing to middle class and state to help poor Marxism socialism: 19th century movement that sought to overcome income inequality by fomenting revolution of poor against middle class and state
why did demography become such an important subject in the 1800s?
b.c the population was exploding
why did steam power eventually lead to the railways
b/c steam engines were too heavy for 18th 19th century roads it increased steel production
why is unity within a national group so important?
bc it won't achieve its autonomy if its divided
what were the "agents" that spread industrialization on the european continent
british industrialists who illegally took ideas to the continent, european entrepreneurs, european governments and european banks
what were the consequences of this increased production of cotton thread and cotton clothes
cheaper cotton clothes-UNDERWEAR wages for weavers rose dramatically child labor
what did Marx predict would be the outcome of the industrial ages dialectic struggle
classless society (communist) why? because capitalism intensified the antagonisms that caused dialectical change
the steam engine provided power for
coal mines (to drain water) cotton spinning factories flour mills malt mills sugar mills iron mills THE FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING MATERIAL
what is representative government
constitutional monarchy
how did industrialization impact living conditions for the average worker from 1820-1870
consumed 50% more saw real wage increase diets became higher in calories and more diverse- dairy products, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, meat, beer clothing improved
how did the liberals opinion of the masses influence policy?
contributed to development of modern police forces liberals believed masses needed to be controlled
in what industry were the first large facroties created
cotton textile industry bc the putting out system couldn't keep up with demand
what was the chartist movement
demanded universal suffrage for males and it was rejected by Parliament but stated working class involvement in politics
so what caused the crop deficiencies of the late 1840s to become the Great Famine
demographic growth dependency on potato regid british policy of laissez faire
What is the balance of power concept
international equilibrium of political and military power that would discourage future aggression
how did the revolution of 1848 play out in Austria?
early revolutionary victories
what did Utopian socialists believe?
economic planning (not laissez faire) desire to help poor regulation of private property total emancipation of women
what was the idea of progress, or that people could improve their situations
economic progress=laissez faire "free hand" gave all citizens equal chance social progress= education for middle class and abolition of slavery
what were the main elements of Romanticism
emotional intensity, focused on metaphysical (the meaning of life) focus on nature, lack of order
unity is also achieved by
force: some people are FORCED against their will into the national groups the south during the civil war was forced into staying american
whats autonomy?
freedom to control your guture
how did france change from 1815-1830
from relatively liberal constitutional monarchy under Louis XVIII to increasingly conservative monarchy under Charles X
what eventually pushed Britain toward reform
growing middle class power (due to industrialization) and the Reform Bill of 1832
what were the consequences of the great famine
halted irish demographic growth 1 mill emigrated and 1,5 mil died late marriage widespread celibacy intensified anti-british feeling
what were the two main ideas of the communist manifesto
history was dialectal : history is a process whereby change comes from two antagonistic elements and their resolution in a new form the dialectal struggle marx saw everywhere was material: change has come from competing groups fighting for material wealth "dialectal materialism"
what was nationalism?
idea that a group has its own identity that unites it and that should result in autonomy
how did industrialization on the European continent compare to Brisih industrilization
in 1750 all countries were close together then british growth accelerated greatly there are variations in the timing and extent of industrialization on continent all of europe industrialized and india and china de-industralized
what was the anti-corn law league
irish potato famine inspired repeat, there was fear was without cheap imports, famine would hit Britain started liberal policy of free trade
how did industrialization impact social relations?
it created a new sense of class-consciousness
What was the significance of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
it established the conservative European diplomatic system that would dominate the Restoration period
why did industrialization take place in Great Britain first
it had markets to sell products to effective leadership it had experienced the agricultural revolution labor force
what was the most fundamental and important advancement during industrialization
james Watts improvement of the seam engine
who drew up the major beliefs of Marxism socialism?
karl marx - influenced by Utopian socialists but disagreed with their idea that middle class and state would help poor
why did the revolution of 1848 ultimately fail?
lack of unity amongst revolutionaries, national groups, and conservatives re-grouped
Ten hours act of 1847
limited workday for women and children to 10 hours
how did the french revolution impact the British aristocracy?
made them want to protect their power/$$
what resulted from the Corn Laws
massive protests by urban laborers "battle of peterloo" in manchester but it increases class consciousness of english working class
what did 18th century irish society look like
mostly catholic, rented land from absentee english protestant landlords, poor population, population growth doubled and emigration=2 mil to Us
what is equality before law
no legally separate classes (or estates)
how did industrialization impact living conditions for the average worker from 1780 to 1820
no major gains for them so many people criticized industrialization
were contemporaries optimistic about this population growth
no!
what did the expansion of franchise to middle class do
opposed to universal manhood suffrage and it opposed to women's suffrage largest because of physical differences-the uterus!
what was the Reform Bill of 1832
originally blocked by House of Lords until King threatened to create new lords to get it passed the bill created new boroughs that increased industrial representation and it increased male suffrage by 50%
what was classical liberalism?
political ideology that believed in ideas of the EARLY french revolution
unity is achieved by:
popular choice people willingly CHOOSE to be part of the national group americans before civil war all agreed to become Americans
what did david ricardo and the iron law of wages say
population growth would always mean that wages would sink to subsistence levels (just high enough so you would not starve)
what was the primary problem that had to be addressed before the factory system could expand into all industries?
the problem of energy. traditionally plans and animals supplied energy but wood supplies were vanishing SO THEY TURNED TO COAL
what was the result of Louis Philppee's lack of political reform
the revolutions of 1848
what gave people this sense of class-consciousness?
their job, their education, the things they bought
What happened to the forces of change that were introduced during the French Revolution
they would not go away and would bubble beneath the surface
what comprises a peoples identity
things that bind people together such as: cultural/racial, history, religion,
How was conservatism applied domestically?
through repression of liberalism and nationalism
What is meant by the term "restoration europe?"
time after the defeat of Napoleon when conservatives RESTORED many of the monarchies that were overthrown during the French Revolutionary period
What is conservatism
to keep things the way they are and that change equals disorder and chaos
what was the situation in Greece by the early 1820s
under ottoman turks since 15th century but maintained identity through language and Greek orthodox faith
where was nationalism most prevalent during 1815-1850
universities especially with German fraternities called Burshenshaften
What is the German confederation that was created
weak association of german states dominated by Austria and Prussia
Nationalist leaders often use symbols and ceremonies to promote these "rallying points"
with flags and independence days (fourth of july, bastille day)