COVID 19 Exam

What one prevention measure listed crushed COVID-19 cases to a screeching halt in Australia? a. wearing masks when using public transit b. people over 65 were required to take vitamin D supplements c. 120-day stringent lockdown d. rapid testing residents of every household for COVID-19 every two weeks e. installing window fans. in homes to improve ventilation

c

Which of the following countries initially responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by not enforcing restrictions in order to achieve herd immunity? (which did not work) a. UK and South Korea b. Sweden and Italy c. UK and Sweden d. U.S. and Australia e. Germany and Finland

c

Which of the following drugs are no longer being repurposed in the U.S. for use in clinical trials to treat severely ill COVID-19 patients because it did not improve the patient's course of disease and it caused harsh side effects (e.g. abnormal heart rhythms)? a. remdesivir b. baricitinib c. hydroxychoroquinine d. monoclonal antibodies e. dexamethasone

c

Which of the following physical parameters have been associated with severe COVID-19 illness? a. low Vitamin C levels b. low platelet counts c. interferons are not produced or autoantibodies against interferons are produced by the body's response to SARS-CoV-2 infection d. a lack of sialic acid receptors present in the lung tissues e. low viral loads

c

SARS CoV-2variants are most likely to resist or evade the effects of ______________ for the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients, rendering them ineffective for use. a. interferons repurposed for emergency use b. antivirals for emergency use c. corticosteroids d. monoclonal antibodies e. vitamins

d

Which of the following SARS-CoV-2 variants have been detected in Wisconsin to date? a. UK B 1.1.7, Brazil P.1, Robin 1 667H b. Brazil P.1, South Africa B.1.351, UK B 1.1.7,and California CAL.20C c. South Africa B.1.351, Brazil P.1,California CAL.20C d. UK B 1.1.7 and possibly U.S. Robin 2 677H e. Yellowhammer 667, Robin 2 677H, Robin 1 667H, and Brazil P.1 f. South Africa B.1.351, Brazil P.1, and UK B 1.1.7

d

Which of the following activities represent the least risk of community spread of COVID-19? a. Going to restaurants b. Going to a bar c. Working out in a gym d. Pumping gasoline e. Attending church services f. Not masking while working in meat packing plant

d

Which of the following is not a lesson learned from the 1918 influenza pandemic response? a. Cases of influenza increased in a community when officials downplayed the serious nature of influenza in the community. b. Re-opening business too fast resulted in an increase in influenza cases. c. Strict lockdown measures prevented influenza cases and deaths d. Talking on the telephone was a way to spread influenza in a community. e. Distrust of the government had a significant impact on the thoughts and beliefs of Americans.

d

Health experts recommend that the positivity rate of COVID-19 testing get below __________ before restrictions can be relaxed in the community. a. 50% b. 20% c. 15% d. 10% e. 5%

e

Pandemics occur when ___________ is lacking in a community or population. a. coffee consumption b. poultry and pork consumption c. the production of N95 masks d. birth control e. herd immunity

e

There has been growing concern over SARS-CoV-2 infections transmitted by humans to which of the following animal hosts? a. dogs b. guinea pigs c. camels d. house/domestic cats e. mink f. rabbits g. ducks

e

Which of the following are NOT reasons why the vaccine rollout in the U.S. has been slow or "broken?" a. Doses must be shipped in a "cold chain." b. There is a shortage of healthcare workers to administer the vaccines. c. There is a shortage of materials needed for vaccination (e.g. needles, glass vials, freezers). d. Health services and providers of communities are not communicating or coordinating the vaccine efforts (they are disorganized). e. At least 95% of people in the U.S.are refusing to be vaccinated. f.Elderly in nursing homes are being vaccinated and they move too slowly in the lines for vaccination. g. There is no federal funding to help states organize COVID-19 vaccination efforts.

e

Which of the following public health expert(s) does Dr. Shors recommend you listen to and follow their advice? a. Drs. Ian Brown and Caroline Campbell b. Dr. Sam Fishborne c. Drs. George Fanning and Michael Ogerton e. Drs. Anthony Fauci and Michael Osterholm

e

32.COVID-19 antibody testingat grocerystores in Oshkosh, Wisconsin could be used to determine _____________. a. the % of people in the Oshkosh community who are at risk for severe COVID-19 illness if they were infected by SARS-CoV-2 variants b. the % of people in the Oshkosh community who are deficient in vitamin D c. the % of people in the Oshkosh community who were recently infected by influenza A virus d. the % of people in the Oshkosh community who eat red meat three times a week e. the % of people in the Oshkosh community who suffer from Lyme disease f. the % of people in the Oshkosh communitywho are immune to SARS-CoV-2 (herd immunity)

f

By taking the UW Oshkosh Titans Return pledge, you agree to do all of the following except __________________? a. wear a face mask upon entry to any campus building and outdoors when physical distancing is not possible. b. report symptoms or COVID-19 testing results. c. maintain physical distancing from others whenever possible. d. disinfect shared items and commonly touched surfaces. e. stay home if feeling ill or having COVID-19 symptoms. f. spread COVID-19 to as many people on campus as possible

f

Even though the numbers of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19 in China are underestimated, after the first wave of the pandemic, their numbers of cases and deaths are definitely more stable or under control compared toCOVID-19 cases and deaths in the U.S. (which has been one wave after another). What control measures continue to be a major force in flattening the curve, there by reducing the spread of COVID-19 in China? a. Universal masking and surveillance through AI (artificial intelligence applications and technology such as drones) b. Universal masking and online learning c. Universal masking and telemedicine d. Essential workers were required to go through disinfectant tunnels before and after working in factories. e. All homes are now made of plexiglass which SARS-CoV-2 cannot penetrate.

a

Lowly pathogenic coronaviruses in humans have caused severe diseases in __________ in the U.S. prior to the first SARS pandemic. a. livestock and poultry b. mink c. house cats d. deer e. zoo animals

a

Social distancing in a classroom or laboratory setting means you should be wearing a mask and _________________. a. you must be 6 feet apart from EVERYONE in the room at ALL times b. you must be 20 feet apart from everyone except during group exercises c. you should not talk to anyone in the room d. you can shake hands when you meet others in the room e. washing your hands constantly and touching your face often

a

T/F: Asymptomatic carriers SARS-CoV-2 are contagious and can spread the disease. a. True b. False

a

T/F: Up to 80% of people who test positive for COVID-19 have complaints of smell and taste loss. a. True b. False

a

True or False. ACE-2 receptors are found on the surfaces of most organs of the body. a. True b. False

a

True or False. After President Trump suggested disinfectant injections to treat or preventCOVID-19on April 23rd, 2020, the number of calls about accidental poisonings nearly doubled at Poison Control Centers in 2020. a. True b. False

a

True or False. Even if you had COVID-19, you can be re-infected by SARS-CoV-2 variants which is also why you should be vaccinated. a. True b. False

a

Vaccines are used to elicit what type of immune response by the body? a. adaptive b. innate

a

What biological molecules and immune cells of the body are produced or utilized to combat or clear specific viral infections? (hint: a good vaccine induces this response) a. antibodies and cytotoxic T cells b. lysozymes and antibodies c. B cells and interferons d. NK cells and antibodies e. interferons and T-helper cells

a

What does "COVID-19" stand for? a. Coronavirus disease-2019 b. Coxsackie disease-2019 c. Crownvirus disease-1919 d. Camelpox disease-2019

a

What is "contact tracing"? How is it used during the current COVID-19 pandemic? a. It is an outbreak investigation to determine who has been within 6 feet distance of a person who has been confirmed by laboratory diagnosis as a COVID-19 positive case. The contact must have been exposed to this person for a cumulative time of at least 15 minutes. b. It is an outbreak investigation to determine who is not infected with the virus that caused COVID-19 pandemic c. It is an outbreak investigation to determine if an infected person. responds positively to antiviral drugs used for other viral infections. d. It is an outbreak investigation to determine who will become a severe case of COVID-19.

a

What is "lockdown fatigue"? a. the feeling of being more tired than usual during the stay at home or lockdown during the COVID-19 b. the feeling you get when you accidentally lock yourself out of your dorm room or car c. the feeling of drowsiness due to the lack of caffeine d. the feeling you get before being quarantined for COVID-19

a

What is the component in the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines that a rare number of people are severely allergic to? a. polyethylene glycol (PEG) b. egg proteins c. gelatin d. latex e. peanuts f. sucrose

a

What is the primary host for highly pathogenic coronaviruses? a. bats b. humans c. rodents d. camels e. civet cats f. jpangolins g. snakes

a

Which SARS-CoV-2 variant is expected by Public Health experts to be the dominant circulating strain in the U.S. by March? a. UK B 1.1.7. b. Brazil P .1 c. South Africa B.1.351 d. California CAL.20C e. U.S. Yellowhammer 677H f. U.S. Robin 2 677H

a

Which of the following COVID-19 vaccines have the highest efficacy in prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections to date(based on Phase III clinical trials)? a. Modernaand Pfizervaccines b. AstraZeneca/Oxford vaccine c. Johnson & Johnson vaccine d. Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines

a

Which of the following groups of individuals were recommended by the CDC to receive the COVID-19 vaccine? a. Nursing homes residents and healthcare works b. Police officers and teachers c. Grocery store and gas station workers d. Veterinarians and medical doctors e. Nursing home residents and prisoners in correctional facilities

a

Which of the following measures were recently recommended by CDC experts in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19? a. Double masking to create a tight-fitting mask b. Taking vitamin D supplements c. Limiting social gatherings to 5 people d. Grocery shopping once a month e. Washing clothe masks twice a week

a

Which testing method is the gold standardused to confirm COVID-19 cases? a. RT-PCR (molecular method) b. rapid antigen tests c. antibody testing d. ELISAs e. electron microscopy of fecal samples f. blood oxygen levels using an oximeter g. CT scans of lungs

a

Why are newer generation vaccines safer than traditional vaccines? a. "parts of the pathogen" are used as the vaccine to induce an immune response by the body (there is no possibility of being infected or acquiring disease through vaccination) b. they may require boosters c. they are more expensive to produce(more means better) d. less units of vaccine is administered per vaccine recipient

a

Why is the Johnson & Johnson vaccine a game changer? a. It is a single dose vaccine which can be stored in the refrigerator. b. It is effective against all of the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants c. It is much cheaper to manufacture.

a

Rapid antigen tests are less accurate than RT-PCR testing. Therefore, rapid antigen tests are not intended for individuals who_______________. a. have symptoms of COVID-like illness b. do not have any COVID-like symptoms(but could be a healthy asymptomatic carrier with a false negative rapid antigen test result; resulting in potential for disease spread because the person is not isolated or adhering to prevention measures)

b

The Moderna and Pfizer vaccines are composed of __________________. a. a modified adenovirus b. mRNA encased in lipid nanoparticles c. an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus d. peptides e. DNA

b

There was no cure, antivirals or vaccine in 1918 to prevent the horrible Spanish flu from spreading and killing all humans on Earth. From what you now know about infectious diseases and the COVID-19 pandemic, why did infections caused by the Spanish influenza virus cease? a. Universal masking b. Herd immunity was achieved. c. Buildings were fumigated with formaldehyde twice a day for two years, destroying/inactivating all of influenza viruses. d. After WWI ended, people ate more vegetables which was an excellent source of antioxidants that stopped the replication of influenza viruses. e. Increased temperatures decreased the stability of the influenza viruses in the summer, rendering them no longer infectious.

b

True or False. The Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine causesinfertility in young men and women of child-bearing age. a. True b. False

b

What biological molecule does the rapid antigen test for COVID-19 detect? a. human ACE-2 receptor b. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein c. SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome d. antibodies e. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein f. SARS-CoV-2 envelope

b

What is the main disadvantage of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in terms of its use? a. It is a highly potent vaccine. b. It must be stored at -70 oC, a temperature much lower than most standard freezers. c. It has a 6 month shelf-life. d. It can be administered with food. e. It causes few serious side effects.

b

What is the most accepted theory on the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic? a. SARS-CoV-2 was intentionally created by virologists in Wuhan and spread to hurt the U.S. economy b. SARS-CoV-2 jumped the species barrier from a bat to an intermediate animal host and into humans which over time evolved to spread efficiently through airborne human to human transmission. c. SARS-CoV-2 contaminated frozen meat and seafood imports into China which resulted in community spread of COVID-19 through markets and social gatherings

b

What percent of individuals infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 are asymptomatic? a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% e. 5%

b

What was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic (where were first cases recorded)? a. Minneapolis, Minnesota b. Wuhan, China c. Florence, Italy d. New York City, New York e. Oshkosh, Wisconsin f. St. Petersburg, Russia

b

____________________ is the separation of ill/infected and contagious people from healthy people. a. Quarantine b. Isolation c. Filtration d. Celebration e. Contact tracing

b

How long can respiratory droplets containing the viruses that cause COVID-19 hang in the air after an infected person sneezes, talks, sings, or coughs? a. 1 day b. 20 minutes c. 3 hours d. 1 week

c

The ________________ of SARS-CoV-2 binds to ACE-2 present on the surface of human cells. a. M proteins b. N proteins c. S (spike) proteinsd. RNA e. E proteins

c

What is the incubation period(the period before an infected person exhibits signs and symptoms of disease) of the virus that causes COVID-19? a. 1-3 weeks b. 1-4 days c. 2-14 days d. 5-8 days

c