CPSY 1334

Examples: boost resources

Provide masks, food, medical care Boost the earned income tax credit for families Provide internet access or tutoring Free early childhood education

Globalization

"Multidirectional flow of goods, people, & ideas" (Jensen, Arnett, & McKenzie, 2011) Cultural Globalization: Dimension pertaining to culture (shared way of life, ideas, norms, practices, values, meanings)

GxE Interaction

"an influence on the expression of a trait that results from the interplay between genes and the environment... most traits are influenced by one or more genes interacting in complex way with the environment" -DNA and the human genome are influenced by environment -humans change their own environment in multiple ways

TV/Obesity: Meta-analysis by Sadeghnd 2016

*Do unhealthy food ads lead to unhealthy eating? -international analysis of several eligible RTCs. compared 2-18 y/o -found food ad groups eat more during and shortly after the ads (vs. controls) - 9 studies -food ad groups prefer advertised foods (vs. control) - 17 studies *unethical if a study of this caliber was used over a long period of time

greatest dangers for children

- When basic protective systems for adaptation and development are impaired, harmed, destroyed, or unavailable Parents killed or disabled Separation from secure base figures Brain injury Mastery motivation system extinguished Faith, hope, or life-meaning shattered Dysregulation of key adaptive systems Persistent severe trauma overwhelms all of the adaptive capacity of child, family, or community Nurturing and restoring these systems is a priority

U.S. Media Consolidation(1983 vs. 2011)

- in 1983, 90% of American media was owned by 50 companies -in 2011, 90% is controlled by 6 companies *GE, News-Corp, Disney, Viacom, Time Warner, CBS

culture matters

- in religion and cultural systems Meaning-making systems of belief Rules and rituals for living Attachments to spiritual figures Meditation, prayer, mindfulness Cultural practices that provide support

multiple levels of processing/ development

- processes involved in development occur at multiple levels of organism and socioecological context that interact and can be studied at multiple levels --> -genes, gene expression, epigenetic processes, GxE -neurons and neural function -relationships -culture

2020 Pew Research Report: Tech Survey

-66% of parents say parenting is harder than 20 years ago, the bulk of this issue being attributed to tech -71% of parents are concerned with their childs screentime -84% are confident they know how much screentime is appropriate -parenting advice is most asked from doctors and other parents

2018 Pew Research Report: social media

-95% of teens used a smartphone, did not matter in regards to social demographics -computer use depended on demographic variables -girls used more than boys -most popular social medias: youtube, instagram and snapchat -however, 59% of adolescents said it would be easy to give up social media

COVID cases worldwide and growing alarm about lifelong effects on early adversity

-ACEs -poverty -maltreatment -inequality and injustice -toxic stress -biological embedding of adversity -gun violence

Feel American, Watch American , Eat American? Study

-Culture (cross-cultural psychology) leads to watching US Cable (media and advertising) which then leads to eating unhealthy foods (nutrition science) -Conceptual Bioecological Systems Model (PPCT) -> 1. globalization means youth have more than one macrosystem 2. proximal processes drive development (nutrition)

Media as Opportunity and Risk: Dr. Ron Dahl

-Director, Institute of Human Dev (UC Berkeley) -Founding Director, Center for Dev. Adolescents -rapid learning, exploration, goals and maturation, etc. -inflection point -the largest adolescent generation and the largest age of tech -we need to invest in young people, onset of adolescence is a major window of opportunity to positive impact -learning and experience intertwined -puberty changes social and emotional aspects of the brain which influence identity

TV/Obesity: Dr. Leonard Epstein et. al. 2008

-Does reduced screen time (TV and computer) lower BMI? *RCT *70 children, 4-7 y/o, at or above 75th percentile BMI -TV/Computer Allowance *device connected to all TVs and computers *child's time allotted and monitored *time allowance reduced weekly by 10% (up to 50% baseline) -results *forced reduction group saw dramatic decrease in sedentary behavior that lasted for 24 months. Control group remained sedentary *intervention group ate less and decreased BMIs

The Wonder Years: Rapid Development

-FIRST FEW YEARS OF LIFE -perception: motor skills language memory problem-solving self-control social skills play brain development: neuronal density and synaptic pruning solidifies the pathway used most

Map Food and Media Landscape: Jamaica

-Jamaican teens watch 30-50% more US cable TV than Jamaican channels like TVJ -67% of food and beverage ads in The Observer and The Gleaner featured processed snacks, sodas, and fast-food places -less than 1% featured fruits or veggeis - 59% of food and drinks ads on Kingston billboards show unhealthy foods -less than 1% showed healthy foods - KFC is the #1 food advertiser -Childhood Obesity Prevention Call to Action -#ExportingObesity

Who is Spending on Spanish TV

-McDonalds, Popeyes, Wendy's, Coke, etc. -these are high spenders, spending up to $90 mill -in between 2013-2017 1. total spending on food ads went down 4% 2. spending on Hispanic-targeted food ads down 4% 3. spending on Black-targeted food ads up >50%

WWII survivors pioneered resilience in science

-Norman Garmacy -Anne Werner (children of Qie) -Michael Rutter

pathways of resilience

-Patterns of adaptive function vary over time in relation to adversity or challenges A: stress resistant B: breakdown and recovery C: post-traumatic growth D: immediate breakdown E: delayed breakdown

systems perspective

-Resilience is dynamic - changing over time -Capacity for adaptation is distributed across systems -Child resilience depends on resilience of other systems -Diverse pathways of adaptation are expected and observed

media as a social determinant of health

-Rudd Report: increasing disparities in unhealthy food advertising targeted to Hispanic and Black youths -what companies reply: business opportunity to market to multicultural customers

Culture and Family Life Lab (2020): Screen Media Use and Globalization in COVID-19 - results

-SMU and PMU dramatically increased during COVID -older children had steeper increase in PMU -wider array of parent emotions about media in 2020 *2019: guilty, unhappy, frustrated *2019 and 2020; worried, confused, overwhelmed, concerned, resigned, grateful *2020: ambivalent, bored, loss, isolated dissatisfied, stressed, uncertain, distracted, dislike, fear, mindful, relieved, sad -parents in 2019 and 2020 had similar beliefs/values, practices and attitudes about children's media. Also some difference *2019: educational value of media, media skills important for future, media use is a privilege *2019 and 2020: outcomes (negative behavioral effects, child can be addicted, media can be positive) *2020: screen time for distance learning, mindful of how media is used for children, less able to monitor media use during COVID, less restrictive with use and content, more screen-time, more access to Ipod and tablets

Culture and Family Life Lab (2020): Screen Media Use and Globalization in COVID-19 - study parameters

-To better understand changes in screen media use and problematic media use (excessive, dependence) among children in the Twin Cities during the pandemic vs. pre‐pandemic • - Mixed method: online parent survey with open‐ended - 127 parents completed surveys Spring 2019 & 2020. High levels of education and income. 90% White.

2004 Exports of Core Cultural Goods(Millions US $) vs. 2004 Imports of Core Cultural Goods (Millions US $)

-U.S, U.K, Canada (import only), Germany, France, China (export only) -the wealthiest countries (global north) are responsible for the majority of imports and exports

"competence begets competence"

-achieving tasks of one period forecasts future success (signifying that a good foundations for the future is developing) -competence has cascading consequences (promoting competence often prevents future problems; reducing problems is key competence domains cascades) -therefore (people note how well a child is doing on developmental tasks; intervention is attempted when developmental tasks achievement is threatened or not happening)

Resilience Science has Transformed Practice

-across fields Clinical psychology • Pediatrics • Psychiatry • Family social science • Social work • School psychology • Counseling -shifting the focus positive outcomes strength based approaches Promotive/protective processes Building capacity at multiple levels

Newer Concerns

-aggression (playground, cyberbullying, radicalizing terrorists) -advertising -obesity -sexualization (predators; self-sexualization) -children creating and selling porn -online gambling

Epigenetics and the Agouti Yellow Mouse

-agouti gene: fed normal diet = disease/obesity fed diet with methyl group that attaches to gene = lean/healthy -environmental (diet) circumstances impact genes

Feel American, Watch American , Eat American? Study: Questions

-asked questions based on remote acculturation 1. European Identity and Behavior 2. US TV Consumption 3. Unhealthy Food Eating Habits

Age Old Concerns

-bad influences (ideas of revolution, suicide, sex) -porn -depression, suicide -cults -contagion -compulsive shopping -wasting time

The Case of Sara

-born to homeless, drug abusers and was put into foster care immediately after birth -developed normally until 12 months of age -generalized slowdown in development (physical and social) -should she be adopted? -needed to be placed into a loving family -she was placed into a foster home for the first 12 months of her life when her foster father died and the mother could not keep up with her. She was then taken out of the home and put into another home that did not meet her needs. -after getting placed into an optimized family environment (adopted!), she made spectacular recovery and returned to a normal developmental curve

2018 Pew Survey: How Teens and Parents Navigate Screen Time and Device Distractions

-cellphones are time-sucks -gender differences: girls say they spend too much time on social media and boys on videogames -social media is a emotional rollercoaster 1. girls are more anxious, lonely and upset when they dont have their phone 2. all teens are more happy relieved when they dont have their phone -majority of parents and teens feel phones distract from in-person conversations and school and work -65% of parents worry about their teen spending too much time on their phone; 57% actually limit phone time

development is (special) change

-change over the life course orderly change transformative change (stationary to walking) -arising from many interactions at multiple levels multiple levels of the organism and of the context genes, brain function, cognition, relationships, experiences so many interactions that no two people are alike -- not even identical twins -many kinds of change changing contexts, processes, brains, etc.

TV/Aggression: "Bobo Doll" by Albert Bandura

-children who watch adults model violent actions towards doll show more aggression *theory of social-cognitive dev

secure attachment relationships (protection for early development)

-competent and caring, responsive caregivers -signaling skills to attract adult care -stable and consistent care -routines -adequate nutrition and health care -stimulating experiences -opportunities to play -high quality child care, preschool -sensitivity to context

What is Changing in Development?

-context: when, where, with whom relationships macro-time (pandemic vs. a year ago) or place (immigrants) -brain and body structure, organisms, function physical maturation from infancy through puberty to adulthood -behavior motor skills thinking knowledge sense of humor language goals, motivations self-regulation social skills empathy

child development core story: Pay Now or Pay More Later

-create the largest change with intervention in early years -return of $7-16 return for every dollar invested depending on program -early childhood programs less expensive and more effective -the benefits of the these programs have positive generational cascades

Liz Murray

-daughter of drug abusers, mother died of AIDS, homeless at 15 -New York Times scholarship to attend Harvard -2003 film -winner of the Oprah Winfrey "chutspah award" -2010 memoir published (Breaking Night)

functions of media: children and youth

-entertainment -arousal up and down regulation (increase/decrease excitement) -searching for info -homework -creative expression

child development core story: Serve and Return

-fundamental adult/child interactions (reading, looking into their eyes, during feeding, etc.) -positive reactions confirm neuronal signals -crucial to strengthen pathways during development -start serve and return at birth -strong communities = strong brain architecture

Culture and Family Life Lab (2020): Screen Media Use and Globalization in COVID-19 - materials

-general screen media use (SMU) and problematic screen media use (PMU)

stunting (physical effects)

-impaired growth and development due to: inadequate nutrition inadequate stimulation repeated infections

threats to early development

-inconsistent caregiver and care -unresponsive or abusive care -stressed or depressed caregivers -separation or loss of attachment figures (death, disaster, etc.) -malnutrition, poor health care, disease -injuries -toxic environments -unstimulating environments

child development core story: Brain Architecture

-info sent at rate of 500 messages/sec in the brain -root of the issues in society stem from early childhood -brain requires sturdy foundation (responsive/nurturing adults and stimulation) -responsive parenting key to pruning (language, vision, hearing, movement) -positive adult interaction, adequate nutrition and minimal exposure to stress key

Media Forms

-mass media (radio, tv, magazines: print and digital, websites) -social media (interactive, social sharing of content through the internet)

vulnerabilities in early childhood

-normative developmental dependence (entirely dependent on caregivers) -normative limits on mobility (limited capacity to flee or fight dangers) -normative cognition limited (unable to judge danger) -normative limits on self-regulation skills (easily overwhelmed emotionally) -sensitivity to context (become a vulnerability when context is bad)

lecture 1 main take-aways

-our development, especially brain development, is tuned by experience from our world (adaptive species) -brain makes many connections and then "prunes" for greater efficiency based on experience -caregiving and relationships are crucial to development -development depends on which genes are active at what time in development; experience can turn genes on an doff with long-tern effects -potential for prenatal conditions and inadequate food, love, or stimulation to undermine development

Parenting Resilience

-parenting quality moderates risk for homeless families -"the capacity of parents to deliver competent, quality, parenting to children despite adverse circumstances" 1. social connectedness 2. family functioning 3. psychological well-being 4. self-efficacy

Developmental Risk in Early Childhood

-predictors of problems maltreatment and neglect parents with substance abuse or mental health problems lack of nutrition and exposure to toxins maternal stress -cumulative risk risks often pile up in the lives of young children especially in poverty, war, and natural disasters -timing matters effects vary by timing, frequency and duration

extreme adversity

-proximal or direct exposure: exposed to natural disaster young people in the military; children in military families refugees directly exposed to war, terror, torture; their children other traumatized immigrants friends and neighbors of above groups children experiencing poverty -- a disaster in slow motion child abuse and neglect -distal exposure more distant relationships intergenerational effects (child of an immigrant) media

The Heckman Curve: Return on Investment for Disadvantaged Children

-rate of return decreases when age invested at increases -the later you invest, the less return you see

Media Use and Brain Dev

-real-life social interaction is critical for healthy brain development in the wonder years -research with young children is just beginning and correlational -research with adolescents also early; finds they are more sensitive to online rejection/ exclusion/ acceptance

early childhood contexts

-relationships with caregivers -family and home -playgroup, babysitter -preschool, head start -playgrounds and neighborhood -media contexts -culture and religion

Resilience and Timing

-resilience is manifested in the lives of people who: Overcome the odds to develop well Weather the storms of adversity Recover from catastrophe Turn their lives around -late bloomers childhood adversities get off track turn lives around

importance of executive functions

-school readiness (listening, waiting, taking turns, resisting temptations, controlling attention, behavior and emotion) -require working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility

Risk Gradiants

-study on ACEs and mental health days at Boyton health *risk gradient: the more ACEs experienced, the more issues with mental health -risk gradient (Masten et. al) risk factors: low education, single parent, parent died, divorce, foster care, maltreatment, violence, etc. the more risk factors presented to child the more behavior issues; but, there is a variation in function within each risk level

young brains are particularly sensitive to epigenetic changes

-supportive relationships and rich learning experiences generate positive epigenetic signatures that activate genetic potential

Vygotskty

-supports competence development -emphasized importance of social context for learning -especially in the "zone of proximal development"

The Marshmallow Test

-test self-control, can predict academic achievement, SAT scores, drug use, and likability -Dr. Walter Mischel's famous experiment at Stanford -longitudinal study -Covid-19: America Fails the Marshmallow Test

TV/Screen Impact Long Debated

-the confound problems -experiments address both, but there are ethical issues

epigenetics explains how early experiences can have lifelong impacts

-the genes children inherit from their biological parents provide information that guides their development. For example, how tall they could eventually become or the kind of temperament they could have -when experiences during development rearrange the epigenetic marks that govern gene expression, they can change whether and how genes release the information they carry -thus, the epigenome can be affected by positive experiences, such as supportive relationships and opportunities for learning... or negative influences, such as environmental toxins or stressful circumstances

developmental science

-the study of change over the life course of living organisms -as living organisms form, mature, and decline -to understand the origins, course, and consequences of behavior in a developing organism, it is essential to consider what we know about development

Scaffolding

-when you can do it with help but not on your own -scaffolding by families and others -learning to walk, ride a bike, read, drive a care -controlling emotions until self-regulation skills develop -transitions into school, puberty, leaving home -bridging windows of vulnerability

developmental tasks: early childhood

-widely held, observable expectations and standards by which progress and prospects in development are judged > for a given age and gender > for a given culture and time in history > some are universal and others are culture-specific -Examples during the "wonder years" --> universal > forming attachment bonds to caregivers > sitting, standing, and walking > talking and using language of the family > complying with simple adult commands > play -Examples in the context of preschool and early school years --> culturally specific > getting along with teachers and peers in a classroom >following classroom rules > self-control in a classroom context > playing with other children; making friends > learning to read

3 Defining Questions in Resilience Research

1. What are the challenges? (threats) trauma neglect poverty war natural disasters ACEs 2. how is the person doing? (adaptive success) developmental issues mental health physical health happiness school or job achievement caregiving 3. what fosters adaptive success? (promoters/protectors) neurobiological individual family and relational community cultural societal

systems in a child's life are...

1. embedded (in the child; immune system, cardiovascular system, etc.) 2. interacting 3. interdependent

schools matter

1. nurture resilience a. build human capital (cognitive and social skills, knowledge and talents) b. promote positive relationships (prosocial peer activities, relationships with competent adults) c. opportunities for self-efficacy d. normal routines 2. effective schools a. strong leadership b. effective teaching c. positive school climate d. asset rich environments e. high expectations, support and structure

3 Basic Strategies to Promote Resilience in High-Risk Populations

1. reduce or mitigate stress 2. boost resources 3. mobilize power of ordinary magic

studies of children at risk

1. searching for origins of mental illness (effects of ACEs) 2. begin to study high-risk children (observed great variation in outcome) 3. insight of the pioneers (studying risk was not enough, crucial to study positive processes)

Which adolescents were more likely to be Americanized Jamaicans?

1. those who watch less local TV 2. girls who watch more US Cable TV 3. those who eat more US style food -Americanization was found to be similar in results to Jamaica within an urban center that provided access compared to rural areas

What do the Experts Recommend? Top 10 Tip Sheet from Dr. F's Culture and Family Life Lab, ICD (Eales & Ferguson, 2019):

1. understand both the positives and negatives of media use 2. Know what media to use freely vs. sparingly. 3. Don't restrict all screen time (except infants: AAP) # 4. Make sure your child has other activities 5 Pay attention to how your child acts during/after 6 Teach your children to ask questions about media - Media Literacy 9 Create a family media plan

remote acculturation

A modern type of acculturation towards geographically and historically separate culture(s) based on indirect and/or intermittent contact. 1. Dimensions (integrated, separated, marginalized, assimilated) 2. Domains (behavior = language, food, etc. things that can be seen by others; values and identity = internal) 3. partial and plural (polycultural)

Expanded Acculturation

Acculturation can now be defined as what happens when groups or individuals of different cultures come into contact -- whether continuous (immigration) or intermittent (work), firsthand or indirect -- with subsequent changes in the original culture patterns of one or more parties

Advertising Registers in the Brain

Adolescent brain is especially sensitive to emotion-inducing media. Cognitive centers = frontal lobes Emotional Centers = cingulate gyrus, ventro-medial frontal lobes (ad sensitive), amygdala, hippocampus

The Multisystem Short List of Psychosocial Human Resilience Factors (Ordinary Magic)

Attachment bonds, close relationships, social support • Sense of belonging, cohesion (individual or group) • Self‐regulation; family management, group leadership • Agency, active coping (by individual or group) • Problem‐solving, planning (by individual or group) • Hope, optimism, confidence in a better future • Mastery motivation, motivated to adapt (individual or group) • Purpose and a sense of meaning (of individual or group) • Positive views of self, family, group • Positive habits, routines, rituals, traditions, celebrations

Global Changes in Information and Communication Technologies

By 2015 ... •Over 95% of world's population covered by 2G mobile-cellular network •43% have internet access •Fixed (land line) telephones decreasing -trends in internet access from 1994-2011 are rising everywhere. there is a major/seeable gap between the global north and south in regards to access

resilience

Capacity of a system (child, family, community...) to adapt successfully to threats or challenges that could destroy or harm the function, survival or development of the system

individual differences matter

Developmental timing • Current health and well-being (your immune system!) • Neurobiological adaptive systems • Attachment, bonds with caring adults • Self-regulation skills • Knowledge & problem-solving skills • Stress management skills • Motivation to act, agency • Purpose, belief life has meaning • Hopeful views of the future

Remote Acculturation: Jamaica Study

Establishing Remote Acculturation Empirically Culture and Family Life Study: Jamaica (Ferguson et al., 2012) 473 adolescent-mother dyads: •38 Jamaican immigrant in US •294 in Jamaica •78 European American in US •36 African American in US Jamaica main cultural influences = USA (1), UK and Canada 1 in 3 adolescents and 1 in 10 mothers integrated vs. separated -- "Americanized Jamaicans" 1. higher European American Orientation 2. lower Jamaican orientation 3. lower family obligation (equal to european americans) 4. larger discrepancies between youth and parents 5. more conflict between youth and parents (associated with acculturation gap)

Feel American, Watch American , Eat American? Study: Results

For Girls: mothers who watched more US cable ate more unhealthy foods and had daughters who ate more unhealthy foods For Boys: ate more unhealthy foods and felt more American

RA 12-Country Study (Ferguson, Boer, et al., 2016 in JCCP): Jamaican Music of Reggae

Jamaicanization across 11 countries Values Domain •2,561 University students (includes 80 in Jamaica, M=21yrs, 60% female) •Jamaica, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico, NZ, Philippines, South Africa, Taiwan, Turkey •Questionnaires üPersonal values (Schwartz et al.) ü'Reggae & Ska' liking (Boer et al.) -looked at music from Americanized Jamaican music from Bob Marley and traditional music like from South Africa's Lucky Dube •In Jamaica, openness to change & self-enhancement (empowerment) most strongly correlated with reggae liking •In 9 of 11 countries, openness to change also the strongest correlate •In South Africa & Philippines, also self-enhancement •In Belgium France & NZ, also self-transcendence

families matter

Nurture body, mind and spirit • Secure base (emotional security) • Economic security • Regulate stress • Influence gene expression • Monitor environment for safety • Foster learning and self-regulation skills • Facilitate achievement of developmental tasks • Broker resources (social capital) • Transmit cultural capital

Examples: reduce or mitigate stress

Reduce exposure to COVID-19 Prevent child maltreatment or premature birth Reduce hunger and food insecurity Monitor child exposure to traumatic media coverage

Remote Acculturation: Cultural Determinant of Health

Remote acculturation is a new cultural determinant of health stemming from globalization that puts some global youth and parents at even higher risk of unhealthy eating.

Examples: mobilize power of ordinary magic

Reunite children with families, mobilize social support Opportunities to play, learn, and help Interventions to improve parenting or teaching Promote community belonging, cultural traditions

Takeaways from Resilience

Risk ~ elevated probability of a negative outcome Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for development Resilience ~ capacity of a system to adapt successfully to challenges Child resilience depends on many interactions & systems inside & outside Resilience is always changing due to development and experience Adaptive systems of resilience evolved through biological and cultural evolution Ordinary human adaptive systems are powerful Resilience can be promoted in children at risk

communities matter

Supports for families Supports for education Parks, libraries, recreation Health care, emergency services, disaster preparedness Public safety NGO + government services Policies and laws that support children & their families Support for cultural practices and celebrations

JUS Media? Programme

The J(amaican and) U(nited) S(tates) Media? Programme teaches families to question the food messages in media and advertising, especially U.S. cable, to be smarter and healthier.

How Netflix Expanded to 190 Countries in 7 years

U.S. represents 1/3 of the global media & entertainment industry (US Dept of Commerce, 2019). Satellite feeds export hundreds of U.S. cable channels including ads (Gordon, 2009).

EF: Working Memory

able to hold needed information and rules in mind Ex. memory games

EF: Inhibitory Control

able to over-ride automatic responses and impulses Ex. Simon Says, Red-light/Green-light, Mother May I?

EF: Cognitive Flexibility

able to shift rules when needed Ex. Blink!, Go Fish

common values in advertising

beauty (#1) fun family centered power winning competition happiness

media literacy

the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms Questions: why was this made? who made it? what is missing? how might different people interpret it? how do I know this is true? who might benefit from this message? who might be harmed by this message?

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change -genes can be "turned on" or "turned off" by experiences

origins of resilience since WWII

• Millions of children: Killed, injured and maimed Enlisted, imprisoned Evacuated & displaced Malnourished Orphaned Raped - Atomic bombs in Hiroshima & Nagasaki • -Freud & Burlingham book published 1943 -UNICEF founded 1946

2017 Data on Global Export of Cultural Goods

•China ($60 billion) > US ($28 billion) •Dematerialization •Starting to measure goods & services

global exchange of products

•Core cultural goods = "Consumer goods that convey ideas, symbols, and ways of life." (UNESCO) first focused on books, art, media, etc. Did not encompass digital media

"Massification" of Global Culture

•Globally, mass media increasingly dominated by Western companies •Results in "massification" (narrowing) of images and information •Facilitated by monopolistic control of media, goods and consumption

Ambler et al., 2018 "Brands on the Brain"

•Very preliminary case studies (n=3) •Watch 30 mins of TV with cognitive ads & affective/emotional ads embedded •MEG - magnetic imaging of brain electrical activity -cognitive based ads light up frontal lobes, emotional based ads light up VFML