CRIM 1100 Exam 2 (chapter 8)

An old English court comprising the king's councilors that was separate from common-law courts.

Court of the Star Chamber

True/False: Appellate courts are responsible for ensuring correct application of substantive law.

False

True/False: The U.S. court system is very orderly and easy to understand.

False

True/False: The U.S. criminal court system is not an adversarial process.

False

True/False: The major difference between criminal and civil law is that violations of civil law are punishable by imprisonment.

False

True/False: There was a strict line between civil and criminal cases in medieval courts.

False

The case _____ initiated the practice of presenting Supreme Court decisions as collective opinions.

Marbury v. Madison

Trial by hot water was a type of trial by _____.

Ordeal

The "court of last resort." The highest court in the United States, established by Article III of the Constitution, hears only appeals, with some exceptions.

S. Supreme Court

_____ jurisdiction is determined by the nature of a case.

Subject-matter

This document placed the English king under the rule of law.

The Magna Carta

_____ courts implement substantive law.

Trial

Under the Sixth Amendment, defendants charged with serious offenses are entitled to this.

Trial by jury

True/False: Juvenile courts operate differently than state criminal courts.

True

True/False: Many societies have courts of some type.

True

True/False: The Supreme Court can review any case it wishes.

True

True/False: The jury trial developed in the thirteenth century because the Roman Catholic church forbade priests to participate in trials by ordeal.

True

True/False: Trials by ordeal depended on divine intervention to demonstrate the innocence of the accused.

True

A brief in which someone who is not a part of a case gives advice or testimony.

amicus curiae

A disagreement whose settlement is based on personal vengeance and physical violence.

blood feud

In medieval German and English law, a practice by which a defendant could establish innocence by taking an oath and having a required number of people swear that they believed the oath.

compurgation

The authority of a court to hear a case based on the location of the offense.

geographic jurisdiction

The authority of a court to hear a case based on where the case is located in the system.

hierarchical jurisdiction

In archaic usage, considered the first type of jury that determined the ownership of land. Currently, a type of investigation.

inquest

Sometimes called inferior courts, in reference to their hierarchy. These courts receive their authority and resources from local county or municipal governments.

lower courts

A rule that states that at least four of the nine Supreme Court justices must vote to hear a case.

rule of four

General courts and special courts funded and run by each state.

state courts

The authority of a court to hear a case based on the nature of the case.

subject-matter jurisdiction

An ancient custom found in many cultures in which the accused was required to perform a test to prove guilt.

trial by ordeal

An order from a superior court calling up for review the record of a case from a lower court.

writ of certiorari

How many cases per year does the U.S. Supreme Court hear?

100

The legal, Latin term for "friend of the court" is _____.

Amicus curiae

A twelfth-century English law that established judicial procedure and the grand jury system.

Assize of Clarendon

This was a series of ordinances that established the beginnings of the grand jury system.

Assize of Clarendon

This is an example of why courts had to be invented.

Blood feuds

The _____ is considered the first type of jury.

Inquest

_____ refers to a court's authority to hear certain cases.

Jurisdiction

This is the lowest level of the federal court system.

Magistrate court

The four levels of federal courts are _____ courts, U.S. _____ courts, U.S. Circuit Courts of _____, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Magistrate; district; Appeal

The case _____ provided for the expansion of federal power into areas such as banking and social programs.

McCulloch v. Maryland

_____ was the basis for the South's Jim Crow laws.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Intermediate courts that dispose of many appeals before they reach the Supreme Court.

S. courts of appeals

Courts of general jurisdiction that try felony cases involving federal laws and civil cases involving amounts of money over $75,000.

S. district courts

The lowest level of the federal court system, created in 1968 to ease the caseload of the U.S. district courts.

S. magistrate court

These kinds of courts are generally divided according to a hierarchy of trial courts, appeals courts, and supreme courts.

State courts

The _____ established the Supreme Court's power as the final word in all cases.

Supremacy clause

What was compurgation?

Taking an oath

This early court was infamous for its lack of due process.

The Court of the Star Chamber

A court that holds sessions at intervals within different areas of a judicial district.

circuit court