Crime and Mental Illness Schizophrenia
infanticide
Associated with postpartum depression; mothers may believe child is possessed or may hear voices to kill their children
command hallucinations
Auditory hallucinations ordering either violent or nonviolent action; depend upon variety of factors and upon personal, situational, and clinical variables
Capagras Syndrome
Belief that familiar person have been replaced by physically identical imposters- delusion of misidentification
Doppelgänger syndrome
Belief that one has a double or an impersonator; earlier identified as a delusion of misidentification
Delusion types
Bizarre, nihilistic, erotomaniac, grandiose of control, referential, persecutory, somatic, thought withdraws, thought insertion
Introjection/self critical
Extremely self critical, fail to meet own self goals
Delusion
False belief based- fixed belief not amenable to change regardless of evidence to contrary
anaclitic depression
First used to describe state of depression, withdrawal listlessness when infants are separated from their mothers
dysthymic disorder
Prolonged period of depressed mood with depressive symptoms yet does not meet criteria for major depressive episode
Schizophrenia and arson
Scant research seems to indicate fire setters have coexisting family history of alcohol abuse
Dominant goals of depression
Self critical depression; failure to meet ones own unrealistic standards imposed or internalized mental representations of or from parents; later acceptance of external negative evaluations
Hallucinations
Sensory persecution that has compelling sense of reality, can be sight, hearing, smell, touch or taste
threat/control override symptoms
Substance abuse disorder associated with risk of serious violent offending and incarceration
Fregoli syndrome
The delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise, generally viewed with paranoia (that the "shapeshifting" person is out to get them); but their psychological identity still remains the same
anaclitic depression
Vulnerable to perceive losses in relationships with others because they are dependent upon judgement of others for self esteem, history of early users
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Ways of thinking and behaving that something had been added to the way a person normally thinks & behaves
Manic episode
Abnormally and persistent elevated, expansive, irritable and increased goal directed activity or energy lasting at least 1 week & present most of the day nearly everyday; 3 or more symptoms of inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, talkative, racing thoughts, easily distracted, increased goals/ psychomotor agitation, excessive involvement in activities that could have painful consequences; mood disturbance is severe enough to cause marked impairment of social functioning or require hospitalization to prevent harm; mood disturbance is not due to substance abuse or medical conditions
Intermetamorphosis
Another form of delusion of metamorphosis; others have undergone radical physical & psychological changes to become persecutors
catathymic crisis
Anxiety, inner tension, resentful and latent aggression build up that requires sudden release & potentially violent expression of suppressed emotion; example is murder or suicide
Most individuals with schizophrenic
Are not violent
Disorganization syndrome
Based on reality distortion, disorganization, psychomotor poverty; prominent characteristics are disorganized behavior and speech, flag or inappropriate expressions of emotion
Sociotropic
Becks theory that depression is dependent on interpersonal relationships for self evaluation
Autonomous
Becks theory that depression is focused on achievement and independence
Disorganized speech
Characterized as speech "jumping of track" during convos; speaking with random & jumbled words and the use of words that do not make sense; thought disorder
Psychotic disorders
Class of illnesses characterized by delusions and hallucinations
Depression
Dependency or anaclitic depression characterized by vulnerability to perceived losses in relationships with others; dependent on others for self esteem
Example of depressive episode
Depressed mood, marked loss of interest or pleasure everyday, weight change, over or under eating everyday, insomnia/hyper insomnia everyday, psychomotor agitation, fatigues or loss of energy, diminished ability to think/concentrate/ make decisions, recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts without a specific plan
major depressive episode
Have to have 5 or more symptoms present during the same 2 week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood/ loss of interest or pleasure; cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational life; can not be caused by psychological effects of substance abuse/medical conditions; never has been a manic episode or hypomanic episode
Sucide in schizophrenia
Highest risk during early stage of the illness
Psychosocial factors
Hodgins proposed three distinct subtypes of violent offender with schizophrenia based upon age of onset; ear,y starters- Antisocial behavior emerge in childhood/early teens before onset of schizophrenia; common offenders who are not violent prior to onset of schizophrenia are repeatedly aggressive towards others; small group with chronic schizophrenia who are not violent are not aggressive for 1-2 decades, but then become seriously violent often those killing them
Greater risk of violence during schizophrenia
Is during the 1st episode of psychotic illness and not receiving treatment
Highest probability of offending of schizophrenia
Is young males in the early stage of illness and who have coexisting substance abuse issues
homicide
Lack of emotion
Hypomanic episode
Lesser form of manic episode which last 4 days instead of 7; mini episode
Schizophrenia
May develop gradually or rapidly and can begin at any point, typically between late teens & mid 30s; often occurs along with depression, anxiety, substance abuse; contain both positive eg. delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech; negative eg. absence of emotion, thought or goal directed behavior; two or more of the above must be present for at least 1 month
Nonviolent and property crimes of schizophrenia
Minor material gain, food, car theft, inappropriate emergency calls, vagrancy, public order crimes
postpartum depression
Mood disorder/ brief psychotic disorder within 4 weeks after childbirth; presence of delusional thoughts about the infant is associated with risk of harm to infant; may be common in mothers having her 1st child
Bipolar disorders and crime
Most psychiatrist agree murder is rare among manic patients; violence is related to the phase of the illness; violence and homicidal thoughts are associated with depressive phase; manic phase is associated with petty theft, swindling, minor assault, fraud
The occurrence of the major depressive episode is
Not better explained by schizophrenia affective disorder, delusional disorder, other psychotic disorders
persecutory delusions
Refers to the belief that one is going to be harmed/ harassed by an individual, organization or other group; not unfounded; common on schizophrenia, occur in organic stages and severe depressive disorders
Schizophrenia in sex offenders
Were most likely to be married, employed, non-heterosexual; lower percentage of psychiatric hospitalization, antisocial behavior and substance abuse
cyclothymic disorder
a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode
Matricide
act of killing one's mother; negative family dynamic
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
affective flattening, alogia (lack of speech) caused by disruption in thought process; in conversation alogia patients will reply very sparsely and their answers to questions will lack spontaneous content; will fail to answer at all times; their responses will be brief generally; avolition (represents ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that suggest something is missing or taken away from a persons normal experience)