criminal justice 4-7

Frankpledge

A system in old English law in which members of a tithing, a group of ten families, pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court.

grass eaters

A term for police officers who accept payoffs when everyday duties place them in a position to "look the other way."

Tasers

A type of conductive energy device or electronic control device. These devices offer a means of controlling suspects while saving lives and offering officers protection from injuries.

Crime Triangle

Also referred to as the problem analysis triangle, a strategy that focuses on immediate concerns present in the environment in order to confront difficult issues.

intelligence-led policing

An approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.

Automobile Exception

An exception to the warrant requirement holding that police do not need warrants to search automobiles, just probable cause.

Peelers

Another name for the "bobbies" because of Sir Robert Peel's influence in creating the force

bobbies

British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.

private policing

Crime prevention, detection, and the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes.

Slave Patrols

Distinctively American form of law enforcement in southern states that sought to catch and control slaves through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans on the roads and elsewhere in public places.

Borh

Earliest known system of policing in England. The borh was a unit that was responsible for policing and security which was generally a collective of 12 individuals who stood surety for one another's good behavior.

Tithing

In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace.

Literacy Tests

Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.

Routine Activities Theory

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders

Shire Reeves

Top law enforcement official, who came before the Sheriff position was created

Watchmen

Used to protect property in England's larger cities and towns, and in colonial America. These individuals patrolled at night to protect the community from robberies, fires, and other disturbances

less-than-lethal weapons

Weapons that provide viable options for dealing with resisting suspects; they include pepper spray, rubber bullets, beanbag guns, and sedative darts.

community policing

a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community

meat eaters

a term for police officers who actively solicit bribes and vigorously engage in corrupt practices

Broken Windows Theory

a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe

reactive policing

a traditional style of policing relying on responding to calls for services

Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968

an act that established agencies and rules dealing with crime

problem-oriented policing

an approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police

CopLink

an information technology system that offers tactical lead generation, crime analysis, and information sharing among local, regional, state, and national law enforcement agencies

Reasonable Suspicion

any information that points to illegal activity and may include rumor, tips, and anonymous telephone calls.

third degree

brutalizing an individual to gather information

discretion

cautious reserve in speech; ability to make responsible decisions

fusion centers

centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats

sheriffs

early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense

Due Process

following established legal procedures

continuum of force

guideline for the degree of force and weapon an officer may employ during an arrest

exclusionary rule

improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial

consent

permission

probable cause

reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion

Fruit of the Poisonous Tree

secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule

proactive policing

self-initiated officer activities to prevent and detect crime

Exigent Circumstances

situations that require extralegal or exceptional actions by the police

Military Drones

technology increasingly used as possible crime-fighting tools in some parts of the country

Communications Act of 1934

the far-reaching act that established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the federal regulatory structure for U.S. broadcasting

Rotten Apple Theory

the idea that corruption in most police departments can be traced to just a few officers

inevitable discovery

the police can use evidence if it would inevitably have been discovered

Profiling

the process of forming a digital dossier

Incident to a lawful arrest

this exception allows law enforcement to search any person without a warrant once that person is lawfully arrested

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

police matron

title frequently given to women who worked in the early days of policing

Stop and Frisk

to "pat down" or search the outer clothing of someone whom the police believe is acting suspiciously

hot spots of crime

Places from which a significant portion of all police calls originate. These hot spots include taverns and housing projects.

Peelian Principles

Widely cited list that described Sir Robert Peel's philosophy of an ethical police force. Research shows that these excellent principles were never provided by Peel

zero tolerance

a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction

modus operandi

manner of working

Plain View Doctrine

officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be

vigilantes

people who take the law into their own hands

CompStat

A crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s.

patrol

A general term used to describe the unit of a police department that answers calls, delivers service, and prevents crime

Parish Constable

Policing agent who operated in smaller towns. Initially elected by the parishioners, the parish constable was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time.

Thief Takers

Private English citizens with no official status who were paid by the king for every criminal they arrested. They were similar to the bounty hunter of the American West.

high-activity location observation (HALO) cameras

Remote-controlled cameras that can view 360 degrees, zoom, and tilt. This technology enables law enforcement to observe and monitor areas of interest for criminal investigations and crime prevention.

SARA model

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

regulatory searches

Searches by government officials, such as restaurant health inspections, inspection of vehicles crossing borders, airport screenings, and fire inspections, that may be conducted without a warrant.

covered jurisdictions

States, cities, or counties that must submit proposed voting changes to the US Department of Justice because of their histories of discrimination against minority voters

hundred

Ten tythings grouped together into a collective for police and security purposes. A hundred was supervised by a leader known as a hundred man

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

The act that created the first formally recognized police department in the world in London, England