criminal justice 4-7
Frankpledge
A system in old English law in which members of a tithing, a group of ten families, pledged to be responsible for keeping order and bringing violators of the law to court.
grass eaters
A term for police officers who accept payoffs when everyday duties place them in a position to "look the other way."
Tasers
A type of conductive energy device or electronic control device. These devices offer a means of controlling suspects while saving lives and offering officers protection from injuries.
Crime Triangle
Also referred to as the problem analysis triangle, a strategy that focuses on immediate concerns present in the environment in order to confront difficult issues.
intelligence-led policing
An approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.
Automobile Exception
An exception to the warrant requirement holding that police do not need warrants to search automobiles, just probable cause.
Peelers
Another name for the "bobbies" because of Sir Robert Peel's influence in creating the force
bobbies
British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.
private policing
Crime prevention, detection, and the apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes.
Slave Patrols
Distinctively American form of law enforcement in southern states that sought to catch and control slaves through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans on the roads and elsewhere in public places.
Borh
Earliest known system of policing in England. The borh was a unit that was responsible for policing and security which was generally a collective of 12 individuals who stood surety for one another's good behavior.
Tithing
In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace.
Literacy Tests
Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.
Routine Activities Theory
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders
Shire Reeves
Top law enforcement official, who came before the Sheriff position was created
Watchmen
Used to protect property in England's larger cities and towns, and in colonial America. These individuals patrolled at night to protect the community from robberies, fires, and other disturbances
less-than-lethal weapons
Weapons that provide viable options for dealing with resisting suspects; they include pepper spray, rubber bullets, beanbag guns, and sedative darts.
community policing
a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
meat eaters
a term for police officers who actively solicit bribes and vigorously engage in corrupt practices
Broken Windows Theory
a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe
reactive policing
a traditional style of policing relying on responding to calls for services
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
an act that established agencies and rules dealing with crime
problem-oriented policing
an approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police
CopLink
an information technology system that offers tactical lead generation, crime analysis, and information sharing among local, regional, state, and national law enforcement agencies
Reasonable Suspicion
any information that points to illegal activity and may include rumor, tips, and anonymous telephone calls.
third degree
brutalizing an individual to gather information
discretion
cautious reserve in speech; ability to make responsible decisions
fusion centers
centers run by states and large cities that analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies in preventing and responding to crime and terrorism threats
sheriffs
early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense
Due Process
following established legal procedures
continuum of force
guideline for the degree of force and weapon an officer may employ during an arrest
exclusionary rule
improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial
consent
permission
probable cause
reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion
Fruit of the Poisonous Tree
secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule
proactive policing
self-initiated officer activities to prevent and detect crime
Exigent Circumstances
situations that require extralegal or exceptional actions by the police
Military Drones
technology increasingly used as possible crime-fighting tools in some parts of the country
Communications Act of 1934
the far-reaching act that established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the federal regulatory structure for U.S. broadcasting
Rotten Apple Theory
the idea that corruption in most police departments can be traced to just a few officers
inevitable discovery
the police can use evidence if it would inevitably have been discovered
Profiling
the process of forming a digital dossier
Incident to a lawful arrest
this exception allows law enforcement to search any person without a warrant once that person is lawfully arrested
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.
police matron
title frequently given to women who worked in the early days of policing
Stop and Frisk
to "pat down" or search the outer clothing of someone whom the police believe is acting suspiciously
hot spots of crime
Places from which a significant portion of all police calls originate. These hot spots include taverns and housing projects.
Peelian Principles
Widely cited list that described Sir Robert Peel's philosophy of an ethical police force. Research shows that these excellent principles were never provided by Peel
zero tolerance
a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction
modus operandi
manner of working
Plain View Doctrine
officers may examine and use as evidence, without a warrant, contraband or evidence that is in open view at a location where they are legally permitted to be
vigilantes
people who take the law into their own hands
CompStat
A crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s.
patrol
A general term used to describe the unit of a police department that answers calls, delivers service, and prevents crime
Parish Constable
Policing agent who operated in smaller towns. Initially elected by the parishioners, the parish constable was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time.
Thief Takers
Private English citizens with no official status who were paid by the king for every criminal they arrested. They were similar to the bounty hunter of the American West.
high-activity location observation (HALO) cameras
Remote-controlled cameras that can view 360 degrees, zoom, and tilt. This technology enables law enforcement to observe and monitor areas of interest for criminal investigations and crime prevention.
SARA model
Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment
regulatory searches
Searches by government officials, such as restaurant health inspections, inspection of vehicles crossing borders, airport screenings, and fire inspections, that may be conducted without a warrant.
covered jurisdictions
States, cities, or counties that must submit proposed voting changes to the US Department of Justice because of their histories of discrimination against minority voters
hundred
Ten tythings grouped together into a collective for police and security purposes. A hundred was supervised by a leader known as a hundred man
Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
The act that created the first formally recognized police department in the world in London, England