Criminal Justice Chapter 10,11,12

Which state has the lowest rate of imprisonment?

a. Maine

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

a. importation

The ________ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets.

b. colonizer

A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates is called ________.

b. deliberate indifference

What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"?

b. direct supervision

Most people sentenced to federal prisons have been convicted of ________ crimes.

b. drug

The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and an emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment are aspects of the ________ model of imprisonment.

b. justice

Today, a typical American prison is ____________.

b. minimum or medium custody

John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as a(n) ________.

b. opportunist

Which Supreme Court case held that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole?

d. Greenholtz v. Nebraska

Which Supreme Court case provided a balancing test as the guideline for most inmate rights cases?

d. Pell v. Procunier

________ and ________ are nearly tied as the second most common type of offenses for which inmates were sentenced to state prisons.

d. Property crimes, drug crimes

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals.

d. Selective

Which of the following is not a function of a probation or parole officer's work?

d. assistance to prosecutors by conducting arrests and investigations

A career offender, who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison, is called a ________.

d. cool

Probation is sanctioned by the ________.

d. court

Streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values are called ________.

d. crack kids

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.

d. deliberate indifference

The Sentencing Project says that ________ American citizens across the nation are barred from voting because of previous felony convictions.

a. 3.9 million

In Georgia, the typical caseload of an intensive supervision probation officer is ________.

a. 40 probationers

________ incapacitation is a strategy that would imprison almost all serious offenders.

a. Collective

________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle.

a. Design

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation by the Task Force on the Female Offender to address the problems of imprisoned women?

a. Female offenders should be housed in buildings with male inmates.

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that probation officers may search a probationer's residence without a search warrant?

a. Griffin v. Wisconsin

Which of the following statements about probation is false?

a. Probation is a court-ordered sanction.

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment?

a. Rhodes v. Chapman

A mixed sentence is a sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency.

a. True

A prisoner's mail can be banned if the ban is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.

a. True

A probation officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause to search a probationer's residence.

a. True

African American women are eight times more likely than white women to be incarcerated.

a. True

Approximately 20 million people are admitted (or readmitted) to the nation's jails each year.

a. True

Between 1991 and 2009 America experienced a 42% decrease in the national crime rate and a 70% increase in the rate of imprisonment.

a. True

Few facilities for women have programs especially designed for female offenders.

a. True

If a probationer does not claim a right against self-incrimination, any statements made to a probation officer may be used as evidence.

a. True

In both shock probation and split sentencing, the offender serves a relatively short period of time in custody and is released on probation by court order.

a. True

Like inmates, correctional officers are socialized into the official and unofficial rules of staff society.

a. True

Most federal probation officers may carry a firearm for defensive purposes while on duty.

a. True

Over 50% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs.

a. True

Research has shown that within six months before release from prison, inmates begin to demonstrate a renewed appreciation for conventional values rather than prison values.

a. True

Sexual aggressors in men's prisons have themselves suffered much damage to their masculinity in the past.

a. True

Stress levels for probation and parole officers have gone up, in part, due to the increasingly serious offenses of offenders sentenced to probation and released on parole.

a. True

The Prison Litigation Reform Act requires judges to screen all inmate complaints against the federal government and to immediately dismiss those deemed frivolous or without merit.

a. True

The justice model of imprisonment is based on the principle of just deserts.

a. True

Two-thirds of incarcerated women have minor children.

a. True

High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

a. U.S. penitentiaries

With regard to religious freedom, the government shall NOT impose ________ on the religious exercise of the prisoner.

a. a substantial burden

Which of the following is NOT a historical factor that contributed to today's high rate of imprisonment?

a. an all-out campaign for legalization of gun ownership and use of illicit drugs

Female officers working in jails ________.

a. are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks

Which of the following is not one of the most frequent violations for which revocation occurs?

a. armed robbery

A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency is known as ________.

a. community service

In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ________ that prisoners experience.

a. deprivations

Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?

a. double-celling

Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, the ________ intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states.

a. federal courts

A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.

a. grievance procedure

What type of probation in Georgia includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week and requires that probationers have a mandatory curfew, have a job, and submit to weekly alcohol and drug testing?

a. intensive

What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States?

a. intensive probation supervision

The Federal Probation System was ________.

a. mandated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Ex Parte United States in 1916

Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ________-security institutions.

a. minimum

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week?

a. mixed sentence

Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots?

a. multiple treatment opportunities for inmates

Which of the following is NOT a component of a typical prison system in relatively populous states?

a. one ultra-high-security prison for terrorists, serial killers, and the like

More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. The lack of visits is due to all of the following reasons, EXCEPT that the ________.

a. prisons are located in remote areas

Which of the following terms is prison slang for an informant?

a. rat

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.

a. the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

Prisoners rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, can be ________.

a. thought of as conditional

The Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) has found that ________ reduce(s) recidivism.

a. vocational and work release programs

Which word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons?

a. wolf

Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott declined to extend the exclusionary rule to searches conducted by ________ even when such searches yield evidence.

b. parole officers

Which of the following is NOT a general condition for probations?

b. possess no firearms

Prison language is also called ________.

b. prison argot

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

b. prisonization

Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients?

b. social work model

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation?

b. split sentence

Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?

b. the parole board

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ________ institution.

b. total

Suits formally requesting that the person detaining a prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment are called ________.

b. writs of habeas corpus

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.

c. "explosive decade"

Which of the following statistics accurately describes today's prison population?

c. About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma.

Which state became the first in modern times to reinstitute the use of the prison chain gang?

c. Alabama

________ was the first state to have a shock incarceration program.

c. Georgia

Which Supreme Court case held that a probationer should have the opportunity for counsel before a deferred prison sentence can be imposed?

c. Mempa v. Rhay

Which of the following Supreme Court cases held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners?

c. Richardson v. McKnight

________ among female inmates is very high.

c. Substance abuse

Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?

c. Texas

Which Supreme Court case set the precedent that disciplinary actions by prison officials could NOT be brought against the inmates without appropriate due process?

c. Wolff v. McDonnell

Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed ________.

c. alternative sentencing strategies

Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors.

c. classification

The largest growth group in jails nationwide is ________.

c. females

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced.

c. general

Which of the following is an early release option under which an inmate who is deemed "low risk," due to physical or mental health conditions, is released from prison earlier than he or she might have been under normal circumstances?

c. medical parole

Which type of prisoners picture themselves as political prisoners?

c. radicals

Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts?

c. rated capacity

Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ________.

c. regional jails

Revocation of probation or parole ________.

c. requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated

Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?

c. shock incarceration

Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor?

c. shock incarceration

Who makes federal parole decisions?

c. the United States Parole Commission

Civil death refers to ________.

c. the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry

Operational capacity is ________.

c. the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

Which of the following is NOT a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding?

c. the prison's fiscal budget

Many sexual aggressors in prison must continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.

c. want to avoid becoming victims themselves

Women account for about what percentage of the country's jail population?

d. 13%

According to a Bureau of Justice Statistics study, about what percentage of people convicted of homicide are placed on probation?

d. 3%

Which of the following sentences is not an example of an intermediate sanction?

d. 30 days in jail

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an African American male living in America today has approximately a ________ lifetime chance of going to prison.

d. 32%

How many security levels are there in the federal prison system according to the Bureau of Prisons classification?

d. 5

Nationwide, approximately what percentage of inmates successfully complete parole?

d. 52%

Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.

d. federal correctional institutions

All death-row inmates are held in ________ prisons.

d. maximum-security

The majority of this country's jail inmates are ________.

d. members of minority groups

Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire?

d. minimum-security

House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for ________.

d. offenders with special needs

Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy?

d. parole

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?

d. probation

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment?

d. provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders

Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole?

d. relative lack of punishment

In Samson v. California the U.S. Supreme Court held that ________.

d. the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole

How many institutions are there in the federal prison system?

b. 103

When did many states adopt Objective Prison Classification Systems?

b. 1980s

Of the women entering prisons, about________ have at least one child younger than age 18.

b. 70%

The ________ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government.

b. ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

A prison is a confinement facility administered by an agency of local government.

b. False

All the states in America tend to use imprisonment at about the same rate.

b. False

Among the most significant barriers to privatization are just legislated state laws.

b. False

Because federal probation officers are not law enforcement officers, they have no authority to arrest.

b. False

Considering the past trend, it can be assumed that about 3% of the offenders who are released on parole will be reincarcerated within three years.

b. False

Death-row inmates are placed in minimum security institutions.

b. False

Design capacity refers to what the prison can accommodate according to experts.

b. False

Fewer incarcerated women than men have been sexually or physically abused before they are incarcerated.

b. False

Inmates have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their cells under the Fourth Amendment.

b. False

It costs an average of $14 per day to incarcerate one inmate.

b. False

It is a myth that al-Qaeda recruits members in U.S. prisons.

b. False

Most people processed through the country's jails are white.

b. False

Most sexual aggressors in prison consider themselves homosexuals.

b. False

Nationwide, approximately 89% of parolees successfully complete parole.

b. False

Relative lack of punishment is one of the major advantages of probation and parole.

b. False

Research indicates that prison subcultures have been stable over time despite changes in the wider culture.

b. False

Split sentencing is the practice of sentencing offenders to prison, allowing them to apply for probationary release, and enacting such release in a surprise fashion.

b. False

The U.S. Supreme Court has barred inmates from suing state prisons under the Americans with Disabilities Act.

b. False

The aftereffects of a sexual assault in prison are short-term.

b. False

The last prison riot in America was the uprising at Attica Prison in New York in 1971.

b. False

The number of inmates held in private prisons is slowly decreasing.

b. False

The number of privileges given to inmates continues to increase.

b. False

The operational capacity of a prison is the number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built.

b. False

The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates.

b. False

The privatization of prisons began in the early 1960s.

b. False

Violent offenders stand no chance of receiving a probationary term.

b. False

Working as a probation or parole officer is attractive because of the small caseloads and several opportunities for career mobility.

b. False

Which of the following is NOT one of the operators running private prisons in the United States?

b. Federal Correctional Workforce

Which of the following authorizes an inmate's claims against the United States for money damages, for injury or loss of property caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee in the government while acting within the scope of his office or employment?

b. Federal Tort Claims Act

Which Supreme Court case provides procedural safeguards to parolees at revocation hearings?

b. Morrissey v. Brewer

________ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services.

b. Operational

Which of the following is NOT cited as a disadvantage of probation and parole?

b. Probation and parole inflict relatively less severe or no punishment upon the offender.

Discretionary release is granted by ________.

b. a parole board

Which of the following refers to ultra-high-security prisons?

b. administrative maximum