Criminal Justice Exam 3

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.

"explosive decade"

What is the minimum age at which someone may commit first-degree murder and be sentenced to death?

18

What is a federal ADMAX prison?

An ultra-high-security prison

The first mass prison system, in which inmates lived, ate, and worked together in enforced silence, was known as the ________ system.

Auburn

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?

Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.

The day-fine system solves which objection to the use of fines?

Fines are unfair because more affluent offenders can buy their way out of prison while indigent offenders are unable to pay fines.

The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________.

Illinois

Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?

In re Gault

Which of the following statements regarding mentally ill inmates is true?

Incarcerated women are more likely than men to be mentally ill.

The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?

Incarceration

What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?

It only provides rights to victims of federal crimes.

What made Maconochie's system of marks unique and innovative in corrections at that time?

It put the responsibility for earning early release on the inmate.

What was the purpose behind the Prison Litigation Reform Act?

It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prisoners in federal courts.

The emphasis on individual responsibility is a key characteristic of the ________ model.

Justice (just deserts era)

________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.

Mandatory sentencing

The ________ was an early American system of imprisonment that was considered to be humane and that provided inmates with the opportunity for rehabilitation.

Pennsylvania system

What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?

Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders

What is prison argot?

Prison slang

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

Selective

Work release is representative of which era in the development of U.S. prisons?

The community-based era

What are rookie correctional officers most likely to learn through socialization?

The ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality.

What is civil death?

The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons

What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.?

The list of federal crimes punishable by death was expanded significantly.

Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?

The offender acted under strong provocation.

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

The punitive era

Robert Martinson's "nothing-works" doctrine was an attack on ________.

Treatment

Which of the following is a strategy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society rather than on rehabilitation?

Warehousing

According to the text, the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is ________.

Women

The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing

adjudicatory

In the case of In re Winship, the Supreme Court held that delinquency must be established ________.

beyond a reasonable doubt

Most female inmates are housed in ________.

centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders

A juvenile petition filed in juvenile court is similar to a ________ in adult court.

criminal complaint

15-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.

delinquent

Because Naomi's parents are unable to care for her, she is considered to be a(n) ________.

dependent child

In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes identified the pains of imprisonment as ________ that prisoners experience.

deprivations

General deterrence attempts to ________.

discourage potential offenders from committing crimes

Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for ________.

drug law violations

Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________.

employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process

The stocks and the pillory are examples of what early form of punishment?

flogging

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.

importation

A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.

indeterminate

According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________.

opportunist

The legal principle of parens patriae ________.

permits the state to assume the role of the parents

In the majority of adjudicated delinquency cases, the judge decides to ________.

place the juvenile on formal probation

The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.

prisonization

Federal sentencing guidelines ________.

provide a range of punishments for a specific crime

The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

reformatory

The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.

rehabilitation

Lex talionis is also known as the law of ________.

retaliation

The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.

retribution

In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________.

returning to the original principles of the juvenile court

An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.

security threat group

Children who purchase cigarettes or alcohol are considered to be ________. (because the offense is only "illegal" because of their age)

status offenders

Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.

status offenses

Which of the following best describes female offenders?

survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples

The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.

the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed

Proportionality means that ________.

there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime

A(n) ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.

total

Inmates who were over the age of 50 when they entered prison are most likely to have committed ________.

violent crimes