Criminology Chapter 3
Ernst Kretschmer
A professor of psychiatry who claimed that body build could be related to personality type.
William H. Sheldon
A psychologist who, like Ernst Kretschmer, believed that body build could be related to personality type; he popularized the concept of somatotyping.
Edward O. Wilson
A researcher and author who believes that behavior can be explained through a synthesis of biological and evolutionary ecology.
Cesare Lombroso
A well known early scientific biological theorist who said that criminality is the result of primitive urges that survived the evolutionary process in modern day human throwbacks.
kallikak family
A well-known "criminal family" studied by Henry H. Goddard.
Patricia A. Jacobs
a british researcher who examined Scottich prisoners for chromosomal abnormalities through a relatively simple blood test known as karyotyping
Ray Jeffery
a criminologist who believes that a biologically based program of crime control and crime prevention includes biological monitoring and research
Sarnoff Mednick
a european researcher who worked with Karl O. Christiansen to analyze thousands of pairs of twins in an effort to determine whether criinal tendencies might be inherited
Karl O. Christiansen
a european researcher who worked with Sarnoff Mednick to analyze thousands of pairs of twins in an efforts to determine whether criminal tendencies might be inherited
supermale
a male individual displaying the XYY chromosome structure
What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
a man might carry an extra X, or female, chromosome
Charles Darwin
a nineteenth-century english biologist known for his contributions to evolutionary theory
Trait
a notable feature or quality of a biological entity. May be classified as physical, behavioral, or psychological. They are passed on from generation to generation.
eugenics criminology
a perspective holding that the root cause of criminality are passed from generation to generation in the form of "bad genes"
Italian School of Criminology
a perspective on criminology developed in the late 1800s holding that criminals can be identified by physical features and are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. It was largely based on studies of criminal anthropology
Henry Herbert Goddard
a researcher who conducted a study of the Kalikak family in 1912 using an acceptable scientific framework. The study indicated that criminal tendencies existsed amoing the offspring of the union of kallikak and a barmaid, wherea a subsequent liaison with a virtuous Quaker women resulted in offspring that did not demonstrate criminal tendencies
positivism
a scientific approach to the study of crime and its causation. Was built apon evolutionary principles and saw criminals as throwbacks to earlier evolutionary epochs.
Arthur H. Estabrook
a sociological researcher who published a follow-up to Richard Dugdale's work in 1916
Johann Gasper Spurzheim
a student of Franz Joseph Gall who introduced phrenology, the correlation between the shape of the human skull and human behavior, to american, where it became part of the classification method used to evaluate newly admitted prisoners
buck v. bell
a supreme court case that upheld the practive of sterilization as way to rid society of those people with criminal tendencies
constitutional theories
a term used by Cesare Lombroso to describe occosional criminals who were pulled into criminality by environmental influences
atavism
a term used by Cesare Lombroso to suggest that criminals are physiological throwbacks to early stages of human evolution
sociobiology
a theoretical perspective developed by Edward O. Wilson that includes "the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior." it is a branch of evolutionary biology and particularly of modern population biology
dizygotic
a twin who develops from a seperate ovum and who carries the genetic material shared by siblings
juke family
a well-known "criminal family" studied by Richard Dugdale
Franz Joseph Gall
An early criminological anthropologist who believed that the shape of the human skull is indicative of the personality and can be used to predict criminal behavior.
Charles Buckman Goring
An english physician around the beginning of the twentieth century who believed that the theory of atavism, the correlation of physical features with criminal behavior, is unfounded when assessed by scientific methods
Constitutional theories
Biological theories that explain criminality by reference to offenders' body types, inheritance, genetics, or external observable physical characteristics.
altruism
selfless, helping behavior
tribalism
the attitudes and behavior that result from strong feelings of identification with one's own social group
genetic determinism
the belief that genes are the major determining factor in human behavior
Sir Francis Galton
the first western scientist to systematically study heredity
hereditary
the passing of traits from parent to child
Criminal Anthropology
the scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality
eugenics
the study and implementation of hereditary improvement by genetic control (selective breeding to "improve" the human race)
behavioral genetics
the study of genetics and environmental contributions to individual variations in human behavior
phrenology
the study of the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlates of human behavior
gene pool
the total genetic information available in a population
monozygotic
twins who develop from the same egg and have virtually the same genetic material
Enrico Ferri and Reffael Garofalo
members of the italian school of criminology, which was founded by Cesare Lombroso
biological theories
perspectives maintaining that the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited
Konrad Lorenz
an Austrian zoologist who studied instinctive behavior in animals with a focus on intraspecied aggression
Richard Louid Dugdale
an american sociologist who published a study of the juke family in the late 1800s, which he described as criminogenic by nature
Paradignm
an example, a model, or a theory
born criminal
an individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality
somatotyping
classifying according to body types
