Criminology final
Punishment works because people in prison seldom commit crimes. This faulty reasoning best fits the ___________ fallacy. tautology teleology ecological reductionism
tautology
Several factors contribute to determining the meaning and seriousness of any given social problem, including all of the above EXCEPT: rhetoric of high-profile claims makers powerful private interest groups fear and the media textbooks on problem construction
textbooks on problem construction
Marx and Engels proclaimed that, "The history of all hitherto existing society is ____________." the heretofore nature of the ruling elite the power of man over matter intellect, reason, and the spirit of man the history of class struggles
the history of class struggles
The most common type of child abuse is _________. physical abuse neglect sexual abuse emotional abuse
neglect
Groups such as Al Qaeda have intensified their attacks and made use of _____________ to do so. military-like groups terrorism globalization crimes against the state
page 350 globalization
When one person inflicts harm on another person it is called __________. corporate violence unruly rioting person-to-person crime direct crime
person-to-person crime
Crime among the elderly consists mostly of ________ and is caused by ________. petty forms of theft, adverse economic conditions shoplifting, senility violence, adverse mental health all of the above
petty forms of theft, adverse economic conditions
The authors discuss two kinds of occupational fraud, ______ fraud and insider trading. physician illegal government nail salon
physician
B&M conclude that the vast bulk of avoidable harm and economic loss originates from the __________. professional-managerial class those who live in lower class neighborhoods groups of loosely-organized criminal organizations all of the above
professional-managerial class
Current-day feminist criminology includes all of the following EXCEPT: critique of "malestream" criminology inclusion of theoretical diversity inclusion of males and masculinity reductionism social justice perspective
reductionism
An underlying foundation of all critical criminologies is an assumption of the rule of law acceptance of the status quo rejection of state-defined harms and crimes the integration of quantitative and qualitative methods
rejection of state-defined harms and crimes
or Merton, anomie is a A) chronic condition due to the strain of inaccessible means to social goals B) temporary condition due to the sudden change in one's status C) temporary condition due to the strain of inaccessible means to social goals D) chronic condition due to the sudden change in one's status
A) chronic condition due to the strain of inaccessible means to social goals
___________, through his work published in the book ___________, argued that the world of juvenile delinquents is enveloped in a subculture that defined their way of life. R. Merton, Strain and Adolescents R. Agnew, Little Criminals S. Cohen, Juvenile Delinquents A. Cohen, Delinquent Boys
A. Cohen, Delinquent Boys
While ________ proposed that criminal behavior can be found internal to individuals, ________ extended the work on statistical techniques to study criminal tendencies. Bentham, Beccaria Goring, Galton Lombroso, Weldon Lombroso, Goring
Lombroso, Goring
In Eyes on the Prize, a pastor described __________ as follows: "They refused to be ignored." the government agents the newspaper reporters the Black Panthers the chldren in church
The Black Panthers
Beccaria's book, Of Crimes and Punishments, was placed on the list of forbidden books by the Catholic Church. True False
True
Cohen believed that due to the 'middle-class measuring rod,' most juvenile delinquents are drawn from the poor and working classes. True False
True
Differences between women and men are not essential. True False
True
Gender is a social construct. True False
True
Merton's typology of reactions to anomic strain include conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion. True False
True
More than one criminological theory incorporates the myth of the American Dream. True False
True
Professional murder takes place when one individual kills another for personal profit. True False
True
The structure of criminal syndicates tends to reflect the broader gender inequalities of society. True False
True
Though there is some variation from year to year, Chicago consistently shows up in crime stats as one of the top three most violent cities in the US. True False
True
According to Dr. Sue, all of the following theories are classified under "Structural" EXCEPT: Social learning Social disorganization Social Strain Subcultural
Social learning
School shootings are an example of _________. moral panic mass murder mentally ill shooters serial murder
mass murder
According to criminologist Sampson, the city (Chicago in this case) is ordered by ____________. gangs spatial logic poverty redlining
spatial logic
The media foster the image that most interpersonal violence occurs in the ________. family streets workplace internationally
streets
According to the NCVS, __________ are more often the victims of violent crime. white women white men African Americans in general the elderly
African Americans in general
Doing gender for men often includes acting on impulse doing violence empathetic understanding none of the above
doing violence
According to Merton, the 'lack of fit' between the goal and the means occurs if the penalties for failure are severe when not all members of society have equal access to means when ideological beliefs such as the "American Dream" no longer integrate society all of the above
when not all members of society have equal access to means
Males have a virtual monopoly on these types of crimes. inter-racial violence intra-racial violence forgery white collar crime
white collar crime
While most crimes street-level crime generates considerable fear and suffering in society _____, are much more harmful. white-collar crimes rapes business crimes personal, Part I crimes
white-collar crimes
One study described reveals that white supremacist men during the 19th century lynching era were doing a specific type of _______ and ________ racism, sexism justification, denial whiteness, masculinity color-blindness, class ideology
whiteness, masculinity
Radical feminists such as MacKinnon asserts that the control of ___________ is central to masculine dominance. women's sexuality women's political power pornography other men
women's sexuality
According to conflict theory, law serves all of the following functions EXCEPT: protects the dominant class through private property laws employs notions of justice to reinforce inequality represses the working class and political movements works independent of economic and political interests
works independent of economic and political interests
All of the following are true of the US EXCEPT: #1 of all industrialized countries in crime rates #1 of all industrialized countries in incarceration rates #1 in GDP growth rate #1 of among fully industrialized in inequality and poverty
#1 in GDP growth rate
According to Dr. Sue and the FBI (!), murder constitutes approximately ____ of all violent crimes (2015). 1% 7.5% 27% 35%
1%
Less than ____ of all victimizations are reported to the police. 1/4 1/3 1/2 60%
1/2
While Eyes on the Prize is valuable in terms of historical and cultural significance, it failed to offer hard evidence of its claims. True False
False
Where does the Constitution prohibit a religious test to qualify government officials? Article VI, Clause 3 Article VII, Clause 1 Article II, Section II None of the above
Article VI, Clause 3
What was our country's first constitution called? Articles of Confederation Declaration of Independence Federalist Papers Emancipation Proclamation
Articles of Confederation
The book Of Crimes and Punishments, by _________, became highly influential and was termed ___________. Hobbes, the science of war Bentham, the science of crime Verri, the science of all Beccaria, the science of man
Beccaria, the science of man
________, author and architect of the _________, graduated from Oxford University at the age of _____. Beccaria, Enlightenment, 16 Rousseau, French justice system, 15 Bentham, Panopticon, 12 Hobbes, institutional mandate, 18
Bentham, Panopticon, 12
in Bastards of the Party, Cle Sloan was spurred to action by a book titled ____________. Bastards of the Party City of Quartz LA Burning Crippin'
City of Quartz
John and his friends reacted to harsh marijuana regulations by uniting around a sense of injustice and defiantly engaging in deviant behavior. This mindset and the acts associated with it is referred to as ___________. defiant deviance primary deviance deviance amplification criminal preliminaries
Deviance Amplification
According to the text, what we now know as classical criminology emerged in a period referred to as ___________, which first occurred in ________ (country), during the _______ Century. Revolutionary Awakening, England, 18th Enlightenment, Germany, 19th Enlightenment, France, 18th Reformation, Italy, 17th
Enlightenment, France, 18th
The following is true about the Saints and the Roughnecks A) The Saints "pretended" to do well in school by never skipping B) The Roughnecks' working class culture valued education less. C) The Roughnecks engaged in more delinquency and were arrested more D) Jerry of the Saints was seen as a troublmaker E) All of these F) None of these
F) None of these
A person who follows the means and ends of a society would be, according to Merton, a ritualist. True False
False
According to Athens, any criminal who commits any level of violence on another person, with minimal provocation, is a dangerous violent criminal. True False
False
Both the UCR and the NIBRS collect data on officer-involved killings in the US. True False
False
Cohen found that males from middle-class homes had no reason to join delinquent gangs, and, in fact, almost never did. True False
False
Data are objective facts that exist independently of the concepts and theories of those who observe them. Data represent criminal behavior in a neutral or unbiased way. True False
False
Dr. Sue (this tine with the cooperation of CDC and the FBI!), showed trends demonstrating that more police officers than preschoolers are killed with guns every year. True False False
False
Dr. Sue showed evidence that the US violent crime is on a hard and consistent rise. True False
False
In lecture, Dr. Sue showed a causal effect between number of homicides and unemployment rate in LA County. True False
False
One fact of American exceptionalism is that crimes of violence, especially homicide, occur at a much lower rate in the US than they do in other technologically developed societies. True False
False
One purpose of Athens' theory is to understand violence from the victim's perspective. True False
False
Shaw and McKay's assertion that lifestyles and values of those in areas of transition were disorganized is a social fact that has stood the test of time. True False
False
The UCR, as gathered by the FBI, focuses its attention on the kinds of crimes mostly committed by members of the powerful, mostly neglecting crimes (primarily street) committed by the relatively powerless. True False
False
The Eyes on the Prize episode documents the assassination of ________. Abraham Lincoln John F. Kennedy Martin Luther King Fred Hampton
Fred Hampton
17th century philosopher _________ held a very dark view of humanity, based on bellum omnium contra omnes, which means ____________, Beccaria, "what's right is mine" Hobbes, "the war of all against all" Bentham, "a crime is one man's fear of another" Verri, "human action is based on free will"
Hobbes, "the war of all against all"
"There must be something rotten in the core of a social system that increases its wealth without diminishing its misery." This was penned by R. Engels R. Quinney Karl Marx R. Chambliss
Karl Marx
Classic studies of deviant behavior such as Humphrey's Tearoom Trade and Douglas and Rasmussen's The Nude Beach are examples of what kind of data collection? Quantitative Positivist Life history Participant observation
Participant observation
The defining quality of crime lies in the definition of crime rather than in criminal behavior. This proposition was stated by ________ as a part of the _______ theory of crime. Marx, capitalist Vold, political Quinney, conflict Sellin, group conflict
Quinney, conflict
Two researchers in Missouri suspect that sex trafficking may be underway in an area of the state where several complaints of missing teens have emerged. The data source type with the most promise to inform research on this project is likely to be UCR NIBRS Self-report Life-course data
Self-report
___________ contends that people commit crime because they have associated, socially and culturally, more with pro-criminal patterns than with anti-criminal patterns; this is the essence of the theory _________. Becker, labeling Lemert, learning Sutherland, differential association Sutherland, differential organization
Sutherland, differential association
Deviance amplification results from internalized subterrean values the application of social control failures of internalized self-control inability to manage stigma
The application of social control
The ideas of ___________ tend to be the ruling ideas. the capitalist class the people the Congress the President
The capitalist Class
According to Athens, ANY person who does ultimately complete the virulency stage, and consequently the entire violentization process, will become a dangerous violent criminal. True False
True
According to radical criminologists crime is a result of fundamental social contradictions generated by capitalism. True False
True
Although Marx and Engels identified certain working-class crime as rebellion, they did not look upon it favorably. True False
True
Athens seeks to base his model on the actual, lived experiences of violent actors. True False
True
According to Chambliss, several factors contributed to the different outcomes of the Saints and the Roughnecks. These include visibility, demeanor, and bias direct pressure on police and school officials to treat them differently power dynamics in the class structure of the US the power of expectations and role strain/rewards community reinforcement of power dynamics all of the above none of the above all except b
all except b
Athens advocates for: general prevention over selective rehabilitation selective rehabilitation over selective incapacitation incapacitation of a dangerous violent criminal for whom rehabilitative efforts have failed preventing people from completing the violentization process all of the above
all of the above
Estimates place the cost of crime annually in the US at a cost of more than $5,000 per capita four times higher than the Defense budget as one of the leading social problems today all of these choices are true
all of these choices are true
Once a candidate for violence has been 'brutalized' and then begins to consider and understand what has happened to him/her, he/she may begin to believe that resorting to violence is sometimes necessary in this world. The subject then firmly resolves to resort to violence in his/her future relations with people IF s/he deems it necessary and IF s/he believe s/he has some chance of success. At this point, Athens would say that the _____ stage is completed. violentization brutalization personal horrification belligerency
belligerency
The four stages in Athens' theory of violentization include brutalization, belligerency, callousness, and cruelty bedwetting, brutalization, belligerency, and cruelty to animals bedwetting, firestarting, cruelty to animals, and violent episodes brutalization, belligerency, violent performances, and virulency
brutalization, belligerency, violent performances, and virulency
In conflict theory, _________ refers to those who own property, such as industrialists, financiers, commercial speculators, landlords. proletariat capitalists working class middle class
capitalists
The idea that human action is based on free will is a feature of ________, while _______ asserts that human action is largely deterministic. positivist criminology, classical criminology classical criminology, positivist criminology classicism, humanism pre-modern criminology, post-modern criminology
classical criminology, positivist criminology
Hirschi's social control (bond) theory focuses on four critical bonds in society, including all of the following EXCEPT: conformity to the rule of law attachment to significant others commitment to conventional actions involvement in pro-conventional activities belief in conventional values
conformity to the rule of law
According to __________ theories, a democratic society is held together by its members' common acceptance of basic values such as virtue, honor, right, wrong. consensus-based conflict-based interactionist-based all of these
consensus-based
Durkheim argued for the usefulness of ____________ to explain divergences from general rules of social behavior. repressive societies advanced societies counter examples individualized suicide
counter examples
A major point that came out of Beccaria's work is that punishment must fit the ______. crime evil man circumstances
crime
To understand crime from a conflict theory approach, we must analyze how societies remain relatively stable over time. the nature of social solidarity. criminal law. the ideology of the middle class.
criminal law
Shaw and McKay famously used Chicago as their crime laboratory. The stages of their research included all of the following EXCEPT: criminal tendencies of incoming immigrants Identifying changes in Chicago neighborhoods Looking at the distribution of delinquency in Chicago They connected juvenile delinquency to other social problems Extended social values as linked to broader social/economic forces
criminal tendencies of incoming immigrants
Cloward and Ohlin identified various types of subcultures, including all of the following EXCEPT: criminal subculture drug subculture conflict subculture retreatist subculture
drug subculture
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be portrayed in media coverage of newsworthy events? dumping of hazardous waste by large corporations murder of a white woman sexual assault and harassment murder of a Black woman
dumping of hazardous waste by large corporations
Dr. Sue referred to global issues that are overlapping and contradictory, such as democracy, national sovereignty, and global economic integration. She refers to this concept as global distractions global socio-politics trans-forlution globalization trilemma
global distractions
Durkheim outlined laws of penal evolution, claiming that punishment is _______ in less developed societies, whereas deprivations of __________ are more normal means of social control in more advanced societies. inconsistent, representation less certain, legal privilege fairer, freedom greater; liberty
greater; liberty
The policy implicaton indicated by Chambliss is BEST characterized as: equal treatment for equal behavior hands off tough love after-school programs
hands off
A primary postulate in Merton's theory of strain is the _____________. conflict between partisan actors ideal of democracy ideology of equal opportunity political competition
ideology of equal opportunity
Durkheim said that civilized societies and peoples always consider three broad moral attitudes as duties. This includes all of the following EXCEPT: respect for life individualized leadership respect for property honor of others
individualized leadership
Chambliss and Seidman point out that the role of criminal law in society is based on several myths, including opinions of the powerful are most powerful judges have very little discretion in exercising the law courts are open to interests of the poor law in the books is not the same as law in action
law in the books is not the same as law in action
Three primary concepts that reflect elements of the labeling perspective include all of the following EXCEPT: social meaning of deviance legislation of legal codes societal reaction stigma
legislation of legal codes
All of the following were identified through research as misrepresenting so-called "objective" news through the lens of racist ideologies EXCEPT crime is shown to be primarily a problem of urban Blacks whites are often portrayed as "saviors" Asian Americans are portrayed as "model minorities" lower-class whites are portrayed as thugs
lower-class whites are portrayed as thugs
In Marxist thought, _________ refers to specific types of technology, capital, labor, tools, machinery and equipment, monetary systems, and land. infrastructure social relations of production means of production the productive process
means of production
___________ is a typical organization of simple societies, whereas ________ is a feature only of more specialized and advanced set of systems. organic solidarity, mechanical solidarity tribes mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity pods
mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity
Most incidents of criminal definition require two elements present in the offender -- _______ and ________. intent, culpability criminal history, current status mala in se, mala prohibitum mens rea, actus reus
mens rea, actus reus
Marvin wants to study first-hand interactions among school children in a physical education setting. He chooses a class of 14 in a medium-sized school, so as to understand face-to-face interactions. This would constitute a _____ level of analysis. micro meso macro combination of micro and meso
micro
Cohen assumed that the cause of most juvenile delinquency is the failure of lower-class youth to succeed in middle-class institutions math and science social organizations jobs
middle-class institutions
Certain public crusades, usually carried forth by mass media, such as the "sex fiends" in the 1940s, serial killers in the 1980s, juvenile gangs in the 1990s, and the perils of marijuana such as "Reefer Madness", have been termed as ________, first coined by _______. moral entrepreneurs, Howard Becker moral panics, Stanley Cohen conspiracy generation, Albert Cohen newsmaking criminology, Phillip Jenkins
moral panics, Stanley Cohen
Durkheim brought insight to crime and deviance analysis by studying two specific forms of deviance, ______ and ______. murder, suicide robbery, rape homicide, attempted homicide treason, obstruction of justice
murder, suicide
The "compromise" between the flaws and contradictions of classical and positivist criminology is now referred to as _______________. neoclassical criminology penal dilemmas modern criminology post-modern criminology
neoclassical criminology
___________ is based on the idea that the collection of data about humans follows the same scientific procedures as the collection of data in natural sciences, while others argue that crime data can never be _________. positivism; unbiased
positivism; unbiased
Critical criminologists share the perspective that __________ are root causes of crime. poverty, sexism, and racism poverty, social disorganization, and anomie poor social bonding and low self-control power-control imbalances and poverty
poverty, sexism, and racism
"Crime is caused by inequality in society. Justin is poor. Justin is probably a criminal." This statement represents an error in reasoning referred to as __________ reductionism spuriousness tautology ecological fallacy
reductionism
Durkheim held that two kinds of law correspond to the different types of social solidarity, __________ (which is typically religious in origin) and _________ (which emerges from professional and proper-related). social facts, social solidarity social facts, sociological imagination restitutive law, repressive law repressive law, restitutive law
repressive law, restitutive law
Tittle, among others, argue that the theories of _________ and __________ fail to meet the requirements for theoretical insight, and are little more than a "mechanical gearbox." classical, positivist routine activities, deterrence social disorganization, criminal opportunity individualism, psychology-based factors
routine activities, deterrence
Two primary ideas set apart the early roots of criminology from classical philosophers, __________ and ___________. rule of law, scientific study of society humanism, anti-humanism religious influence, architectural principles punishment, torture
rule of law, scientific study of society
Athens theory of violentization primarily uses _________ to understand why certain people develop a criminal career (as opposed to one or two violent episodes). Bio-physiological factors social environmental factors social experiences of violent criminals all of the above
social experiences of violent criminals
"Manners of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual, which are invented with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him." These words constitute the definition of _______. oppression agency freedom social facts
social facts
Matza suggested that juvenile delinquents are NOT committed to ____________. subculture of deliquency conventional culture education and hard work discipline subculture of delinquency OR conventional culture
subculture of delinquency OR conventional culture
With the Enlightenment, the doctrine of the _______ was proposed, which included an agreement between people and the state to exchange some degree of individuality for protection under the rule of law. the social contract the social rule of law bellum omnium contra omnes all against all
the social contract
The UCR faces many critiques, including "the dark figure of crime." This term refers to the tendency to arrest, convict, and incarcerate Blacks at a higher rate than whites the lack of regulation in the ways crime is measured the unknown amount of crime, probably massive the exchange of illicit resources that tends to infiltrate data gathering
the unknown amount of crime, probably massive
Popular culture often blames _______ for his/her own rape. the victim the perpetrator the man violent media
the victim
Durkheim demonstrated that in any given society, the amount and types of crime relate directly to ______________. the ways a society is organized ways in which individuals are punished the amount of punishment a society delivers the pathology and psychology of its leaders
the ways a society is organized
Elizabeth is studying the history of drug use and drug laws in the US, looking at how legalization comes in and out of favor, based on the population that may be most at risk of being monitored. The project is best characterized as an example of _________ interpretation first order second order third order all of the above
third order
Which of the following produce the greatest degree of social injury to Americans every year? homicide tobacco use medical negligence fatal work accidents
tobacco use
Sarah has been studying the constitution, has studied the application of propaganda, and is participating in local efforts to influence environmental awareness. Sarah is participating in participatory delivery civil obedience trench democracy elevated action
trench democracy
Crime and inequality are intertwined. True False
true
Pathways in and out of delinquency, according to Cohen, include all of the following except: Delinquent Boy Violent Boy Corner Boy College Boy
violent boy
September 11, 2001 is another example of ___________. lack of effective laws poor governing domestic terrorism mass murder
mass murder
In Dr. Sue's study of school violence, all of the following were found EXCEPT: A) all rural areas are more disadvantaged economically B) rural areas are much less diverse C) in larger schools, boys and girls have similar delinquent rates D) weapons use is much higher among rural boys
A) all rural areas are more disadvantaged economically
Considerable evidence demonstrates that female offenders are becoming much more violent. True False
False
Corporate theft always entails face-to-face confrontation. True False
False
Owning a firearm is strongly shown to deter crime, making us all more safe. True False
False
Workers can sometimes be exposed to "_______" by their employer, causing workers to be victims of corporate violence simply because they hold a job with a company that does not adequately protect them. "toxic waste" "asbestos" "silent killers" "injury causing products"
"silent killers"
In the video about mandatory minimums, the cost of incarcerating the drug offender Angelos was estimated to be $.5 million $5 million $1.5 million $29,000
$1.5 million
According to the UCR, men comprise approximately _____ of Index I offenses. 50% 60% 75% 80%
80%
Men constitute approximately ____ of the prison population. 50% 70% 80% 90%
90%
Mandatory minimums originated in _______, supposedly to contain a rise in _______. 2001, terrorism 1990s, murder 1970s, violent crime 1980s, drug crimes
1980s, drug crimes
__________ corporations are the worst corporate offenders. A) Transnational B) National C) International D) Regional
A) Transnational
Election fraud has been an issue for over 100 years. A) True B) False
A) True
Psychiatrists commit Medicare and Medicaid fraud more often than physicians. A) True B) False
A) True
The United States was born of political crimes against the state. A) True B) False
A) True
Corporate crime really does not impact many people, and when it does, corporate crime is not that serious. A) True B) False
B) False
Corrupt campaign practices rarely happen in the United States. A) True B) False
B) False
Only women and feminist groups have engaged in violence to change social conditions. A) True B) False
B) False
Sociologist Edwin Sutherland conceptualized white-collar crime and demonstrated that U.S. corporations routinely ____________. A) give feedback to consumers B) commit crimes against consumers C) consider what is best for consumers D) pay off stock holders
B) commit crimes against consumers
There are three types of individual / group terrorism discussed by the authors that include political assassination, _____________ and international terrorism. A) social uprising groups B) domestic terrorism C) guerillas D) rebels of the state
B) domestic terrorism
Federal agencies such as the FBI and CIA have been involved in numerous ______________, many of which relate to political repression. A) campaigns B) illegal activities C) legal activities D) white-collar crime busts
B) illegal activities
Campaign corruption involves _________ who are extremely loyal to those who contribute to their campaign. A) voters B) politicians C) corporate gurus D) rich people
B) politicians
The higher arrest rate for African Americans is the result of __________ and ________. A) genetics, environment B) racial bias, greater involvement of Blacks in conventional crimes C) racism, dirty cops D) poverty, genetics
B) racial bias, greater involvement of Blacks in conventional crimes
_______ schemes is a common physician fraud through Medicaid. Billing Testing Reporting Fraud
Billing
Which of the following is a true statement about the left realist view of crime? Crime is the revolt of the workers against the capitalists and the state. Crime is a result of state repression. Crime results from relative deprivation and reactionary, selfish, and individualistic attitudes. Crime is the inevitable result of the pent-up frustrations of capitalists.
Crime results from relative deprivation and reactionary, selfish, and individualistic attitudes.
The following include crimes by the state A) state corruption B) political repression C) state-corporate crime D) all of these E) none of these
D) all of these
Some criminologists have argued that workers are injured or die on the job because of the _______________. A) employers don't care and allow violence to occur B) violence happens more at work than not C) their bosses physically harm them regularly D) conditions under which they must work
D) conditions under which they must work
What statement most clearly describes the role of racism in the criminal justice system? A) while Blacks are overrepresented, it is because of the kinds of crimes they commit B) while whites are underrepresented, it is clear that reverse discrimination also plays a role C) we can conclude that racism in the CJS has been mostly eliminated D) racism plays a significant role, but it's not the only factor
D) racism plays a significant role, but it's not the only factor
Corporations often base their investment decisions on factors including all of the following EXCEPT: Will the state raise taxes? Does the state agree to our own regulations? Is the working class under control? Is the cost of labor and materials cheaper?
Does the state agree to our own regulations?
Battered woman who leave a violent relationship are less likely to experience more violence. True False
False
Both girls and boys join gangs for similar reasons. True False
False
Relationship battering among homosexuals is harder to document because homosexuals are a more hidden population. Studies suggest that homosexuals experience more violence in relationships than heterosexuals. True False
False
The FBI supported Dr. Martin Luther King and his efforts towards social change in the United States. True False
False
n the sense of constructed genders, it is impossible for girls to "do masculinity." True False
False
Which of the following is NOT a critique of feminist criminology? Feminist criminology does not study men and boys. Some feminist criminology reduces all inequality to gender inequality. Feminist criminology does not explore links between gender inequality and the economy. Although feminist criminology explores women's crime, it does not address the criminal activities of girls.
Feminist criminology does not study men and boys.
__________ can occur when a woman has sex with her husband or employer in the face of nonviolent threats. Nothing Social coercion Forcible rape Interpersonal coercion
Interpersonal coercion
The CIA and NSC have been involved in transnational political crimes including sabotage, assassinations, and state terrorism (including torture). True False
True
There are four types of animal sexual assault, which are considered crimes. True False
True
The most common weapon used to commit murder is _________. a gun the killers bare hands a knife torture tools
a gun
According to radical feminist perspectives women were, historically, the first oppressed group. women's oppression is the most widespread, existing in all societies. women's oppression is the deepest and hardest form of oppression to eradicate. all of the above.
all of the above
Fallible realism refers to the idea that knowledge is corrected correcting correctable all of the above
all of the above
Feminist criminology is concerned with women's lives men's lives power social construction of gender all of the above none of the above
all of the above
The feminization of poverty is attributed to all of the following EXCEPT: rise of female headed households gender division of labor lack of adequate child care an inadequate welfare system all of the above all except d
all of the above
When the spirit of democracy is violated, such as inequalities and divisiveness, the result is more likely alienation despair conflict all of the above
all of the above
While it is difficult to conceal a killing from official investigation, a number of murders may be ___________. overlooked disregarded ruled accidental all of these are correct none of these are correct
all of these are correct
Gender relations and constructs of masculinity and femininity are based on _________. essential differences social class biological determinism an assumption of male superiority
an assumption of male superiority
Abuse of _______ tends to coexist with other forms of family violence. children animals women elders
animals
Contemporary feminist criminology develops research that focuses on the everyday lived realities of women's lives. both women's and men's lives. men's lives. victim's lives.
both women's and men's lives.
Homicide is the leading cause of death for what group? poor white men poor white women young Black men young Black women none of the above both young Black men and women
both young Black men and women
Marxist feminist criminologists see violence against women as an expression of male dominance, exacerbated by racial inequality. class inequality. gender inequality. private property production.
class inequality.
Your text mentions the "Chicago Eight." These eight defendants were charged with ________ based on nonviolent demonstrations against the Vietnam War. These defendants were found _______ of the charges. social uprising; guilty domestic crimes; guilty terrorism; not guilty conspiracy; not guilty
conspiracy; not guilty
______________ examines how crime is constituted by public discourse. green criminology constitutive criminology mainstream criminology consensus-based theories
constitutive criminology
In lecture, Dr. Sue described __________ as "the outer-lands of traditional criminology where symbolism, style, conflict and crime collide." cultural criminology critical criminology feminist criminology conflict theory
cultural criminology
Ferrell describes his methodology in ________ as __________. feminist criminology, institutional critical criminology, ethnocentrism cultural criminology, existential ethnography conflict theory, radical
cultural criminology, existential ethnography
Advertising _______ is / are a form of corporate theft. deception jingles commercials money
deception
Feminism refers to a belief that women are discriminated against and that should be changed. superior to men. subject to other women's control of them. most effective when they are being feminine.
discriminated against and that should be changed.
Consistently, researchers find that high rates of interpersonal violence result largely from _________ segregated neighborhoods integrated neighborhoods gangs and violent youth economic inequalities
economic inequalities
There are two types of occupational theft: ______ and _______. employee dishonesty and employee fraud "cooking the books" and money laundering lying and stealing employee theft and embezzlement
employee theft and embezzlement
One study indicates that school shooters are often victims of __________. an abusive parent sexual abuse extreme bullying in school physical abuse by an older sibling
extreme bullying in school
The relationship between inequality and "street crime" has been demonstrated to be spurious and false. True False
false
Almost half of all murders involve __________. stranger involvement lower socioeconomic status family members gang members
family members
Many scholars have argues that the traditional criminal law definition of _____________ is inadequate, it only recognizes one type of the crime. The definition has been expanded to become more neutral and cover more criminal acts related to ______. hate crime; every race forcible rape; rape gang crime; mafia activities murder; arson deaths
forcible rape; rape
In Dr. Sue's Kansas study, the most dramatic difference in juvenile offenders was gender race county age
gender
The most consistent correlate of crime incidence is race class gender urbanism
gender
Research shows that __________ is an essential component of much sexual harassment, especially when the supervisor is male. sexism male-dominated fields gender power gender inequality
gender power
According to green criminology, all of the following are sites of green harms EXCEPT: global warming deforestation water pollution ground-up terrorism harms against animals
ground-up terrorism
A ruling version of masculinity that privileges violence, power, and exploitation is known as _________. first-class masculinity second-class masculinity dangerous masculinity hegemonic masculinity
hegemonic masculinity
Economic distress ________ likelihood of violence in heterosexual relationships. increases decreases does not matter
increases
Young writes that the "experience of injustice can lead to further _____." injustice injury vertigo absolute deprivation
injustice
According to B&M, there appears to be an increasing rate of ________ against African Americans. intra-racial violence inter-racial violence black on black violence all of the above
inter-racial violence
There are five types of _________ specific to the _______: wife rape, battering, child abuse, elder abuse and animal abuse. awful violence; low income neighborhoods specific violence; family interpersonal violence; family personal violence; specific to low income families
interpersonal violence; family
Crime in the US is predominantly _________ interracial intraracial increasing interpersonal
intraracial
There are two types of serial murderers, those who murder within the general area of their __________ and those who do not. family and friends job location favorite place to visit residence
residence
Males are more likely to be the victims of murder and assault in the workplace. Females are more likely to be the victims of _________ in the workplace. interpersonal violence sexual harassment domestic violence at their job embezzlement
sexual harassment
The most common type of workplace violence is ________. aggravated assualt sexual harassment mass shootings simple assault
simple assault
"Killing at a distance", as explained in Chapter 8, refers to digital crimes social media hacking slaughterhouses
slaughterhouses
Companies such as Wal-Mart have a notorious reputation for paying workers low wages and inadequate benefits. Such practices harm workers directly, but also harm ___________ indirectly. government entities Wal-Mart executives employee's parents taxpayers
taxpayers
Women's position in _______ helps explain their patterns of crime. patriarchal homes unequal labor market educational achievement none of the above
unequal labor market
Murder is most likely to occur around vacations, holidays and on _________, when family members are around each other the most. weekends corporate time birthdays street corners
weekends
