Criminology - second half

edwin schur labeling theorist

- "secondary elaboration" : effects of the labeling process become so significant that it is difficult for individuals who want to leave deviance to return to a conventional lifestyle - "radical nonintervention" : nothing should be done to children who violate the law; most adolescent deviance is petty, so punishment is unnecessary

what are the 9 propostions of differential association

1) Criminal behavior is learned - Criminal behavior is NOT inherited 2) Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3) The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs in close intimate personal groups - Media is unimportant 4) When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques, (b) motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes 5) The specific directions and motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6) An individual will become delinquent due to an excess of definitions favorable to violating the law over definitions unfavorable to violating the law. (PRINCIPLE OF DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION) 7) Differential association may vary in duration, frequency, and intensity 8) The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves the same mechanisms involved in other learning 9) While criminal behavior is an expression of needs and values, it is not to be explained this way, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values

rational choice theory (clarke and cornish)

1. All individuals rationally weigh the costs and benefits in deciding whether to perform a particular action (including crime) 2. People will always choose the action or object that maximizes their benefit 3. Crime occurs when an individual perceives that the benefits of committing a crime outweigh the costs

What are the 4 elements of social bond?

1. Attachment 2. Commitment 3. Involvement 4. Belief

what are some criticisms of diversion programs

- "net widening" : involved people in programs who normally would have been released - exerts social control where none would have existed

age crime curve : peaks around

16 years old

Lost letter experiment

80% stole money when victim of letter was rich white male but almost no one stole money from poor older females

differential has __ propostiions

9

The American Dream

A commitment to the goal of material success, to be pursued by everyone in society, under conditions of open

victimization surveys

Ask about number of incidents of victimization over a specific time period • Includes all Part I offenses (except homicide and arson) • Does not include Part II offenses

Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria

Two or more of the following, present for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period. At least one of these must be (1), (2), or (3): 1 . Delusion (Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence) 2. Hallucinations (perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus) 3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. Negative symptoms (e.g., diminished emotional expression or avolition) must present 2 or more of these symptoms for at least 1 month and at least one of them be 1, 2, or 3 from the list

official stats

UCR reports FBI data on crimes is known to police arrest does not have to be made. police must verify crime was committed

what country leads in proportion of population that is incarcerated

USA

what do control theories assume

humans are inherently self-interested. they attempt to explain why more people are not criminal given our innate, self-interested nature

which is more commonly associated with crime, alcohol or illegal drug abuse?

illegal drug abuse

definitions are devloped through ___ and ____

imitation and differential reinforcement

Would you hit the switch in order to avoid the deaths of the five workmen?

impersonal moral dilemma

Do persistent offenders differ from desisters and non-criminals on childhood risk factors?

in almost everything except persisters have almost the same amount of high impulsiveness as desisters

strain theories are based on what?

in tradition of Durkheim's anomie

according to FBI mass shootings are ----

increasing. but criminologists argue that this is untrue and that active shooter/mass murder incidents have actually increased over time

what is the assumption of labeling theory:

individual is a constantly changing being who responds to the reactions of others

2. strain as the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual types of strain

individual may try to prevent the loss, retrieve the loss, seek revenge, or take drugs to manage negative affect

Which theory argues that an individual commits crime when his bond is to society is weak or broken?

control theory

what is the most common tested theory in criminology?

control theory

age crime curve

crime peaks during adolescence and early adulthood and then dies down until there is no more crime

what does agnew's alternative model of causal ordering demonstrate?

criminal behavior leads to weak attachment to parents, school, and society

conflict model

criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in society means of controlling classes that have no power law making occurs through a struggle over power NOT consensus

study conducted by Blair:

moral transgressions violated moral standards conventional transgressions we consider wrong but dont really violate moral norms

profit killing

more common in women than men not common at all ex: dorothea puente would go to bars meet men steal security checks and kill them

2. revenge killing

motivated by revenge against specific individuals, category of individuals, or society at large (murder by proxy) revenge on individual or society patrick sherill - postal worker that was getting complaints and reprimanded by supervisor so he shot supervisor and 14 other ppl and then killed himself muder by proxy - taking anger out on oneself and others

A crime is commited when there is ___ and ___

motive and opportunity

Aileen Wuornos

movie = monster low IQ, abandoned at age 6 by mom, abused sexuallyy and physicaly. sexual favors for cigarrettes been and food. raped and pregnant at 14

subcultures depend on the type of ___ in which they develop

neighborhood

are all adaptations available to everyone?

no

are mass murders on the rise?

no

do victimization surveys include part II offenses?

no

does moving to a new neighborhood promote desistance always/?

no

is moffits developmental taxonomy a universal crime curve

no

Do criminals and psychopaths use earlier stages of moral reasoning?

no because society defines it as wrong because it is against the law (stage 4 reasoning example from heinz) steal the drug because everyone has a right to live (stage 6)

trends of mass shootings

no real trends or increase over time. Fox argues that they are a rare event, unpredictable, no increasing trend active shoot incident - an individual actively enganged in killing or attempting to kill ppl in a confined populated area 160 active shooter incidents from 2000-2013

serial murder is often where

often in the woods and strangulation is common cause 50% of murder

common characterisitcs of single homocide

often in victims residence, gun is common weapon, initial contact, murder, and body disposal often at same location, body rarely dumped somewhere else, body often recovered at victims residence

UCR offenses (part 1 vs part II)

part 1 - BAD - homicide, rape, robbery, arson, aggrevated asault part 2 - forgery, fraud, vandalism, dui, prostitution

according to Tremblay: when does physical aggression peak

peaks between the ages of 2-3 years -- toddler age

describe anomie

state in which norms are no longer effective in regulating behavior

Robert Agnew

strain theory

delinquency is a way to alleviate ___ or manage ___ emotions (drug use)

strain, negative

Are psychopaths more rational than non-psychopaths because they are not guided by their emotions?

study by young et al. showed they scored about the same in each situation

albert cohen

subcultural theory

subculture

subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and values

fatalistic suicide

suicide derived from excessive regulation ex: barren women commits suicide or person in slavery or imprisoned commits suicide

altruistic suicide

suicide resulting from an over-commitment to group norms ex:kamakazie pilot, sati customs

egoistic suicide

suicide resulting from weakened commitment to group norms and goals . person is not well supported by social group, isolated, outcast

anomic suicide

suicide that occurs when rapid or extreme social change threatens group norms. takes place in a situation that has cropped up suddenly **criminologists extended the concept of anomie to also account for crime** ex: suicide after bankruptcy or winning the lotto

differential association

sutherland

how can we prevent small electronic device crime

target hardening

what do gottfredson and hirschi argue ?

that ALL offenders (regardless of crime type) have low self-control

strain theories argue

that crime is caused by peoples responses to stresses or strains

What do strain theories argue ?

that crime results from attempts to deal with stressful situations or "strains"

what do control theories of crime assume

that people are naturally inclined to engage in criminal behavior

what does psychological research show

that the inability to defer gratification is associated with higher levels of antisocial behavior

intellectual tradition of radical criminology is based in what?

the Marxist Tradition

what were early positivistic thinkers in criminology interested in?

the biological basic of crime

labeling theorists are NOT interested in what?

the initial act of delinquency

what is the common test performed to test the inability to delay gratification?

the marshmallow test

describe kniffing off

Knifing off = separating from former contexts, situations, and criminal associates that facilitated criminal behavior Like marriage, moving to a new neighborhood might be one way to promote knifing off (and in turn desistance) Difficult to determine causality (typically random assignment to a neighborhood not possible)

Edward Lemert

Labeling theory

What about bad marriages?

Laub, Nagin, & Sampson (1998): Analyzed the effects of good marriages vs. bad marriages (based on self reported attachment to spouse) - Marriage alone does not have a preventative effect - Attachment to your spouse matters - Effects of good marriages are gradual and increase over time to prevent crime

Brunner et al

MAOA

Are strain theories typically on a macro or micro level?

Macro level theories

The New Criminology book is based on

Marxist principles

What matters when evaluating an intervention?

Maryland Scientific Methods Scale Level 1: Correlation between a prevention program and a measure of crime at one point in time -- Areas with CCTV have lower crime rates than areas without CCTV Level 2: Measures of crime before and after the program with no comparable control condition -- Crime decreased after CCTV installed in an area Level 3: Measures of crime before and after program in experimental and comparable control conditions -- Crime decreased after CCTV installed in an experimental area, but no decrease in crime in a comparable area Level 4: measures of crime before and after program in multiple experimental and control units, controlling for other variables that influence crime -- Crime decreased in areas under CCTV surveillance compared to control areas, after controlling for features of the areas that influenced their crime rates ***Level 5: Randomized Controlled Trial (Random assignment of program and control condition) -- Areas randomly assigned to have CCTV surveillance had lower crime rates than randomly assigned control areas.

Schizophrenia and Mass Murder

Media often assumes that mass murderers must suffer from mental illness Limited research in a non-random sample showed that approximately 50% of adult mass murderers had paranoid schizophrenia, delusional disorder, or major depression - Only 6% of adolescents showed signs of psychosis (Meloy et al.,2004) schizo not a cause of mass murder , actually argues ppl with schiz wouldnt be able to pull off a mass murder because you need to be focused and clear minded and they usually are not

About 1 in 10 Americans over age 18 met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for a mental health disorder

Mental Illness Behind Bars ppl in local jails tend to have more rates of mental illness than those in federal or state jails because local jails have less serious offenders, ppl waiting for trial, and minor things

what causes the intergenerational transmission of offending (i.e. the fact that criminal parents are more likely to have criminal children than non-criminal parents)?

criminal parents are less likely to socialize their children well, resulting in low self-control

Level 2: Conventional Morality Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Stage 3: Good Boy Orientation - Interest in maintaining the respect of others and doing what is expected of them Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order - Conform to society's rules and consider that "right" is what society defines as "right" - what society considers right and wrong

Albert Cohen's Subcultural Theory

Step 1: The Middle Class Measuring Rod Step 2: Adoption of Corner Boy, College Boy, or Delinquent Boy Role

Emile Durkheim

Strain Theories

Robert Mertson

Strain Theory

Ego-depletion and Aggression - what study was performed for this?

Stucke and Baumeister

Reaction Times when Responding to Moral Dilemmas

Subjects took longer to respond to personal moral dilemmas with a utilitarian response, suggesting these responses may have required subjects to overcome emotional misgivings

Glenn et al.

Subjects with higher psychopathy scores showed reduced activity in the amygdala during emotional decision-making Individuals high on the interpersonal factor of psychopathy had reduced functioning in the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and angular gyrus - Regions are involved in emotional perspective taking and considering how one's actions affect others

McCord - summer camp boys to escape heat

Surprisingly, treatment group charged with slightly more offenses than control group and were more likely to be convicted of serious crimes

Describe The Great American Crime Decline

The crime decline was caused by multiple forces. No one force caused the entire decline.

what are key predictions of deterrence theory

The increased severity, certainty, or swiftness (celerity) of punishment will be associated with a decreased likelihood of crime.

Stop and Frisk in NYC

The lawful practice of "temporarily detaining, questioning, and, at times, searching civilians on the street" • Requires "reasonable suspicion" - NOT CONSTITUTIONAL: • Bulge in pocket • Walking away from police - CONSTITUTIONAL: • Weapons (including waistband bulge) • Suspicious behavior in a crime area • Fitting a BOLO description

in routine activity theory there is evidence of diffusion benefits and displacement : t/f

false, only diffusion, NOT displacement

is BPD diagnosed primarily in females or males

females not so common in males. over represented in the prison population (25-50%) antisocial personality disorder is similar to psychopathy with BPD youll see paranoia, impulsivity, intensely angry all of a sudden

Mednick et al. study

found that 25 % of convicts had criminal adoptive and biological parents 20% adoptive not criminal but biological were criminal

phrenology

founded by franz gail

replication of perry preschool study done by lyndon b johnson. these are the findings

garces et al : Children who attended Head Start were less likely to be arrested or referred to court by ages 18 to 30 than their siblings who did not attend the program more benefit for kids who started by age 3, not too many benefits when started at age 4

selection

having delinquent friends precedes the onset of delinquent behavior

trends of serial killers

highest in 90s decreasing since then

which part I offenses do victimization surveys not include

homicide and arson

what are labeling theorists interested in ?

how society responds to delinquency

crime stats are declining true or false

true

in classical criminology, crime is viewed as a rational decision. t/f

true

not all crime is deviant and not all deviance is criminal : true or false

true

people with autism are more likely to get caught when they commit crimes: t/f

true

how are homicides classified

# of victims, # of events, # of locations, mass homicide = 4+ , 1, 1 spree = 2+, 1, 2+, no cool off period serial = 3+, 3+, 3+, cool off period

gottfredson and hirschi **Low self control is the only cause of crime and is the cause of ALL crime

** People naturally pursue their own interests and unless they develop self-control will use whatever means necessary get what they want

Corner boy

** most common - Tries to make the best of a bad situation - Hangs out in the neighborhood with his peer group - Receives support from peers and is loyal to them - Eventually gets menial jobs and live a conventional (non-criminal) lifestyle

college boy

**least common - Continually strive to live up to middle-class standards - Chances are limited because of academic and social handicaps

Describe howard becker's book Outsiders

- "moral entrepreneus" define which behavior is considered criminal and deviant -- > high social position gives them power to make and enforce social rules; making rules that define some people as criminals creates "outsiders" in society - even if a person is falsely accused, he can still experience the negative impact of labeling

Describe the Stucke and Baumeister study

- 60 subjects randomly assigned to control group or ego strength depletion group - subjects told that the study was on the effect of hunger on creativity and were told not to eat for the 3 hours before the experiment - subjects told to read a short fable and invent the last sentences of the story - plate of cookies, cake, and chocolates put on the table in front of the subject

Gorden et. al study

- Analyzed data from 858 boys in Pittsburgh Youth Study - Boys who joined gangs had higher levels of violence and property delinquency before joining the gang than those that never joined a gang (SELECTION) - Delinquency by gang members was higher during their time spent as active gang members than prior to becoming members. Non-drug related delinquency returned to pre-gang levels upon exit from the group. (CONTAGION)

Durkheim's Anomie

- Anomie = state of normlessness - Norms = socially expected behavior - Norms control how people act, so when they breakdown, this threatens social control - In article Suicide, Durkheim aruged that there are 4 types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic, and anomic

criticisms of cohen's theory

- Are youth simply out looking for fun and not goalmotivated when they commit crimes? - Difficult to tests concepts of reaction formation and internalization of middle-class values - Does not explain why most people eventually age out of crime (given that social status is relatively fixed) - What about middle-class crime?

Travis Hirschi's Control Theory of Delinquency

- Argues that people commit delinquent acts when the bond to society is weak or broken - Describes 4 elements of the social bond

conflict gangs

- Emerge in neighborhoods characterized by transience and instability - Few opportunities to get ahead in organized criminal activities - Goal of conflict gangs is to get a reputation for toughness and destructive violence - Violence is means of gaining status - Neither criminal nor non-criminal adults serve as role models for youth

criminal gangs

- Emerge in neighborhoods where illegitimate and legitimate businesses are closely connected - Older criminals are role models and teach youth criminal values and skills (e.g.., how to make connections with corrupt politicians and police officers) - Extortion, fraud, and theft

delinquent boy

- Form a subculture that defines status in ways that seem attainable for them - BUT they still have internalized the norms of the middle-class and feel anxious when they go against those norms - REACTION FORMATION: rejecting with abnormal intensity what you cannot attain • Mechanism for relieving this anxiety • Make it is right in their subculture exactly what is wrong in mainstream culture • Delinquent acts serve no useful purpose • Random acts of violence and property damage • Short-run hedonism • Little planning, not goal-oriented • Loyalty is most important value

describe Brunner's results

- Males had a defective gene that encodes for MAOA - Mutation resulted in no functional MAOA in the males - MAOA metabolizes neurotransmitters involved in impulse control, including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

retreatist gangs

- Members are "double failures" - Unsuccessful in the legitimate world and the illegitimate world of organized crime and violence-oriented gangs - Continuous search to use drugs, alcohol, and have sex - May commit crimes to make money, but main concern is to have money to pay for the next high

Goddfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime

- a related, but different control theory - shares assumption that people are naturally inclined to commit - assumes that criminal acts are easy to commit and require no special abilities - criminal acts provide easy, simple gratification of desires

Attachment

- a social bond - a person's sensitivity to the opinions of others - a person who lacks attachments does not care about the expectations of others, so he is free to be deviant - parents, peers, and schools are the social institution through which a person maintains attachments - attachment to parents is the most important - attachment to a spouse is also important (may explain why getting married is associated with a reduction in offending)

Belief

- a social bond - belief in the moral validity of social rules - variation in the extent to which people believe they should obey the rules of society - people who do not have a strong belief in the importance of social rules are more likely to commit deviant acts - this does NOT imply that deviants have their own set of values (as is the case in subcultural theories) - instead, deviants differ in the extent to which they believe it is important to act according to the values of soceity

Involvement

- a social bond - involvement in conventional activities - people who are heavily involved in conventional activities simply may not have the time to engage in deviant behaviors - involvement can take place through school, recreation, and family - "idle hands are the devil's workshop"

Commitment

- a social bond - the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional actions (like getting an education or building a business) - People with strong commitment to conventional society will risk losing the investment they have made in conventional behavior if they engage in deviant behavior - Ppl lacking commitment to conventional values, crime might become a rational alternative (you have less to lose when you commit a crime, so the gains might outweigh the costs)

Describe ritualists from merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

- abide by the rules but have abandoned pursuit of the goals - ritualists "go through the motions" - bureaucratic worker

what are frequent characteristic features:

- abnormal speech patterns - lack of remorse or guilt

what are some assumptions of rational choice theory

- all people are rational actors (decisions will provide max pleasure min pain) - people think before they act - rationality may be constrained by limited time, ability, or availability - background factors affect how an individual evaluates possible actions in a given situation

Merton's version of strain theory cont.

- members of lower class experience stress or strain in their attempts to make money legitimately - conflict b/w instituionalized means to achieve success and culturally specified goals causes anomie - people respond to stress of living in a society that overemphasizes monetary success and denies opportunities to the lower class in different ways -- 5 models of adaptation

Describe Robert Merton's 1938 Version of Strain Theory

- american society has one overriding goal: the acquisition of wealth - the institutional means of obtaining wealth and status are clearly set forth by American Society: (1) protestant work ethic - frugality, diligence, hard work, and honesty will lead to wealth and success (2) "self-made-man" (3) the "american dream" - however, the legitamate means to achieve success are not actually available for those at the bottom of the social structure - american society emphasized achieving success more than it values following the rules

why does the effect of the pre emintent role of the economy lead to crime ?

- anomic societies emphasize ends rather than means - it becomes difficult for other social institutions to exert controls on the desire for unlimited wealth - social controls are weakened and "innovation" becomes more common

what was the summary and implications of the stucke and baumeister study?

- appeared that subjects forced to exert more self control depleted their self regulatory resources, causing them to act more aggressively - could ego depletion explain why individuals in high-risk, high crime neighborhoods engage in higher levels of antisocial behavior?

Define strain theories

- argue that crime results from attempts to deal with stressful situations or "strains" - source of strain varies across theories but typically thought to be the result of factors related to the broader social structure (e.g. disjunction between culturally acceptable goals and socially approved means of achieving them) - crime can be linked to the structure of American society

Describe Chambliss and Seidman's Law, order, and power

- argue that the legal system (through its sub systems legislature, courts, police, etc) is self serving --> concerned with maintaining power and privilege - law represents interests of those in power - 6 propositions

Describe innovators from merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

- aspire to achieve conventional goals but use illegitamte means because they lack the means to succeed - more likely to be low SES - most criminal are innovators - (+) culture goals (-) institutionalized means

describe the labeling theory

- based on the concept of the "looking glass self" (Mead and Cooley) --> how we understand ourselves is primarily a reflection of our perception of how others see us; we see ourselves through others - the process of being caught, tagged, labeled delinquent creates a delinquent self-image (Tennenbaum) --> Dramatization of Evil

Richard Rosenfeld and Stephen Messner's Crime and the American Dream

- builds on Merton's Anomie and Strain Theory - expands on Merton's theory to focus more on macro-level societal structures and how they contribute to anomic tendencies of American Dream - also describes the American Dream in more detail

Describe the Spohn study radical criminology

- cannot simply take into account defendant's race when examining bias in the criminal justice system - examined sentencing decisions for all felony cases in Detriot from 76-78 1. offenders who victimization strangers (regardless of their race or the race of their victims) were sentenced at the same rate 2. among non-strangers, incarceration rate was higher for black on white crimes than for intra-race crimes

how does one enter into a state of anomie?

- crisis like wars - social change in disjunction between people's goals and their ability to achieve those goals

what is the institutional balance of power?

- different societies will have different institutional balances of power (some will have more power than others) - the american dream has its under pinnings in the institution of the Economy - in the US, the institutional balance of power is tilted toward the economy

Describe retreatists from merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

- don't aspire to culture goals or abide by institutionalized means - mode of adaption is deviant but not always criminal - can include drug addition, homelessness, public drunkenness, loitering - "victimless crimes" - (-) culture goals (-) institutionalized means

what are some findings from the marshmallow test?

- failure to delay gratification at age 4 is associated with increased crack cocaine use at ages 25-30 in those at higher risk behavioral problems - preschoolers who delayed gratification longer, were better able to tolerate frustration and cope maturely with stress during adolescence and also had better SAT scores

3. strain as the presentation of negative stimuli types of strain

- individual may try to avoid the negative stimuli, alleviate the negative stimule, seek revenge against the stimuli (includes displaced aggression) or take illicit drugs to manage negative affect - child abuse and neglect, victimization, physical punishment, poor relationship with parents or peers

Describe Rosenhan's "On being sane in insane places" study

- investigators had 8 sane volunteers apply for admission to mental hospitals by claiming to hear voices - once in the hospital, volunteers behaved normally - doctors and nurses interpreted their normal everyday behavior as manifestations of schizophrenia --> arriving early at lunchtime = oral aggressive behavior; patient writing = compulsive note taker

Describe Schwartz and Skolnick et al. study

- labeling theory - examined effect of official criminal justice processing on future employment - prepared 4 folders describing a single, 32 year old male with a hx or short term jobs as a kitchen helper, maintenance worker, and handyman Folder 1: applicant convicted and sentenced for assault Folder 2: applicant tried and acquitted Folder 3: letter from judge certifying applicant found not guilty Folder 4: no mention of criminal record - distributed 25 copies of each folder to a sample of 100 prospective employers in a resort area Do criminal justice proceedings hurt job prospects?

theory 2 for crime decline: Crime declined because of changes in US lead exposure

- lead exposure is linked to declines in cognitive abilities (especially when exposed before age of 3) - most common exposure is through lead paint BUT according to McCall, violent crime rate increased in 90s when blood lead levels were decreasing

What was the Prat and Cullen study ?

- meta anaylisis of studies of self control vs crime/antisocial behavior - in general, studies find that low self control is correlated with a higher level of criminal behavior

Describe conformity from merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

- most common members of society - regardless of success or failure strive to achieve conventional goals through institutionalized means - not criminal - (+) culture goals (+) institutionalized means

Describe the Marxist Tradition

- most important relationship in industrial society is b/w the bourgeoise (own the means of production) and proletariat (workers) - state represents the interests of those who own the means of production -economic base of society shapes all social arrangements - conflict b/w those that want to preserve the status quo and those that want social change

Describe Robert Agnew's General Strain Theory

- new strain theory attempted to overcome limitations of earlier strain theories - identified 3 types of strains that do not just affect people who are lower-class - argued that not all people respond to strains in the same manner and identified factors that make a person more or less likely to choose an adaptation to strain that involves delinquency -- brings in micro level factors

the effect of the pre-eminent role of the economy

- noneconomic social institutions are not valued (ex: education is a means to an end, job acquisition or promotion) - accommodation to economic requirements by other social institutions (ex: limited maternity and paternity leave) - penetration of economic norms into other institutional domains (ex: business leaders often pursue political office)

Describe Edward Lemert's Social Pathology

- primary vs. secondary deviation - primary deviation = occasional or situation deviant behavior that may be rationalized or excused by the actor and the social audience - secondary deviation = deviance that is the result of society's response to primary deviation

Describe rebels from merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

- rejects the goals and means of society - unlike retreatists, rebels substitute a new set of values and norms - Form their own subculture -- "code of the street" or Cohen's "delinquent boys" - (+/-) culture goals (+/-) institutionalized means

what is megans law and who does it apply to

- requires sex offenders to register with local law enforcement - offender's names, pictures, and addresses are then available online in many states

Describe radical criminology

- rooted in the conflict perspective of the making of laws - criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in society - the criminal justice system is a means of controlling classes that have no power - law making occurs through a struggle over power NOT consensus

Describe the Baumeister study

- self regulation is process by which people exert self-control over their thoughts, feelings, impulses and appetites, and task performance - self-regulation is a limited resource (similar to a muscle that gets worn out) - when limited strength is used, a person falls into a state of "ego-depletion" -- further self regulation efforts are less successful than normal

strain and delinquency

- strains increase the likelihood that an individual will experience negative emotions - negative emotions include disappointment, depression, fear, and anger - anger occurs when people blame their strain on others - delinquency most likely to result from anger but can result from other negative emotions -delinquency is a way to alleviate strain or manage negative emotions (drug use)

Is there empirical support for radical criminology?

- studies examining bias in the justice system are: 1. Lizotte: sentencing disparities that were linked to race and occupation 2. Sampson and Laub: underclass, african-american juveniles had higher rates out-of-home placements than white males 3. Chiricos and Gordon: SES unrelated to sentence severity

Describe the Piquro et. al study

- study question: do white collar criminals also have low self control - Analysis of 87 working adults who were returning to school and enrolled in business courses - complete measures of self-control and desire for control - responded to vignette - results: strong desire for control, but not low self-control, related to intentions to commit corporate crime

1. Strain as the failure to achieve positively valued types of strain

- this type of strain can result from several sources: a) disjunction b/w Societal Aspirations and Actual Achievement (described by Merton) b) disjunction be/w Expectations and Actual Achievements -- differs from Merton because expectations can differ b/w individuals c) disjunction b/w fair outcomes and actual outcomes

What did Lynch and Groves find radical criminology

- unemployment is a necessary feature of capitalism, so the rate of unemployment should be associated with the crime rate - small association between unemployment rates and crime rates BUT we did not see a crime spike during the recent Great Recession

Why do females commit crime according to radical criminologists? Balkan et. al study

- women commit crime because gender-specific socialization puts limits on the economy activities available to them - women are less likely to commit white collar crime and more likely to commit crime related to their role as homemakers - crimes against women result from socialization patterns fostered by capitalism

Programs Involving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

-Helps people identify and change unhelpful automatic behaviors and biased beliefs -Teaches offenders to understand the thinking processes that immediately precede their criminal behavior •Hostile attribution bias •Catastrophizing •Confirmation bias •Self justificatory thinking -Techniques to restructure cognition •Social and cognitive skills training: developing alternative solutions, perspective taking, role playing •Anger management: monitor automatic thoughts in situations that they react to with violence or anger and substitute non-hostile attributions

gottfredson and hirschi what causes low self control?

-self control does not develop naturally (it requires a concerted effort) - major cause of low self control is poor child rearing. In order to teach self-control, child rearing must include: monitoring of the child's behavior, recognizing deviant behavior when it occurs, punishing deviant behavior when it occurs

what were some reasons Zimring believed in the great american crime decline

1. Changes in Demographic Conditions - 15-29 age group declined from 27% to 20% 2. Improvement in Economic Conditions 3. Increase in Incarceration Rate 4. Increase in the number of police

Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory (1960)

1. Conventional means to achieve conventional success are not equally distributed across classes 2. Lack of means to achieve success causes frustration in lower-class youth 3. This frustration leads to the formation of delinquent subcultures as a solution to their problems

What were the major schools of criminological thought from middle ages- early 20th century

1. Crime as Sin 2. Classical Criminology (Crime as Choice) 3. Biological Positivism 4. Sociological Positivism

summary

1. Crime tends to peak in late adolescence. 2. Debate as to whether the age-crime curve is universal or whether some groups of individuals follow distinct offending trajectories. 3. Most individuals will eventually desist from offending. Turning points, including marriage, might promote desistance 4. Some offenders experience high continuity in their offending. These offenders tend to be characterized by higher levels of early risk factors. 5. There is little evidence of specialization, though specialization tends to increase over time.

What are the 4 observations that the neutralization theory are based on

1. Criminals sometimes express guilt over illegal acts 2. Offenders respect and admire law-abiding citizens 3. Criminals define who they can victimize 4. Criminals not immune to demands of conformity (participate in same social functions as law-abiding people)

What factors affect coping strategy?

1. Delinquency more likely if the strain is important 2. selection of coping strategy affected by temperment, intelligence, creativity, problem solving skills, and interpersonal skills 3. delinquency less likely if individual has access to conventional social supports 4. delinquency more likely if individual has access to illegitamate means 5. the larger social environment may make particular strains seem particularly adverse - "culture of honor"

techniques of neutralization

1. Denial of Responsibility - Not their fault, an accident 2. Denial of Injury - Stealing as "borrowing" - Behavior was just a prank 3. Denial of the Victims - Victim had it coming - Vandalism against a disliked teacher or neighbor 4. Condemnation of the Condemner - Big corporations are "evil" - Police are corrupt 5. Appeal to Higher Loyalties - Loyalty to peer group - Loyalty to a cause or values

4 concepts for social learning theory by akers

1. Differential Association- provides the social content in which behaviors and beliefs are presented. - primary groups (fam and friends) - secondary groups: neighbors, church, teachers - Greatest effect on behavior occurs through associations that occur earlier (priority), last longer (duration), take place most often (frequency) and involve others with whom a person has closest relationship (intensity) 2. Definitions - attitudes and meanings that one attaches to a given behavior 3. Differential Reinforcement- the balance of the actual or anticipated consequences of a given behavior - Whether individuals will commit a crime depends on the past, present, and anticipated future rewards and punishments for their actions 4. Imitation: engaging in behavior after observing it in others. - Likelihood of imitation depends on the observed consequences of the behavior

what are some advantages of self-report crime instruments

1. Does not just measure crime that has come to the attention of the police 2. Some groups are more likely to be arrested than others --> decreases bias 3. Captures less serious criminality- We are all criminals!!

Criticisms of Strain Theory

1. Focus only on lower class delinquency 2. Neglect of other possible goals besides middle-class status and financial gain 3. Failure to consider barriers to achievement besides social class 4. Inability to account for why only some people who experience strain turn to crime

Why does crime begin to decline in late adolescence/early adulthood?

1. Greater access to legitimate sources of material goods 2. Opportunities for crimes that are less risky and l ess likely to be reflected in official statistics (e.g., fraud, employee theft) 3. More associations with mature peers 4. Cognitive development 5. Increased legal costs for deviant behavior 6. Increased societal expectation of maturity and reduced external acceptance of deviance

Emotional coping strategies an adaptation to strain

1. Includes drug use, antidepressants, physical exercise, meditation

what led to mass incarceration?

1. Increase in number of offenses that receive mandatory prison time 2. State and federal sentencing laws that require individuals convicted of violent offenses to serve a substantial portion of their sentence before being granted release 3. Increase in the number of prison-eligible offenses - In 2010, a person who committed a robbery might face 3 charges: robbery, use of a handgun in commission of a robbery, and felony menacing

summary of mental illness and crime

1. Increased prevalence of mental illness among offenders. 2. However, public perception that all offenders have mental illness is likely over-stated. 3. Increasing numbers of mentally disordered individuals in prisons and jails in the United States. 4. Very difficult to be proven not guilty by reason of insanity in the United States

Strain Theory and Anomie - different examples

1. Individual level (Micro-level) theories: How do individual characteristics increase the likelihood that a person will be criminal? Ex: biological theories 2. Social structure (Macro-level) theories: How does the organization of societal institutions influence the level of offending in a particular society? Ex: strain and anomie theories

Describe Durkheim's 4 Types of Suicides

1. egoistic: suicide resulting from weakened commitment to group norms and goals 2. altruistic: suicide resulting from an over-commitment to group norms 3. fatalistic: suicide derived from excessive regulation (slavery, imprisonment) 4. anomic: suicide that occurs when rapid or extreme social change threatens group norms

psychologically based choice based theory: social information processing

1. encoding social cues 2. interpretation 3. clarification or selection of goal 4. response access or construction 5. behavioral enactment

What causes a person to be a persistent offender?

1. Labeling theory: - Everyone is deviant from time to time, but sometimes criminal actions are noticed by the criminal justice system - Being labeled as a criminal results in negative consequences - Person with label may embrace the deviant identity 2. Learning Techniques of Neutralization - Part of becoming criminal is learning to stop feeling guilty from deviant peers 3. Persistent Heterogeneity - Fixed differences between individuals that promote offending are stable over time 4. Offending-Victimization Loop - Many offenders are also victims of crime - Interactions between victims and offenders might continually refresh motives and opportunities for crime 5. Alcohol and Drugs - Criminals abuse higher levels of drugs and alcohol - Might make it more difficult to stop offending

Behavioral coping strategies an adaptation to strain

1. Maximizing positive outcomes/minimizing negative outcomes 2. vengeful behavior

what are some threats to validity of self report crime surveys

1. Memory Problems 2. Failure to disclose criminal acts 3. Often do not include more serious crimes 4. Potentially biased samples -- Those who choose not to fill out self-report crime survey may have good reason not to!

what did harris and rice conclude on treating psychopathy in adults

1. No evidence that treatments applied to psychopaths have been effective in reducing violence or crime 2. Evidence that some treatments might make psychopathy worse 3. Nothing "wrong" with psychopaths- they live an evolutionary viable life 4. Just because existing research is flawed, does not mean that nothing will work 5. Complete solutions will involve advances in neuroscience

Typologies of Serial Killing and Mass Murder (grouped by motivation)

1. Power 2. Revenge 3. Loyalty 4. Profit 5. Terror

Psychopathy in Children how is child psychopathy assessed ?

1. The Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS; Lynam, 1997): designed to assess the traits in the PCL-R in children and adolescents Measures: glibness, untruthfulness, manipulation, lack of guilt, poverty of affect, callousness, parasitic lifestyle, behavioral dyscontrol, lack of planning, impulsiveness, unreliability, and failure to accept responsibility 2. Psychopathy Checklist - Youth Version (PCL-YV): revision for PCL-R items for use in adolescents 3. Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (Frick, 2004) Measures 3 Dimensions: Uncaring, Callousness, and Unemotional • I do things to make others feel good. • I seem very cold and uncaring to others • I do not care who I hurt to get what I want • I do not show my emotions to others

summary of psychopathy

1. Traditional moral psychological studies (e.g., those using Kohlberg's moral dilemmas) may not give us a complete picture of moral decision-making in psychopathy. 2. Many of the same brain regions impaired in psychopathy also involved in moral reasoning 3. Psychopaths appear to know right from wrong in many situations, despite the fact that they don't feel right from wrong. In general, there may be a mind-body disconnect in psychopaths.

summary of mass incarceration

1. United States incarcerates large numbers of individuals, though in the past 3 years the incarceration rate has declined slightly 2. Effectiveness of incarceration depends on how the objectives of incarceration are defined 3. More research will be needed on how mass incarceration has affected families, children, and communities

what are the 4 cultural values underscoring the american dream?

1. achievement 2. individualism 3. universalism 4. monetary rewards

Cultural Values Underscoring in the American Dream

1. achievement - emphasis is on "winning" not on effort or fair play 2. individualism - people encouraged to "make it" on their own in pursuit of success 3. universalism - everyone is encouraged to aspire to achieve success 4. monetary rewards - money is the "metric" of success and there is no final stopping point

Lynch and Groves discuss how Marxist ideas relate to the causation of crime

1. capitalist system has conflict b/w labor and capital 2. fundamental structural inequality b/w labor and capital causes stratification of society into different social classes with differences in wealth, status, and power 3. different social classes offer vastly different opportunities in terms of life choices and chances 4. opportunity to become criminal or not criminal unequally distributed across social classes

What are the adaptations to strain?

1. cognitive coping strategies 2. behavioral coping strategies 3. emotional coping strategies

what are Merton's 5 individual models of adaptation

1. conformity 2. innovation 3. ritualism 4. retreatism 5. rebellion

what are the Changing Views on the Causes of Crime Over Time

1. crime as sin - witches or possessed by demons 2. classical criminology - Beccaria --> utalitarianism; cirmes occur when the potential pleasure and reward from illegal acts outweigh the pains of punishment; crime as a rational decision 3. biological positivism 4. Sociological Positivism - crime caused by bad neighborhoods, poverty, class, etc.

types of gangs

1. criminal 2. conflict 3. retreatist

Richard Quinney : THe Social Reality Theory of Crime 6 propositions

1. definition of crime: crime is a definition of human conduct created by authorized agents 2. formulation of criminal definitions: criminal definitions describe behaviors that conflict with the interests of the segments of society with political power 3. application of criminal definitions: criminal definitions applied by segments of society with power to shape enforcement and administration of the law 4. development of behavior patterns in relation to criminal definitions: behavior patterns are developed through an individual's interactions with others. Location in social structure determines whether behavior will be defined as criminal 5. construction of criminal conceptions: conceptions of crime are constructed and diffused by various means of communication 6. social reality of crime: social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and application of criminal definitions, development of behavior patterns related to criminal definitions, and construction of criminal conceptions

What are the 4 types of suicide according to Durkheim?

1. egoistic 2. altruistic 3. fatalistic 4. anomic

Why is the South more violent than the rest of the US?

1. higher temps 2. poverty 3. culture of honor

What were the criticisms of Hirschi's control theory of delinquency?

1. hirschi argues that delinquents are loners with few friends -- "birds of a feather flock together" and importance of peer delinquency 2. mistaken casual order: do weak social bonds lead to crime? or does crime lead to weak social bonds? -- Robert Agnew: when youths break the law, their bonds to parents, schools, and society may be weaken

Explanations of the Marriage Effect

1. identity transformation 2. building attachments 3. restricted opportunities to offend (wife supervising husbands behavior) 4. changes in daily life 5. "kniffing off" from existing social networks

Cognitive coping strategies an adaptation to strain

1. ignore/minimize the importance of adversity - "its not important" 2. maximize positive outcomes/minimize negative outcomes - "its not that bad" 3. accept responsibility for adversity - "i deserve it"

what are Gottfredson and Hirchi's elements of self-control and their links with criminal behavior

1. inability to defer gratification -- criminal acts provide immediate gratification of desires 2. thrill seeking -- criminal acts are exciting, risky, and thrilling 3. lack of interest in long-term pursuits -- crime provides few long-term benefits 4. Lack of diligence or persistence -- criminal acts provide easy or simple gratification of desires 5. Self-centeredness and lack of sensitivity to interests of others -- crime often results in pain for victims

what are some ideas for increase in crime rates in the 60s

1. increase in unattended households (married women now working) 2. increase in suitable targets (cars and appliances increase in value) 3. household activity ratio

what are the major concept of labeling theory

1. labeling theorists care about what happens after the act - not what caused the initial act 2. deviance is defined by society. Acts are not inherently deviant or criminal 3. labeling is a process of symbolic interaction b/w the deviant and others 4. act of labeling may lead to retrospective interpretations of individual's prior behavior 5. a deviant label (e.g. criminal or drug abuser) becomes a pivitol status that over rides other personal attributes

What are Chambliss and Seidman's 6 propositions?

1. law enforcement agencies are bureauratic 2. organizations tend to substitute the official goals of the organization with policies that will maximize rewards and minimize strain on the organization 3. goal substitution is possible because there is little motivator to resist goal-substitution, discretion in law enforcement agencies, and the absence of effective sanctions 4. law enforcement agencies depend on political organizations for resources 5. it minimizes strain for the organization to process those who are politcally weak and to refrain from processing the powerful 6. therefore, law enforcement agencies will process a disproportionate number of the weak and powerless and ignore the violations of those in power

In order to teach self-control, child rearing must include:

1. monitoring of the child's behavior 2. recognizing deviant behavior when it occurs 3. punishing deviant behavior when it occurs

a crime can only occur when there are these elements

1. motivated offender 2. lack of capable guardian 3. suitable target

how do criminolgosits measure crime

1. official police stats 2. self report crime surveys 3. victimization surveys

100. what are the 4 social institutions that the culture of the american dream interact with?

1. political system - mobilizes power to attain collective goals 2. family - maintains and replaces members of society (raises children, socializes children, provides emotional support) 3. education - transmit cultural standards to new generation and providing training 4. economy - organize production and distribution of goods and services to satisfy basic human needs

targeting the vulnerable

1. prostitutes common victims 2. paitents in nursing homes and hospitals serial killers target vulnerable ppl, like prostitutes, because they can be in dark places and alone nursing homes - often no autopsy needed, often dont have visitors and are lonely so they are an easy target

Types of strain according to robert agnew

1. strain as the failure to achieve positively valued goals 2. strain as the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual 3. strain as the presentation of negative stimuli

What are the policy implications of strain theory

1. war on poverty 2. re-vitalization of families and schools --> family leave, affordable child care 3. modify teacher training to encourage tolerance for lower class youth characteristics

what were the findings of hirschi's control theory of delinquency

1. youths who were strongly attached to their parents were less likely to commit crime 2. youths involved in conventional activity (like homework) were less likely to commit crime 3. youths who maintained weak social relationships tended to commit more crime

What doesn't work? part II

1.Aggregating high-risk youths in ways that facilitate contagion 2.Poorly defined implementation protocols 3.Staff who are not well-supervised 4.Programs limited to scare tactics 5.Programs limited to "get tough" strategies 6.Programs that consist of adults lecturing at youth

Mental Illness and Offending includes which disorders:

1.Borderline Personality Disorder 2. Schizophrenia 3. Autism Spectrum Disorders 4. Alcohol and Drug Abuse

What are common characteristics of programs that work?

1.Derive from sound theoretical rationales 2.Address risk factors 3.Involve long-term treatments (at least 1 year) 4.Use a cognitive/behavioral strategy 5.Intensive 6.Focus on social skill development 7.Developmentally appropriate 8.Can be delivered with fidelity

Moffitts Developmental Taxonomy

2 distinct categories of antisocial behavior with unique causes: (1) adolescent limited (offend in adolesnce and then stop offending) (2) and life-course persistant (offend their entire lives, not just in adolescence; start young and continue their whole life NOT a universal age crime curve

ASD (autsism)

2 typs of deficits : A & B a - cant interpret facial expressions well or keep good eye contact A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts: - Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, reduced sharing of emotions or affect - Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors, including abnormalities in eye contact and a lack of facial expressions - Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding social relationships B - B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities - Repetitive motor movements - Insistence on ritual patterns of behavior - Highly restricted, fixated interests - Hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input

how does an act become criminal?

3 perspectives: 1. natural law 2. consensus view 3. conflict view

When do we see flatter age crime curves?

3. Types of crimes for which illegitimate opportunities increase with age - Difficult to be a white collar criminal if you don't have a job - Crimes like embezzlement, stock fraud, and bribery tend to peak at older ages

what percntage of business leaders are estimated to be psychopaths

4%

according to Merton, people engage in how many adaptations

5

what is the principle of differential association

6) An individual will become delinquent due to an excess of definitions favorable to violating the law over definitions unfavorable to violating the law.

Related Disorders to psychopathy

ASPD: DSM defined personality disorder - "pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood" - Must demonstrate at least 3 symptoms: • Impulsivity • Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others • Deception, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personality profit - Evidence of CD before age 15 years - Diagnosis based on behaviors- not internal mental states Sociopathy: largely interchangeable with psychopathy - Thought to be the result of environmental factors, while psychopathy thought to be biologically caused

Summary of Social Information Processing Findings dodge and crick

Aggressive children (especially reactive aggressive children) are more likely to have ascribe hostile attributions in ambiguous situations Proactive aggressive children are more likely to expect positive outcomes from the use of aggression and feel more confident in their ability to use aggression. Proactive aggressive children more often have instrumental goals in social situations and care less about positive social relationships

Psychologically-based Social Learning Theory:

Albert Bandura

A Key Take Away from Age-Crime Curve

Almost everyone who is criminal as an adult was an antisocial adolescent, but most antisocial adolescents will not become criminal adults

Effects of Parental Incarceration on Serious Delinquency Swisher & Roettger study

Analysis of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health - 20,748 subjects enrolled in grades 7-12 (Wave I) - Followed up 1 year later (Wave 2), 6-7 years later (Wave 3), and 12-13 years later (Wave 4) - Serious Delinquency = physical fighting resulting in an injury requiring medical treatment, using a weapon to get something, deliberately damaging property, selling drugs, etc. * having a father become incarcerated after birth increases risk for delinqueny

fMRI study of moral dilemmas in which the utilitarian option conflicts with the emotionally-salient option

Appears that emotions play an important role in moral decisionmaking. This is consistent with the inability of many people to explain why they made particular moral decisions suggests that during personal moral dilemmas people are making decisions based on emotions but not experiencing same emotional activation in impersonal dilemma

Damasio's Somatic Marker Hypothesis

Appropriate autonomic nervous system functioning is critical to experiencing emotional states that guide good decision-making "Gut feelings" guide good decision-making and enable us to avoid antisocial behavior Emphasizes the connections between emotions, feelings, and decision-making

what is the most common motivation for murder

Approximately 58% likely involved sexual reasons 4% killed for profit 17% killed for emotional reasons (anger) 4% of killings motivated by offender's psychosis (command hallucinations) we think serial killers potentially have a mental disorder. tends to be less comon to have psychosis and not be in touch with reality

Does will power get depleted the more that you use it?

Baumeister tested this

Do the effects of marriage last even if the marriage dissolves?

Bersani et al. (2013): Analyzed patterns of offending during periods when individuals were married and when they were divorced (ages 12-29) Marriage effects: Individuals were 26% less likely to be arrested when they were married as compared to when they were not married Divorce Effects: The likelihood of arrest increased by 52% when an individual divorced - This increase in offending was immediate and sustained

What causes psychopathy?

Biological Factors: 1. Impaired prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning and reduced PFC volume 2. Genetics: heritability estimates up to 56% 3. Evolutionary Psychology : Psychopathy may be an adaptive cheating strategy

Wildeman:

Black children in 1990 had a large percentage of fatherless homes due to incarceration

give an example of selection

Boys who joined gangs had higher levels of violence and property delinquency before joining the gang than those that never joined a gang

Can the Age-Crime Curve Help Explain the Crime Decline in the US?

Changes in the composition of the US: Baby boom generation led to increases in the most crime-prone age group during the 1960's and 1970's

How does Cloward & Ohlin's theory differ from Cohen's Theory?

Cohen = • Delinquent acts serve no useful purpose • Delinquent acts are considered right because they are considered wrong by conventional society Cloward & Ohlin • Lower-class delinquents are goal-oriented • The type of delinquent behavior lower-class youth engages in depends on the illegitimate opportunities available to them

Level 1: Preconventional Morality Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Concrete interests of individuals in terms of rewards and punishments Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment; morality - avoiding punishment - Stick to the rules to avoid punishment - Obedience for its own sake Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange - Rules followed only because of the rewards that are received - introduce rewards people are interested in their own rewards and punishment

why is the age crime curve similar for males and females

Correlation between sex and crime does not depend on how you measure crime: Same results for official police statistics, self-report, and victimization surveys

welsh and farrignton

Crime decreased by 21% in areas where improved street lighting was implemented

Sociologically-Based Learning Theory: Differential Association

Criminal behavior is learned the same way other behaviors are learned - Process of learning criminal behavior involves learning techniques and drives needed to commit the offense sutherland

Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy or a correlate of psychopathy?

Criticisms of including criminal behavior in the PCL-R (Skeem & Cooke, 2010) - The PCL-R was developed in a correctional population - The PCL-R was originally largely based on Cleckley's conceptualization of psychopathy - Including criminal behavior results in over and under-inclusion - Existence of "successful psychopaths"

What doesn't work?

DARE - no effect on drug use boot camp - Wilson et al. (2008): Boot camps had no effect on recidivism (relative to incarceration or probation) -Juvenile boot camps that did not also include a counseling component resulted in slightly higher rates of recidivism than incarceration or probation Scared Straight and Prison Visit Programs

give an example of contagion

Delinquency by gang members was higher during their time spent as active gang members than prior to becoming members. Non-drug related delinquency returned to pre-gang levels upon exit from the group.

subculture theories of crime

Delinquent subcultures emerge in response to social problems that members of the dominant culture do not face - Developed to account for delinquency among low SES males and the formation of gangs

common demographics of serial killers

Demographics: 55% White 96% Male* Mean age = 31 years 46% married or married in past Mean education = 11.5 years

common victims of murder

Demographics: 73% female* 63% white Mean age = 33 years Relationship to offender: 71% strangers* 21% acquaintances* 5% family* serial killings are often strangers as opposed to homocide when you often know the person

deterrence theory

Deterrence theory is sub-theory within rational choice theory Key difference is that deterrence theory only takes into account formal, legal punishment as a potential cost - Rational choice takes into account other potential costs of crime (e.g. shame, harm to inter-personal relationships)

What do control theories suggest about deviants ideas of values

Deviants differ in the extent to which they believe it is important to act according to the values of society

what question was Schwartz and Skolnick study trying to answer?

Do criminal justice proceedings hurt job prospects?

Treating Psychopathy

Effects of Therapeutic Communities Rice et al. (1992): • Peer operated program involving group therapy for up to 80 hours/week • Conducted for offenders in a maximum security psychiatric hospital • Goal was to develop environment where patients could develop empathy and responsibility for their peers • Patients had little contact with professional staff

Whose tradition are Strain Theories based on?

Emile Durkheim -- also think of Lombroso and Biological Positivism

59% of adolescents and 90% of adults had precipitating or triggering event before the mass murder:

Examples of precipitating events for adolescents: • Loss of a relationship with a girl • Family dispute • Suspension from school • Insults by peers Examples of precipitating events for adults • Fired from a job • Envy over another's promotion or confrontation by an employer • Bankruptcy • Abandonment by a sexual partner • Jealousy

what affects our perceptions of the costs of offending?

Experiential effects = our perceptions of the costs of crime are based in part on past experiences Example: If you often commit burglary and don't get caught, you update your perceptions of the risk of getting caught (Bayesian updating)

strengths of Cohen's theory

Explains why some youth living in the same neighborhoods become delinquent when others do not

true or false: labeling theorists care about what caused the initial act

FALSE - labeling theorists care about what happens after the act

strains DECREASE the likelihood that an individual will experience negative emotions - true or false?

FALSE - they INCREASE

in the conflict model, law making occurs through consensus : true or false

FALSE: occurs through a struggle over power, not consensus

other definition of serial murder

FBI definition The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events.

Problems with using the PCL-R to predict criminal behavior

Factor 2 of the PCL-R includes measures of criminal behavior: - The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior! - Tautology

Moving to a new neighborhood does not always promote desistance MTO (moving to opportunity)

Families living in public housing in high-poverty Census tracts were randomly assigned to 3 groups 1. Experimental group: received vouchers that could be used to move to private housing, but families were required to live in Census tracts with poverty rates of 10% or less 2. Section 8 group: Received vouchers with no location restrictions 3. Control group: No change in services

Steffensmeier et al. study

Flatter age crime curves (older peak age) found in 3 circumstances 1. Cultures in which youth have greater access to legitimate opportunities 2. Populations for whom legitimate opportunities and integration into adult society do not increase much with age These occur more often in preindustrial societies where youth started working at a young age age and contributed to society early in life

The Great American Crime Decline

Franklin Zimring

Do youth with psychopathic traits have more severe conduct problems?

Gretton et al. (2004): Measured psychopathy in adolescent offenders and identified the percent that re-offended over a 10 year period

factor 1 of PCL-R psycopathy

Interpersonal/affective - Glibness/superficial charm - Grandiose sense of self-worth - Pathological lying - Conning/manipulative - Lack of remorse or guilt - Shallow affect - Callousness, lack of empathy - Failure to accept responsibility for his or her own actions

12 Should interventions for CU children focus on rewards?

Hawes & Dadds (2005): Analysis of ODD/CD boys (6- 13 years) whose parents completed a parent training program • Children with CU traits responded less well to the program • Punishments (time-out) were ineffective for children with CU traits • Effectiveness of reward strategies (praise) was not contingent on presence of CU traits

Who created the Control Theory of Delinquency

Hirschi

What was Hirsch's test of his Control Theory of Delinquency?

Hirschi administered detailed self-report surveys to 4,000 junior and senior high school student in CA

The 4 elements of social bond belong to which theory

Hirschi's Control theory of delinquency

define positivism

Human behavior is a function of external forces beyond an individual's control • Use of the scientific method to study human behavior

what is cohen and felson's Tests of Hypotheses Stemming from Routine

Hypothesis: Target suitability influences the occurrence of direct-contact predatory violations. findings: Expensive and movable goods (like vehicles and electronic appliances) have the highest risk of theft

Do sex offenders specialize?

Idea that sex offenders specialize is evident in public policy: • Unique treatment practices for sex offenders • Sex offender registration policies (Megan's Law in PA) • Child molesters tended to exhibit more specialization than rapists

results of MTO experiment

In the first two years after random assignment males and females in the experimental group experienced fewer violent arrests than control subjects • After the first two years, beneficial effects persisted for girls. • For boys, after the first two years, arrests for property crime increased

Control Theory

Individual commits crime when his bond to society is weak or broken

How early do temperamental differences emerge in individuals that eventually become psychopathic?

Individuals that became more psychopathic by the age of 28, already display temperamental differences at the age of 3

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Intensive family and community based treatment program troubled youth Individualized treatment plans designed to: -Improve parenting skills and family relations -Involve youth with non-criminal friends -Help youth get better grades and participate in positive activities -Create a support network May be necessary to address multiple risk factors to prevent antisocial behavior BUT- follow up studies by independent researchers were inconsistent -Little: MST does not have an affect on antisocial behavior based on available evidence -Relatively expensive •Each therapist has only 3-5 cases and is on call 24 hrs/day -Program not harmful- is it still a better alternative for serious juvenile offenders?

Does CBT work in adult and juvenile offenders? according to Lipsey et. al study

Meta-analysis of 58 studies of CBT in criminal offenders treated while on probation, incarcerated/institutionalized, or during aftercare/parole Odds of success (no recidivism) was 1.5 times greater for subjects who received CBT as compared to controls CBT was more effective in higher risk offenders and in better implemented programs (more implementation monitoring, better training, fewer dropouts) Programs that included interpersonal problem solving and anger control were more successful. Programs that included victim impact activities and behavior modification (rewards/penalty schemes to reinforce good behavior) were less successful

Moral vs. Social Conventional Distinctions

Moral Transgressions: Child hitting another child Child pulling hair of another child (and victim cries) Child smashing a piano Child breaking the swing in a playground Conventional Trangressions: Boy wearing a skirt Two children talking in a class A child walking out of the classroom without permission Child who stops paying attention to the lesson and turns his back on the teacher

Morality in Psychopathy

Moral impairment thought to be central to psychopathy for a long time Early research into differences in Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in psychopaths yielded inconsistent results moral alenation of the mind and moral insanity is earliest terminology of psychopathy in psychopaths, they dont always score lower in moral reasoning than people who are not psychopaths

do situational theories attempt to explain why some individuals are more likely to commit crimes than others ?

NO

why did crime decline? theory -

New policing tactics led to the "great crime decline" • "Broken Windows Policing" - Instituted IN NYC during Giuliana era by William Bratton - Aggressive policing of quality of life crimes (loitering, vandalism, sneaking onto subway, etc.) will lead to a decline in more serious crimes like violence problem with theory: however, crime had already been dropping before new policing tactics were implemented in NYC but crime was also decreasing all over the US, not just NYC where policing tactics changed

When early crime prevention goes to scale

Numerous challenges when an effective intervention is expanded: 1.Population Heterogeneity 2.Implementation Fidelity 3.Competence of Service Providers 4.Developer as Investigator

Treatment of Psychopathy in Adult Sex Offenders

Olver & Wong (2006, 2009): - Psychopaths receving CBT were more likely to recidivate than non-psychopathic sexual offenders Looman et al (2005): - Examined sex offenders participating in 7 month residential program relying on CBT - High psychopathy offenders violently and sexually recidivated at higher and faster rates than low psychopathy offenders even when they received good therapist ratings of their therapeatuic progress

Deriving Profiles from Types of Crime Scenes (developed by Ressler et al.)

Organized Crime: Crime scene shows evidence of logic and planning (body hidden, evidence/weapon absent) - Good intelligence - Socially competent - Stable work history - Mobile - Premeditated offenses Disorganized Crime: Crime scene shows poor planning (body left at scene, weapon/evidence often present) - Average or low intelligence - Socially incompetent - Lack of stable work history - Lives alone - Lives near crime scene - Opportunistic offenses

Piquero et al.

Parent training programs are effective. Does not matter whether they include a home visitation component.

Aging out phenomenon - age crime curve

People age 65 and over make up 12.6% of population but fewer than 1% of arrests • Aging out natural part of the life-cycle (Wilson & Hernstein) • There are a very few offenders who begin offending later in life • Older offenders tend to have started offending early in life: known as chronic offenders

utalitarianism

People in their behavior want to maximize pleasure and avoid pain

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, selfimage, and affect unstable sense of self, self image of themselves is constantly changing affective instability = unstable mood short term paranoia

do white collar criminals also have low self control?

Piquero et. al study showed a strong desire for control, but now low self-control, related to intentions to commit corporate crime

Prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Prevalence of BPD in general population estimated to be about 1.6%

target hardening

Protecting suitable targets (making them less "suitable") and increasing the presence of capable guardians ex: car alarms, unique serial numbers for auto parts, cars with keys, hook in bathrooms for personal items, increasing capable guardians, ghost police cars , CCTV

Prevalence of Psychopathy in Society

Psychopaths estimated to make up 1% of the general population 15-25% of incarcerated individuals are psychopathic Psychopaths commit 50% more offenses than non-psychopathic criminals and are more likely to commit violent crimes

Other studies find no difference in the moral judgments of psychopaths vs. nonpsychopaths

Psychopaths know right from wrong but don't care

Kazdin Method Parenting program

Punishment only short term solution -"Punishment Trap" Eliminate bad behavior by rewarding or praising the opposite behavior When parents see good behavior they should: 1.Praise the behavior effusively 2.Be specific 3.Reinforce with physical touch

Petrosino et al., 2004)

Randomized controlled studies find that participants in Scared Straight actually had increased rates of re-offending relative to controls who received no treatment One Scared Straight evaluation found that 81% of the Scared Straight group and 67% of the control group had been re-arrested 1 year later

What are the characteristics of mass murderers?

Results from a nonrandom sample of 30 adult and 34 adolescent mass murderers • 75% of adolescents and 94% of adults were loners • 48% of adolescents and 63% of adults spent significant amount of time preoccupied with war and violence • Approximately 42% of both groups had prior history of nviolence • Assault rifles used in 1/3 of adult mass murders

400. gao et al measured biological effects of psychopaths

Results not a function of psychopaths' pathological lying (results unchanged when pathological lying is controlled for) Appears that psychopaths are genuinely unaware of their bodily sensations which is why they cant sometimes make good decisions

Does prison "work?"

Retribution vs. Utilitarian Objectives retribution : - "just desserts" - Severity of punishment proportionate to the severity of the crime (lex talionis) - Punishment desirable end in itself - an eye for an eye - does not matter if you deter from future crimes or reform the criminal, but it is all about punishment Utilitarian Objectives : Punishment means to desirable social end (preventing crime) 1. Rehabilitation 2. Specific Deterrence 3. General Deterrence 4. Incapacitation

Social Learning Theory-

Ronald Akers

Explanations of Trajectories of Crime over the Life-Course

Sampson & Laub (1990): Crime and Deviance over the Life-Course: - Social bonds to adult institutions of informal social control (family, education, work, etc.) influence criminal behavior over the life course - Crime and deviance result when an individual's bond to society is weakened or broken - Transitions that strengthen social bonds will lead to desistance - Transitions that weaken social bonds will lead to increases in offending - control theoriest: life transitions (getting married) will make them less likely to offend and strengthen bonds. people with weakening bonds in their life (losing a job) will be more likely to offend

explanations of desistance

Sampson & Laub- Turning Points: Marriage, army service, and employment often act as turning points that promote desistance "The good marriage effect": A good marriage is known be associated with reductions in offending amongst males (Laub & Sampson, 2003)

Does cohabitation have the same effect as marriage?

Sampson, Laub, & Wimer (2006): cohabitation was associated with reductions in offending Horney et al. (1995): Living with a wife associated with decreases in offending, while living with a girlfriend associated with increases in offending **living with gf not the same as living with wife

Psychologically Based Learning Theory:

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Describe Durkheim-Social Structure

Social Structure Theory: explained how the organization of society can propel people to violate norms - Saw behavior as socially (rather than individually) determined -- differs from Biological Positivists who believed that individual characteristics cause people to offend; instead argued that structure of society leads people to offend

Does marriage also promote desistance in females?

Some evidence to suggest that the effects of marriage may not be as strong for women • Bersani et al. (2009): being married resulted in a 36% decrease in the odds of a conviction for men and a 21% decrease in the odds of a conviction for women Why are effects not as strong for women? • Because of higher levels of criminal involvement amongst males, men tend to marry up and women tend to marry down (Sampson et al., 2006) • Men in general tend to benefit more from marriage than women (with respect to health and depression)

in study by blair about seriousness of moral and conventional transgressions:

Unlike non-psychopaths, psychopaths do not seem to distinguish between moral and conventional transgressions both psychos and non psychos rate those as equally serious but with convetnional transgressions, pyschos rate them more serious than non psychos. he argues that psychos cant distinguish because they dont have a good understanding of morality

Level 3: Postconventional Morality Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Use of moral principles broader than those of a particular society Stage 5: Social Contract - People do what is right because of a sense of obligation to laws agreed upon within society Stage 5: Universal Principles - Follows laws because they are based on universal ethical principles - Laws that violate those principles are disobeyed stage 6: universal principles- they dont care what other people think of of them, acting on their own values

mass murder

attacks that took place in public, in which the shooter and the victims generally were unrelated and unknown to each other, and in which the shooter murdered 4 or more people Mother Jones analysis - found problematic, said theres been an increase in mass shooting

is there evidence that low self-control is related to crime?

according to Prat and Cullen - yes. low self control is also correlated with other "analogous behaviors"

Are there distinct trajectories of offending? In other words: Does the age-crime curve apply to everyone?

according to gottfredson and hirschi - yes a general theory of crime

consensus model

acts are so threatening to a society's survival that they are designated as crimes members of society more or less agree on what is right or wrong laws created for general good laws create harmony

what were the results of the Stucke and Baumeister study

after experiment, participants asked to complete an evaluation of the experimenter. Subjects told that their judgment could influence future funding of the scientific project and the report of the internship of the experiement - control condition subjects had higher and better ratings

whose idea was it that there was a reciprocal relationship between a person's own behavior and peer's behavior

akers

Control theories are based on the assumption that

all humans are born bad Theory explains why people do not become criminal given our innate nature

describe Hirschi's Social Control Theory

argues that people do not commit crimes because of their social attachments and commit to conventional activities

does arrest result in an increase in subsequent delinquency? according to bernberg

arrest and juvenile justice involvement in adolescents reduced likelihood of high school graduation, which affected employment, which in turn was linked to crime during adulthood

how do labeling theorists view the individual

as largely passive. individuals forced into criminality by societal definitions of crime or by the reactions of others

Why might desistance be difficult to measure and study ?

b/c it is hard to know if someone stopped offending, it is hard to find people, offenders tend to die younger, difficult to know if they desisted

Labeling theory in the 60's

became much more popular arrests of middle class youths were increasing --> due to civil rights movement, students became activists and many were arrested during protests, the vietnam war and the burning of draft cards

deviance

behavior that violates social norms

does arrest result in an increase in subsequent delinquency? according to stewart:

being delinquent increases the likelihood of legal sanctions. Legal sanctions in turn increase the likelihood of delinquency one year later

40 % of criminal had both high risk status

biological and adoptive were high risk.. parents were classified according to risk status (occupational status, criminal behvaior, alcohol abuse)

describe Caspi study

biological genetics no direct effect of MAOA on antisocial behavior a significant GxE interaction in males

what did Rosenfeld and Messner do

built on Merton's strain theory, but focused on how macro-level societal institutions contribute to the American Dream, which in turn contributes to high rates of crime in the US

tremblay asks ow do children/we learn to stop being physically aggressive?

by learning to talk, delay gratification, learning that physically attacking someone will most likely ellicit a physical attack in return • Children learn that if they physically attack a peer, the peer will physically attack in response • Children learn to delay gratification • Children learn to use language to convince others to satisfy their needs

rational choice and deterrence theory are based on

choice based theories

rational choice and detterence theory are based on what

classical criminalogy beccaria utilitarianism

At time of actual offense, offenders and victims report low rate of drinking: t/f

false - HIGH rate

Girls in same sex schools more delinquent

false - less

crime peaks later for females: true or false

false - peak earlier

age crime curve is different for males and females : true or false

false - similar

are property crimes on the rise or decline

decline

In Differential Opportunities, opportunities for illegitamte success are equally distributed T/F

false ??

according to one theory, aggressive policing of quality of life crimes will lead to a ____ (increase or decline) in more _____ crimes like violence

decline, serious problem with theory: however, crime had already been dropping before new policing tactics were implemented in NYC but crime was also decreasing all over the US, not just NYC where policing tactics changed

oscar newman

defensible space - architetual designs that discourage crime - good design encourages territoriality, surveillance, image, and safe adjoining areas

which comes first in differential association ?

delinquency or definitons - not sure, not well tested

contagion

delinquent peers cause adolescnet to be delinquent

labeling theory is the opposite of which theory?

deterrence theory why? because deterrence theory argues that punishment reduces crime; labeling theory argues that punishment increases crime

what is the key difference of deterrence theory

deterrence theory only takes into account formal, legal punishment as a potential cost

the reactions of other people and the subsequent effects of those reactions create what?

deviance

define secondary deviation

deviance that is the result of soceity's response to primary deviation

what do negative emotions include

disappointment, depression, fear, and anger

What are the policy implications of labeling theory

diversion programs --> place offenders in tx programs to avoid cost and stigmatization of incarceration

Robert Hare: The PCL-R

divided in to 2 factors

what are examples of primary deviation

driving 60 mph when speed limit is 50 mph public drunkenness in college

Gottfredson and Hirschi'

elements of self control and their links with criminal behavior

Any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence

epigenetics

Kolhberg's 6 stages of moral development

everyone starts at level one , no one skips a step, it gets in order, but not everyone reaches every stage Level 1: pre-conventional morality Level 2: conventional morality Level 3: postconventional morality

loyalty killing

ex: family killing elizalde family - murdered all children and himself so he wouldnt lose kids after he lost his job. he did it for what he believed was a good reason = loyalty killing

what do adoption studies do for behavior genetics

examine the outcomes of children reared away from their biological parents - If child more similar to biological parents than adoptive parents, we can conclude that genetics plays some role in explaining the behavior

What did Robert Agnew do

expanded Merton's strain theory to include more types of strain and to explain why some individuals are more likely to adapt to strain with delinquency than others

Epigenetic modifications can be influenced by the ____ (external or internal) physical and social environment

external

jail vs. prison

jail is local, <1 year stay, large mental health issues, known as "new asylums", hold ppl waiting for trial prison: federal/state, >1 year stay, longer sentences

Howard Becker

labeling theory

Rosenhan

labeling theory

edwin schur

labeling theory

negative symptoms

lacking something, like emotion or motivation

Radical criminologists argue that inequality caused by capitalism criminalizes those with the ___ amount of social power and helps maintain the status quo by ____ those in power

least, protecting

factor 2 of PCL-R psychopathy

lifestyle/antisocial - Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom - Parasitic lifestyle - Poor behavioral control - Lack of realistic long-term goals - Impulsivity - Irresponsibility - Juvenile Delinquency - Early Behavior Problems - Revocation of conditional release - Criminal versatility

gottfredson and hirschi's general theory of crime

low self control causes crime, and this is the only cause of crime they also argue that the age crime curve is universal (across time, culture, and sexes) Historically and today we should see the same curve, it is not disputable and applies to everyone. Eventually you will stop offending and everyone will age out of crime age-crime curve is a social fact all offenders age out of crime

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime argued what?

low self control is the only cause of crime

19th century the two main incarceration systems were:

pennsylvania system - penitentiaries with solitary confinement to inspre pentience NY's auburn system - focused more on reform and work, but silence strictly enforced 1913 - pennsylvania system abandoned at eastern state, increased focus on reform

anger occurs when?

people blame their strain on others

The Heinz Dilemma

people often use these dilemmas to test where they fall on the levels of moral reasoning the heinz dilemma is often most common

Are psychopaths more rational than non-psychopaths because they are not guided by their emotions?

personal moral dilemma

Lombroso

positivism

1. power killing

power over their victim donald harvey - angel of death. nurse that killed people but said it was out of mercy

Why does offending peak during adolescence?

pre frontal cortex is not yet developed in young adolescent, which controls self control • Testosterone • Negative peer influences • Weaker social bonds with parents during adolescence • Self-control not yet fully developed despite exposure to more criminal opportunities

Psychopaths may have "proto-emotions"-

primitive responses to immediate needs

malcom gladwell

profiling murders The Rainbow Ruse": Credits someone with both a personality trait and its opposite

what items are on neither factor of the PCL-R

promiscuous sexual behavior, many short-term relationships

Richard Quinney

radical crim and labeling theory

rational choice and deterrence theory view crime as

rational and calculated choice that people make

Weaver et al.

rats with moms with anxiety had babies with anxiety moms with no anxiety had babies with no anxiety

according to Merton, people engage in 5 adaptations to deal with the disjunction between the expectations of

society and their ability to achieve those expectations

what are social institutions

relatively stable sets of norms and values, statuses, and roles, and groups, and organizations that regulate human conduct to meet basic needs of human society

low self control fixed by around 8 and relative levels of self-control

remain stable across the life-course

are thefts of small electronic devices on the rise or decline

rise

are women in prison on the rise or decline

rise

Female Serial Killers

sample of 64 • Approximately half murdered at least 1 member of their family- "serial monogamy" • 45% poisoned their victims • Patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and other facilities were the preferred victims • 47% motivated by money male serial killers often kills strangers, female serial killers often kill ppl they know/family

terror killing

scare people

Describe Lemert's labeling process

simple deviant act (primary deviance) --> stuff - more serious delinquent act (secondary deviation) --> completely

what are control theories also known as

social bond theories

what does the culture of american dream interact with?

social institutions

black men are over represented in jail by 1 to 10 t/f

true

What is the dramatization of evil

the process of being caught, tagged, labeled delinquent creates a delinquent self-image

Desistance

the process of ceasing to offend • Most offenders will eventually stop offending

The New Criminology book emphasis

the role of the political economy of crime

According to strain theories, crime can be linked to what?

the structure of american society

The New Criminology book describes

the underclass (laborers) are controlled through the criminal law, while the owners of labor only bound by civil law regulating conflict b/w each other

perry pre school study

those at preschool more likely to graduate high school, earn 200k +, less likely to be arrested or serve time

describe the findings from Schwartz and Skolnick study

those with no mention of a criminal record had more positive responses that any of the other applicants. almost everyone gave them a positive response

what is the purpose of behavior genetics

to estimate the degree of heritability of a behavior - Identify genetic vs. environmental influences - Adoption and twin studies

"Routine activities" play a role in determining the location, type, and quantity of illegal acts occurring in a particular community T/F

true

200. Girls that spend time in mixed-sex groups more likely to be delinquent: true or false

true

Chronic offenders tend to start their criminal careers earliest and end latest: true or false

true

Earl Sampson arrested 62 times for traspessing at store he worked at

true

Girls who go through puberty early are more likely to be friends with older males and also more likely to be delinquent true or false

true

Identical (monozygotic twins) share 100% genes and Fraternal (dizygotic twins) share 50% genes

true

Men also more likely to be victims of crime (with the exception of rape) than females - true or false

true

Subculture theories suggest that deviants have their own set of values: true or false?

true

according to Rosenhan, once a person acquires a label, it is very difficult to shed that label : true or false

true

those with mental illness tend to have more sever difficulties before during and after arrest and tend to be incarcerated more often, use more drugs, have more psychological problems, are more likely to be homeless, parents abuse drugs and themselvs, and more problems in prisons : t/f

true

true or false: 1980s saw an increase in incarcaration rates

true

true or false: Criminals more likely to be male, young, and low SES. Sex, age, and SES are correlates of crime

true

true or false: labeling theorists believe deviance is defined by society

true

there is a high comobidity b/w substance abuse and other mental health problems: t/f

true common ex: major depressive disorder, mania, psychotic disorder

true or false, there has been a slight decline in incarceration rates the past few years and why

true - Recognizing excessive incarcerations - Money - Lack of space

private prison facilities on the rise: t/f

true 7 states house at least 20% of their prisoners in private facilities

people believe crime rates are increaseing - T/F

true, but they are not

natural law

universally right or wrong all societies define these acts as criminal ex: homicide and theft

define innovation

use of illegal means to achieve success

if process of crime being recorded as part of UCE breaks down at any stage it will not be recorded in the UCR affecting____

validity

what does causal ordering in Hirschi's control theory demonstrate?

weak attachment to parents, school and society leads to criminal behavior

250. when do subcultures typically emerge

when people in similar circumstances are isolated from mainstream culture and band together for mutual support - Same racial or ethnic minority - Prisoners - Neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage

what does Robert agnew argue?

when youths break the law, their bonds to parents, schools, and society may weaken

what question do control theories attempt to answer

why DONT people commit crime?

what question does Goddredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime try to answer?

why don't some people commit crime?

what do situational theories of crime focus on?

why offenders choose to commit a particular offense at a particular place and time Identify conditions in which people who are prone to commit crime will actually do so

while most theories attempt to explain why some people DO commit crime, what do control theories attempt to explain?

why some people DONT commit crime

so what works, what doesnt, whats promising?

works: parent training, CBT, social skills training, nurse home visitation doesnt work: boot camp, prison visit programs, DARE promising: community based mentoring, community based after school programs

Significant association between schizophrenia and violence according to walsh et. al

• 20% of first admission patients to a mental hospital with schizophrenia had assaulted a person in the past (Volavka et al., 1997) • Patients with schizophrenia who were followed up for 15 years were 4 times more likely to have committed a violent crime than the general population (Lindqvist & Allebech, 1990) • Prevalence of schizophrenia in male prisoners was 2.7% (.91% prevalence in general population) (Teplin, 1990) people with schizo showed to have more hx of violence and tend to commit more violent crimes and are over represented in prison population

decent families

• Accept mainstream values and try to instill them in their children • "working poor" • Value hard work and have more hope for the future • Extremely strict parenting because of awareness of dangerous environment - Obsessive concern with their children avoiding trouble • Will at times adopt street behavior to fit into the culture of their neighborhood

Gelman et. al

• Analyzed NYPD stop records from January 1998-March 1999 (about 175,00 stops total) • Blacks made up 51% of stops (only 26% of the population) • Stops of blacks were less likely to lead to arrest than stops of whites (lower "hit rates") - SUGGESTS RACIAL BIAS!

The Middle-Class Measuring Rod

• Based on middle class values - Self-reliance - Good manners - Respect for property - Long-range planning • Lower class children fall short of these standards • Frustration from this failure leads them to adopt one of 3 roles: - Corner boy, college boy, or delinquent boy

what are other correlates of crime

• Broken Home • Poor Self Control • Low Intelligence • Poor Parenting • Bad Neighborhood

what are some problems with zimrings theories of the great american crime decline

• Canada also had a similar crime decline but mass imprisonment, policing changes, and economic boom did not happen there • One shared trend: Decline in the relative size of the youth population

Neutralization Theory (Matza & Skyes)

• Criminals must learn techniques that enable them to neutralize convention values - This allows them to drift between conventional and criminal behavior - Not all people who commit crimes are criminal all the time

Is autism actually associated with offending?

• Danish study found that conviction rate for individuals with Asperger syndrome did not differ from conviction rate of those without the disorder

Decent vs. Street Families

• Decent families remain committed to middle class values despite these challenges • Alienation and distrust of the police has also generated an oppositional subculture: - "Street" Subculture: norms consciously opposed to those of conventional society • Decent and street orientations socially organize the community • Youth growing up in the ghetto have to navigate the "street" even though most are decent

300. criticisms of deterrence theory

• Do all offenders rationally weigh costs and benefits of crime? What about violent crimes of passion? • Gerkin & Gove (1975): Our perceptions of punishment matter more than the objective qualities of punishment • Informal sanctions also might matter more than formal sanctions in deterring crime

Diagnosing Psychopathy using the PCL-R

• Each item given a score of 0 (doesn't apply to the subject at all), 1 (applies somewhat), or 2 (defines the dominant traits in the subject's behavior) • Item scores are based on semi-structured interviews with the subject and a review of institutional records • A score above 30 (out of 40) is generally used as the cut-off for defining an individual as a psychopath

culture of honor

• Even small disputes become contests for reputation and social status • Subculture of honor is common among white, southern males • Why did a culture of honor form in the South? - Herding Economy - Need to defend property (law enforcement not easily available) - Need to establish reputation of toughness (even when it comes to seemingly trivial matters)

Incapacitation

• If offenders are incarcerated, they cannot offend • Selective incapacitation = targeting high-risk offenders for more rigorous prosecuting and for long-term incarceration • Focus on chronic offenders • Focus = chronic offenders • Moffits Developmental Taxonomy: look at the persistent offenders that don't stop offending after adolescence - Wolfgang: 6% committed most of the crimes, and therefore those 6% should be targeted • Problem: Have to be able to find out who they are! Identify them early in order to give them longer sentences • Need to have a risk assessment instrument - Greenwood

describe Paik and Comstok study

• In surveys, preference for violent television and frequency of violent television viewing are associated with aggression • Effects are stronger for males than females • Effects are strongest for young children (under age 5) and college-aged students (18-21 years) • Most studies show some effect of viewing violence • Effects diminish over time • Effects are small • What determines the size of the effect? (Livingstone, 1996) - Realism - Violence seen as justified - Violence rewarded - Identification with the perpetrator

Describe Psychologically-based Social Learning Theory:

• Individuals learn violence and aggression through life experiences: - Observing others act aggressively to achieve a goal - Watching people be rewarded for acting aggressively in the MEDIA • People learn to act aggressively when as children they model their behavior after violent acts - Violent behavior patterns persists

problems with incarcerating the mentally ill

• Individuals with mental disorders are more likely to enter solitary confinement, which just further exacerbates their problems (Haney, 2003) • Mentally ill are more likely to break the rules and remain in jail longer • Mentally ill more likely to be victimized by other inmates while incarcerated • Revolving door among mentally ill - more likely to be re incarcerated

Describe Social Learning Theory-

• Intended to be an extension of Sutherland's differential association • Social learning theory explains these mechanisms(mechanisms involved in other learning) • Combines aspects of Differential Association theory with principles of psychologically based learning theories

Adolescent-Limited Offenders

• Involvement in criminal behavior occurs primarily during adolescence and is temporary • Adolescents trapped in "maturity gap" - Gone through puberty but do not yet get treated as adults - Mimic other antisocial adolescents as a way of dealing with this maturity gap and asserting independence (e.g. violating curfew, doing drugs, smoking cigarettes) • Desist from antisocial behavior because the rewards diminish (e.g. drinking becomes legal) and there is more to lose as they age criminal behavior occurs primarily during adolescence/ early adulthood and then stop offending. problems of offending are usuaslly problems caused by social environment, not anything biological. act out as a way not to get treated as an adult

criticisms of akers theory

• It is very well established that delinquent adolescents are more likely to have delinquent peers. - BUT: do delinquent peers cause an adolescent to become delinquent - Known as CONTAGION • "Birds of a feather flock together" - Does having delinquent friends precede the onset of delinquent behavior? - SELECTION

street families

• More invested in the code of the street • Cannot reconcile demands of their own lives with demands of parenting • Aggressive with children - Little explanation following verbal or physical punishment • Children "come up hard" - Often fend for themselves - Learn to fight at an early age - Mothers may be completely absent (crack addiction) • Children from street homes start spending time on the streets at an early age. - Allowed to "rip and run" • Watch disputes resolved through verbal fighting or aggression - The winner is given respect by onlookers • Street-oriented adults verbalize importance of respect - "Watch your back" - "Protect yourself" - Punishments for children who don't defend themselves

Insanity Defense

• Most states have a variant of the M'Naghten standard: - As a result of mental disorder, did the defendant not know the nature and quality of his act? - Or as a result of mental disorder did he not know right from wrong? • Less common: The Control Test - As a result of mental disorder the defendant could not control his criminal behavior? • Short lived: The Durham Test - Did the defendant have a mental disease or defect? - If so, was the disease or defect the reason for the unlawful act? Burden of Proof is on the Defendant to Prove Legal Insanity you have to meet one of these 2 requirements to plead not guilty by reason of insanity. control test is more common because it is difficult to say if someone can control their behavior or not durham test use to be common in US but NOT anymore McNagten is the standard now. you must show evidence to prove you are insane. Sane until proven insane

Loeffler, 2013 - natural experiment

• Natural experiment in Circuit Court of Cook County (Chicago) - Cases are randomly assigned to a judge • Some judges sentence defendants to incarceration more than others - Study compared offending 5 years later: • Imprisonment: Defendants assigned to judges that sentence most cases to imprisonment • Low Imprisonment: Defendants assigned to judges that sentence few cases to imprisonment • No difference in offending between those in the Imprisonment vs. Low Imprisonment groups

what are some age-crime curve variations for other offense types

• Offenses with youngest peaks include: - Vandalism, petty theft, robbery arson, liquor law violations • Personal crimes have older age distributions (peaks in late 20's) - Aggravated assault and homicide

milwauke domestic violence experiemt results

• Official Police Data: - 13% of those arrested committed a repeat assault - 26% of those separated committed a repeat assault • Victim-Report: - 19% of those arrested committed a repeat assault - 37% given advice committed a repeat assault Results suggest that arrest may have had a deterrent effect.

Life Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior Moffits developmental taxonomy

• Pattern of stable antisocial behavior that is present from preschool to adulthood • Roots of life-course persistent antisocial behavior present early in life: - Suffer from neuropsychological deficits - Difficult as children, which evokes bad parenting • Comorbid learning disabilities and hyperactivity are common • Early problems exacerbated by "cumulative continuity" irritable, fussy as kids causing parents to be frustrated and evoke bad parenting (yelling) which leads to life long problems for kids

results of piquero and tibbets study

• Perceived shame reduced the likelihood of shoplifting and drunk driving, while perceived pleasure increased the likelihood. • Perceived sanctions had no effect on shoplifting, but did affect drunk driving. • Strong moral beliefs were associated with reduced perceived pleasure of shoplifting and drunk driving and increased perceptions of shame and sanctions • Low self control associated with increased perceptions of pleasure and reduced perceptions of shame

Effects of Maternal Incarceration

• Preliminary findings suggest that children whose mothers eventually become incarcerated already have higher levels of behavior problems before the mother's incarceration • After the mother's incarceration, children's behavior problems did not change Because women are less likely to be incarcerated, they seem to be worse once they are incarcerated. Mothers that are incarcerated are probably serious offenders, and therefore they were probably not great moms.. Losing the mom doesn't change much for the child.

Test of the Organized/Disorganized Typology

• Problem with prior research: Original model was developed based on interviews with a nonrandom sample of only 36 offenders • Canter et al. (2004): analysis of 100 crimes committed by 100 serial killers - Coded the organized (e.g. no weapon) and disorganized features (e.g. belongings scattered) of each crime scene - Organized and disorganized features often co-occurred - Most offenders were organized

summary murders

• Public perception that mass murders are on the rise in the United States • Using Fox's definition, mass murder is not actually on the rise • Copycat killing may occur after highly publicized mass murders • Often thought that profiling can be used to catch serial killing, though limited evidence that this is the case

deterrence and rational choice theory

• Rational Choice and Deterrence theory are choice based theories • Assume that people are rational actors who weigh the costs and benefits when deciding whether to commit a crime • Deterrence is a narrow version of rational choice theory that only takes into account formal sanctions as potential costs • Studies tend to find that certainty is more important than severity in deterring crime, though many punishments in the US are severe, but not certain • Psychologically based choice theories include social information processing, which focuses on how children interpret social cues to make behavioral decisions.

Selective Incapacitation

• Requires the use of effective risk assessment instruments to target the most serious offenders (Greenwood, 1982) - Convictions for offenses as a juvenile - Time served in a facility as a juvenile - Use of illegal drugs as a juvenile - Unemployment for more than 50% of last 2 years - Incarceration for more than 50% of last 2 years - Previous conviction for the current offense

abnormal speech patters psycopathy

• Speech often characterized by inconsistencies and contradictions • Psychopaths often go off track- change topics frequently • Often don't answer the question posed to them

What are the effects of parental incarceration on children? Wildeman study

• Subjects in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (longitudinal study) • 1,235 boys and 1,133 girls born in urban areas between 1998 and 2000 (most born to unmarried parents) • 14.8% of boys and 10.6% of girls experienced parental incarceration Results: For girls, paternal incarceration did not predict aggression after controlling for neighborhood and family variables • Boys of recently incarcerated fathers (within the prior 30 months) were more aggressive than boys whose fathers had not been incarcerated since their birth • Paternal incarceration only affected boys who were living with their fathers at the time of their incarceration • If father was physically abusive, paternal incarceration was actually associated with decreased aggression levels in the son • If father was a violent offender, his incarceration had no effect on the son's aggression ** implies that it is the absense of the father that causes the problem

Why might some psychopaths thrive in corporate environments?

• Superficial charm • Need for stimulation, proneness to boredom • Lack of empathy

psychopathy according to cleckley: the mask of sanity

• Superficial charm and good intelligence • Absence of delusions • Untruthfulness and insincerity • Lack of remorse or shame • Lack of anxiety • Inadequately motivated antisocial behavior • Poor judgment and failure to learn by experience • General poverty in major affective reactions

Even though schizophrenia is associated with violence, very few of those with schizophrenia will actually commit a violent act (Walsh et al., 2002):

• Those with schizophrenia commit between 2.7%- 10% of total violence in the population • Wallace et al. (1998): 99.7% of those with schizophrenia would not be convicted of serious violence in a given year - Probability of homicide was 1:3000 for men and 1:33,000 for women - Probability of offending was higher amongst those with comorbid substance abuse just because you have schizo does not mean you are destined to commit act of violence high % of people with schizo will NOT commit an act of violence (walsh et al) substance abuse disorder increases changes of cimmiting vilent acts

Hypothesis: People living in single-adult households and those employed outside the home are less obligated to spend time at within their households, and therefore should have higher rates of victimization.

• USDJ: Burglary and robbery victimization rates 2X as high for people living in single-adult households • BUT, people who are unemployed experience higher rates of victimization

Specific Deterrence

• Use of punishment to convince those that actually committed the crime not to commit further crimes • High recidivism rates lead many to conclude that prison not specific deterrent ** Punishment to convince criminal not to offend again

General Deterrence

• Use of punishment to deter those who are not being punished from committing future crimes • Steven Levitt (1996): analyzed effects of overcrowding legislation on crime rates - 1 prisoner reduction associated with increase of 15 Index crimes per year ** Punishment to convince society not to offend again: punish one person

Specialization in Offending

• Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort: - Evidence of versatility (with little specialization): • Most likely occurrence after an offense was no offense • The next most likely occurrence after an offense was typically a non-index offense, followed by theft (regardless of the first offense) - Offenders become more specialized over time (Piquero et al., 1999) wolfgang looked at kids in philly area. looked at specializetion or if criminals were versatile. in his sample most ppl only committed one offense. no evidence of specialization. theft/property crime typically followed first offense • Farrington (1988): Analysis of nearly 70,000 juvenile offenders' court records - Offenders were versatile with a small degree of specialization (20% of juveniles were specialists) - Most specialized offenses were runaway, liquor, burglary, motor vehicle theft, and drugs - Specialization tended to increase over time - Evidence of escalation with successive referrals: offenses tended to become more serious over time farrignton found ppl versatile with little specialization. seriousness of crimes tend to increase over time

BAM - becoming a man program

•During the program year, BAM participation reduced violent crime arrests by 44% •Nonviolent crime arrests reduced by 36% •Effects did not persist past first year •Program had positive effects on GPA that lasted in the year following the program