Crops and Society Exam #2

What are the steps involved in paper processing?

- Debarked logs - in the mechanical process, logs are ground into pulp - Wood chips with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide are in the chemical process, wood chips are cooked in a chemical solution and bailed until pulp remains - Beater-after the pulp has been filtered it is beaten. Various filter materials are added - The beaten pulp is fed onto a moving belt of fine mesh screening. The pulp is squeezed through a series of rollers to remove the water - The paper passes over a series of steam-heated cylinders to remove the remaining water. The dried paper is then wound onto large reels.

What nutritional value is algae?

1. Algae Contains Omega-3 Fatty Acids · 2. Algae Delivers Essential Amino Acids · 3. Prevention of Diseases · 4. Algae Promotes Healthy Skin.

What are the three types of textile fibers? Give examples: seed and fruit; soft and bast; hard fibers

3 Textile fibers 1. seed and fruit (cotton, coir) 2. soft and bast fibers (jute, linen) 3. hard fibers (pineapple leaves)

Why are oils and fatty acids important in our diet? what is hydrogenation?

A big part of our life. Fats, cholesterol, and health. Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol) Oils are key in membranes and vitamin absorption.

What is algin? Carageenan? How do we use these products?

Algin is a type of carbohydrate found in brown seaweeds. Algin is used to make medicine because it lowers cholesterol level. Carageenan is a type of carbohydrate found in red seaweed, it is used in chocolate milk, cheese, ice cream, etc.

Pomes

An accessory fleshy fruit formed by a group of carpels more or less. Firmly united with each other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle (apple, pear)

How is algae farmed? what is aquaculture? what are the pros and cons?

Aquaculture, also commonly known as aquafarming or fish farming, is an industrial process of farming marine animals. These include fish, algae, mollusk, shellfish, aquatic plants, etc. Pros: employment opportunities, reduced pressure on wild species, cons: diseases, dangers to wildlife, unemployment.

What is argan? why is so unique and valuable? Where is it grown?

Argan is a fruit. Unique and valuable because seeds collected from goats dung after digested and processed into oil, essential oil, and cosmetics. Grown in Morocco.

Why is argan oil so unique and valuable?

Argan oil is so unique because the process of getting the seeds from the goats excess takes a while and is complicated therefore, it is valuable.

Why is bamboo an important material? What family does bamboo belong? How fast does it grow?

Bamboo is an important material because it is used for several things such as housing, utensils, art, and etc. Belongs to the grass family 60-90 CM a Day Strength is in its hollow structure

What steps are involved in preparing and processing seeds for oil extraction?

Basic processes involved in oil processing in -seed cleaning -extraction -clarification -Packaging and storage

What makes chilis so hot? How is hotness measured? Why are chilis considered medicinal plants?

Capsaicin makes chilis hot. Hotness measured by Scoville scale. Considered medicinal plants because it helps with circulatory stimulant and analgesic. Aerosol of capsaicin (pepper spray)

Describe the chlorophyte (green), Phaeophyta (brown), rhodophyte (red) groups? What are dinoflagellates and diatoms? How does each group contribute to the ecology and economics?

Chlorophyte are green algae found in freshwater. Phaeophyta are brown algae. Rhodophyte are red algae. Dioflagellates and diatoms are two types of marine plankton.

What are some non food products of soybean oil and corn oil?

Corn: Soap, paint, ink Soybean: crayons, paints, candles

What are the three waxes mentioned in lecture?

Different from oil: only alcohol and fatty acids, no glycerol Four species: Jojoba: liquid wax like sperm oil, grows in desert, used in cosmetics, penetrates skin well Carnauba: leaves of wild palms, car waxes, shoe polish Cadellila wax: illegal to collect, endangered species Bayberry: new England bogs, candles

What are some natural sources of dyes and tannins

Dyes: saffron, indigo, madder, natural mordants (orange color) Tannins: soak in lime solution, loosen hair, use plant tannings to soak, trees Leather: animal hides into leather

What are ECHO's ministries?

ECHO (honoring God through sustainable hunger solutions) exists for one major reason, to help those working internationally with the poor be more effective, especially in the area of agriculture. The services that ECHO provides are education and training, innovative options, and networking

What are the different grades of olive oil? Why is olive oil so expensive?

Extra virgin is the highest quality olive oil (perfect flavor and odor) preferred for salads or bread dipping Fine virgin oil: slightly less perfect (several chemical refining and blending process) Semi-fine or ordinary: suitable for cooking Refined: maximum acidity: lacking flavor of virgin oil Pure: a low cost blend of refined and virgin (large quantities at a discount food warehouse)

What are some unique characteristics of pistachio? What family?

Family: Anacardiaceae (same as mango and poison ivy) Characteristics: female trees produce the fruit as drupes, the pulp is moved and we eat the seed, drying shell red

Why are the microscopic green algae Chlorella and Spiraling being used in Africa?

Famine prevention by targeting sustainable agriculture.

Define fruit? Parthenocarpy?

Fruit is a ripened ovary. Parthenocarpy means without seed formation.

Why is it important to incorporate fruit trees in a food system?

Fruit trees are perennials and they will bear fruits every year and year round.

Why are goats important in the semiarid regions? pros and cons of goats?

Goats can surpass the challenges of living in the drylands such as high mortality, long kidding interval, diseases, seasonality of forages, long dry seasons and short rainy seasons Pros: milk, does well in tropics, and meat Cons: Larger and need more food, can have free range but hard to control, cut and carry penned, need to get food to it but less diseases and less destruction in the garden

Why is tilapia a good animal to raise? Pros and Cons?

Good source of protein, easy to grow, fast maturing, also fertilizes water Pros: fast growth, hardy, they eat low on the food chain they integrate well into a small farm system, provide food and income Cons: select sex, keep from escaping and becoming invasive

How did eggplants get their names? Where do they originate? Nutritional value?

Got the name because of white round variety. Originated from India and Pakistan. Treat high cholesterol, block free radicals, and folic acid and potassium (K).

What are some other uses of the cucurbits besides food?

Gourds used as currency, decoration, jars, and water pitcher

Where are cranberries grown, what infection does it treat?

Grown in North America and helps fight urinary tract infections

Why is cotton king? what are some processing for cotton fibers?

King cotton was a phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the cotton crop to the Confederate economy during the American Civil War. Used as a diplomatic weapon to force Europe's hand in the American Civil. -Most important fiber in the world -Important oilseed crop -Malvaceae -Old World cotton have short fibers

How can the oceans and algae be tapped for the future

Like plants on land, seaweed uses photosynthesis to absorb CO2 and grow biomass. Coastal marine systems can absorb carbon at rates up to 50 times greater than forests on land

Describe the uses of linseed, tung oil. What are the use of safflower, soy, canola, corn, sesame, cottonseed, sunflower, and peanut oil?

Linseed: wood finish, dye, paper, soap, hair gels tung oil: paint, wood finish, What are the uses of Safflower: edible oil, dye, medicinal, paint, salad dressings Soy: Not used in ASIA: vegetable oil, salad oil, icing, instant cheesecakes, mayonnaise Canola: vegetable oil, lubrication, cool steel plates, heating gets rid of sulfur products Corn: salad dressing, soap, paint, inks, textiles, insecticides Sesame oil: good for frying, massage, antioxidant, anti-aging, cosmetics Cottonseed: vegetable oil, cotton residue toxic to rabbits, rats, pigs Sunflower: waxes in oil clouds, diesel fuel, refined oil is used in salads, cooking, paints peanut oil: Chinese cooking

What are turkeys? pros and cons?

Looks like turkey due to it's naked neck but it's all chicken Pros: they do well in cold despite their feather and they are very friendly and one of the easiest chickens to tame cons: relatively rare in North America, but very popular in Europe

What is the main use of olives? Why is the oil good for our health?

Mainly used for oil. The oil is unsaturated oil and it is cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic, and neuroprotective functions

What are the 5 Ms that incorporating animals in a farm can do?

Meat, muscle, money, milk, manure

Why is moringa considered a miracle tree?

Medicinal and nutritional properties of an underutilized plant. Antibacterial qualities, highly nutritious, purify water, all part edible, grows 10 ft in one season

What is Dr. Miller's favorite green algae?

Mermaid's Wine Cup (Acetabularia)

What are some key ecological and economical roles of algae?

Microscopic algae are arguably the source of more than half of the world's oxygen though photosynthesis. They turn carbon dioxide into biomass and release oxygen. Ecologically, algae are at the base of the food chain. ... The larger algae provide a habitat for fish and other invertebrate animals.

What are some plants that ECHO promotes? Why are they important in fighting hunger and poverty? (Neem, Katuk, Amaranth, velvet bean etc.)

Moringa seeds: purify water Katuk: edible leaves with high vitamin A and C. pea like flavor Velvet bean: cover crop, green manure, high nitrogen production from bacteria in roots, leaves can be used for animal food, small pods edible Amaranth: high protein, vitamin A and C, drought tolerant, seeds and leaves are edible

What are the two types of ducks recommended? What are the pros and cons?

Muscovy ducks: meat and Khaki Campbell: eggs Pros: meal sizes packet, hardier than chickens, fit well with fish and rice paddies, raised around livestocks and eat flies, produces meat, eggs, manure, and income Cons: Muscovy ducks tend to dig under shrubbery, can reduce water quality, and susceptible to predators

Where is kiwi originally from? Where is it mostly grown today?

Origin: Asia (China) and it is mostly grown in New Zealand

What are algal blooms? Why would this be a problem? What is PSP poisoning?

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) is caused by eating shellfish contaminated with saxitoxins, a toxin produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium 1. Saxitoxins, also known as PSP toxins, cause symptoms related to the nervous system.

What are the characteristics of the cucurbits? Name some members from the New World and Old World.

Pepo Old world: melons, cucumber, watermelon, cantaloupe New World: squash

Why is phytoplankton so important ecologically?

Phytoplankton are some of Earth's most critical organisms and so it is vital study and understand them. They generate about half the atmosphere's oxygen, as much per year as all land plants. Phytoplankton also form the base of virtually every ocean food web. In short, they make most other ocean life possible.

What are some examples of plaiting, filling, brush and felting fibers?

Plaiting: palms, stem of grains, papyrus, bamboo filling: kapok, milkweed, cattails Brush: palms, sorghum, and broom root felting: paper, mulberry

What are some things to keep in mind to have good milk production?

Plenty of food and clean water, tick control, parasite control, housing, and clean milking facility

What are the pros and cons of raising rabbits in the tropical highlands?

Pros: easy to raise, propagates well, good meat, manure makes good compost, little space, fur, and income Cons: need initial investment and somewhat heat sensitive

What are the different cuts of wood? What is hardwood vs. softwood?

Radial surface, transverse surface, and tangential surface (door) Hardwoods: angiosperms are hardwoods and vessels, cells more variety Soft wood: gymnosperms, and cells more uniformed

How can you keep animals healthy?

Raise indigenous species, some loss is expected, give nutrition, healthcare, breeding for sustainability, and to increase production

How are rayon and cellophane related? How are acetate, Arnel, and lyocell related?

Rayon and cellophane are same product but different forms Both made from wood First steps are like paper making 20% water with NaOH Cellulose is swollen, pressed and shredded Sheets of cellophane or threads of rayon Threads are neutralized and softened Sanforized and mercerized

What is refining and degumming? What is difference between cold and hot presses?

Refining: removing free Fattyacids Degumming: removes material that is not oil Cold presses: less oil and purer Hot presses: more oil with other compounds (glycerides)

Define simple, multiple, aggregate fruits

Simple: fruits formed from 1 pistil. They may be either true or accessory fruits Multiple: a fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers (pineapple, fig) Aggregate fruit:A fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower. The individual units may be berries or specific types (raspberry, strawberry)

What are some non food uses of plant derived oils

Soaps, skin care, paints and varnishes, industry as lubrication, latex paints, linoleum, plastics, fuel/gasohol.

Hesperidium

Special type of berry in which a leathery rind forms, the interior of the fruit divided by septa, indicating the number of carpels (citrus fruits)

What are some key ECHO plants?

Starfruit, Amaranth, Moringa, Quinoa, Baobob, Chaya

What are some textile plant fibers and non textile plant fibers?

Textiles: woven, twined, spun non-textile: not woven, paper, fiberboard

Define AT?

The application of knowledge for the solution of the problems "To use what you have, to make what you need, to do what you gotta do"

How do the brown algae (kelp) adapt to the intertidal rocky shores?

The button-like holdfast keeps the algae from drifting away from its rocky substrate. Rockweed holds moisture extremely well so it can withstand drastic changes in temperature. Tannins, a chemical released by the algae, prevent small inhabitants from using the moist greenery as shelter against the hot sun.

Why are they called "dinoflagellates"?

The dinoflagellates are single-celled eukaryotes constituting the phylum Dinoflagellata. Usually considered algae, dinoflagellates are mostly marine plankton, but they also are common in freshwater habitats. Their populations are distributed depending on sea surface temperature, salinity, or depth.

Cut and carry system

The main idea behind cut and carry is you cut forage for the animal beyond their boundaries and carry it to them when needed. In essence this is how hay and straw works, even grain inputs, but what we refer to as cut and carry is more leaf fodder than anything else.

What is zero pen method? what is cut and carry system? What are the pros and cons?

The pen is divided into two sections for the animals and the food is supplied by the owner. It keeps the animal nice and clean.

Pepos

This is a special type of berry in which a relatively hard rind is formed, the interior of fruit not divided by septa (watermelon, gourds, squash)

What were some examples of AT given in class and lab

Tippy tap and oil lamb

What are some key features to good AT development?

To enhance the quality of life, self reliance, create workplaces where people live, and assist communities to develop their own indigenous technology

Why were tomatoes slow to be adopted colonial America? Nutritional value?

Tomatoes were thought to be poisonous, therefore people were scared to eat it. Value: reduce risk of heart disease and cancer. Vitamin C and K, antioxidant

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? which one is healthier?

Unsaturated has double bonds and kinks so will not be solid at room temperature Plants have both, the fats in plants are for storage of energy and are found in seeds. Coconut oil and palm oil is high in saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are better

Why are blueberries becoming more popular today?

Vitamin C, low calories, and high antioxidants

Guava

Where are they grown: Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit:

Okra

Where are they grown: Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit:

Pineapples

Where are they grown: Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit:

Pomegranates

Where are they grown: Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit:

Date

Where are they grown: Canary Islands, northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, Mexico, and the U.S. state of California. Commercial value: $2-19 Uses of plants: food Type of fruit: accessory fruit

Papayas

Where are they grown: Mexico, central/South America. Tropical climates Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit: berry

Starfruit

Where are they grown: Sri Lanka Commercial value: Uses of plants: Type of fruit:

Bananas

Where are they grown: origin east Asia/australia. Spread to India and Africa. From Africa to West indies Commercial value: 10 cents Uses of plants: food Type of fruit: berry

Avocados

Where are they grown: south central Mexico. Grown in California Commercial value: Uses of plants: food Type of fruit: accessory

Coconuts

Where are they grown: subtropical coastal region of Asia Commercial value: constantly growing Uses of plants: coir for textile, fuel, food, cups/bowls Type of fruit: drupe

Mangoes

Where are they grown: tropical climates Commercial value: most commonly eaten fresh fruits Uses of plants: food Type of fruit: same family as poison Ivy

What is wood? What is cork? Why is cork a useful material?

Wood: accumulations of secondary xylem and phloem -primary (from apical meristem) -secondary (from cambium) the hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber. The cork oak grows thick layers of corky bark which can be stripped off the tree without harming it. The cork is then boiled and pressed to make it more elastic. A major use of cork is as a stopper in wine bottles. It has two useful properties for this task. It is elastic and can be squeezed into the top of the bottle.

Why are perennial vegetables a good crop on sustainable development?

You plant them once and they grow annually

What is porphyry? why is it so important in Japan?

a hard igneous rock containing crystals, usually of feldspar, in a fine-grained, typically reddish groundmass. Porphyry deposits provide most of the world's copper and large proportion of its ... gold and other important metals and are therefore vital to the global economy

Drupes

a one seeded simple fruit developed from a superior ovary in which the innermost portion of the wall becomes hard and stony (cherry, coconut, walnut)

grain

a one-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which the fruit wall and the seed coat are fused

berries

a simple fruit in which the ovary wall or at least its inner portions been enlarged and usually juicy (banana, grape, gooseberry)

Define superior or inferior fruit

a. indehiscent or dihiscent b. grain or caryopsis c. drupes, hesperidiums d. pomes e. berries f. pepos g. accessory fruit

accessory fruit

apple

What are some of the most important temperates fruits in America?

apple and pear

What are the key tree fruits in the Rosaceae family. Give examples

apple, pear, peaches, cherries, apricots, quince, plums

What are unique characteristics of plant fibers?

cellulose: not denature with high temperature, immune to pests, and less elastic than animal fibers and more absorbent

What are some types of citrus gown in warm climates? What are characteristics of hesperidiums?

citron, lemon, mandarin, orange, tangor, pummelo, etc. Characteristics: leathery rind and interior divided by septa

What are the "Big Bang for your Buck" fruits? Why are they good perennials to plant?

coconut, banana, avocado, mango, papayas, starfruit, jackfruit. Perennials are good to plant because after you plant it once, it grows annually.

What plant produces linen? What countries are well know for linen?

flax plant Oldest textile in history: used in wrapping mummies 2-3x stronger than cotton England and Ireland

What are some wood products? Veneers? Plywood? Fiberboard?

guitars, violins, floors veneers: produced with rotating and using rotary peel, affixed to another sheet, and laminating expensive wood to cheaper wood Plywood: at right angles Fiberboard: wood chips, mixed with resins, pesticides, fire retardants and pressed, chips, sawdust, bark

indehiscent

not splitting open to release the seeds when ripe

What are some of the main steps in processing fiber?

retting: to moisten or soak soften fibers Scutching: to separate the valuable fibers woody parts by beating and scraping Decorticating: crushing and scraping Ginning: a remove seeds from cotton Bleaching Heating

dehiscent

splits open at maturity

What are some key berry fruits (non trees) in the Rosacea family?

strawberries, blackberry, and raspberry

What does a dendrochronologist study?

study climate change by ring patterns in wood

What are some plants in the Solanaceae family that we commonly eat?

tomatoes

What are some uses of grapes? what type of climate is best suited for grapes?

viticulture (wine) and best suited for Mediterranean region