CSD 202 EXAM 3
Just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to ___________________ according to Weber's law.
Intensity of the stimulus
Interaural level difference cues help us localize sounds that are __________________ [ Select ] ["all frequencies", "High", "Mid", "Low"] frequencies and interaural time difference cues help us localize sounds thar are ___________________ [ Select ] ["Low", "High", "Mid", "all frequencies"] frequencies
High and Low
Pitch perception will be affected in individuals who have cochlear hearing loss because cochlear tuning and phase locking will be lost central auditory mechanisms become impaired detecting interaural level differences will be affected inner hair cells do not function properly
a
We can generate different pitch percepts from the same region of stimulation on the basilar membrane. This statement defies _________________ [ Select ] ["Central", "Place", "Temporal"] theory of pitch perception but supports ___________________ [ Select ] ["Temporal", "Central", "Place"] theory of pitch
Place and Temporal
Precedence effect is the auditory system using the first arriving sound (but not echoes) to determine the location of the sound the auditory system sampling multiple echoes to determine the location of the sound the auditory system using only the echoes (but not the first arriving sound) to determine the location of the sound the auditory system amplifying echoes to determine the location of the sound
a
Psychoacoustic tuning curve obtained using forward masking is sharper than that obtained using simultaneous masking because a forward masker causes less masking relative to a simultaneous masker a simultaneous masker causes less masking relative to a forward masker auditory filters are better suited for simultaneous maskers auditory filters are better suited for forward maskers
a
Pitch perception such as binaural band pitch and fused pitch is possible because the central auditory system compares information between two ears of cochlear compression of interaural level differences Weber's law
a
Ringing on the basilar membrane is one possible reason for the presence of forward and backward masking. Ringing is __________________ when the basilar membrane continues to vibrate after the stimulus presentation has stopped when the basilar membrane continues to vibrate during stimulus presentation when the basilar membrane amplifies sounds at low levels when the basilar membrane amplifies sounds at low levels after the stimulus presentation has stopped
a
Shorter duration signals (between 10 and 300 ms) require ______________ intensity to to maintain the threshold or detectability as a longer duration signals. higher lower equal slightly lower
a
Steven's power law suggests that loudness is a form of __________________ compressed intensity amplified intensity compressed frequency amplified frequency None of the above
a
The biggest problem with the method of constant stimuli is It can be very time consuming Subject never hears the sound The thresholds obtained are unreliable Subject always hears the sound
a
The difference between lateralization and localization is lateralization happens in 2D while localization happens in 3D lateralization happens in 3D while localization happens in 2D lateralization uses ILD cues but localization doesn't lateralization uses ITD cues but localization doesn't
a
The equivalent rectangular bandwidth is a convenient way to compare filters across frequencies because they are all converted to rectangles method to improve the quality of an auditory filter formula that is used to determine the quality of a filter corrections used to convert triangles to rectangles
a
The height (or length) of the equivalent rectangular bandwidth is the same as _____________________ peak amplitude/gain of the filter total area of the filter angle of the filter width of the filter
a
The missing fundamental is possible because the central auditory system is able to fill in for the missing harmonics the middle ear boosts low frequencies of cochlear amplification pitch is coded based on place theory
a
Thresholds can be obtained from: Both psychometric and adaptive procedures Psychometric functions Adaptive procedures Neither psychometric nor adaptive procedure
a
Weber law on discrimination ability suggests that the _____________________ is a constant proportion of the original stimulus level. just noticeable difference in intensity original stimulus level Weber fraction near miss
a
I am standing in the gym locker room and I yell to my friend who is on the other side of the room, but when I yell, echoes are produced on the tiled walls. Which of the following auditory phenomenon helps my friend determine where I am yelling from in the locker room? Binaural masking level difference Precedence effect Lateralization Spectral cues
b
If someone is very sensitive to sound, they will require ________________________ level to detect the presence of sound compared to some one who is considered less sensitive to sound. equal sound less sound sometimes more but other times less more sound
b
Integration across time is useful for humans because it offers better time resolution offers better frequency resolution offers better phase resolution
b
Low-frequency pitch can arise from high-frequency regions according to ________________ theory of pitch perception. Place Temporal Central Binaural
b
The difference between absolute (A) and the difference (D) threshold is A and D are the same there is no difference A and D are similar but the threshold for A is detection and B is discrimination A and D are two different concepts that do not bear any resemblance A is relevant to hearing but D is irrelevant
b
The frequency tuning ability of an individual is determined by the _____________________ frequency tuning of their ear canal frequency tuning of their basilar membrane frequency tuning of their middle ear frequency tuning of their pinna
b
The minimum audible angle is the ability to tell if a sound moved to the left or right the just noticeable difference for location the ability to localize the location of sound accurately the smallest angle one can see on an unit circle
b
Thresholds are used to establish: Neither detection nor discrimination Both detection and discrimination Discrimination Detection
b
What is changed in the notched-noise method to obtain an estimate of the auditory filter shape of an individual? level of the notched noise width of the notch in the notched noise frequency where the notch is placed in the notched noise timing of when the notch is presented
b
Which among the following will help resolve the cone of confusion? none of the above turning your head moving your arms up and down opening and closing your eyes
b
Which of the following attributes of the signal does loudness NOT depend on? Frequency Phase Level Duration
b
A false alarm in signal detection ability is when the subject responds that the sound is absent and it is absent responds that the sound is present, but it is absent responds that the sound is absent, but it is present responds that the sound is present and it is present
b
A harmonic complex has its first harmonic (fundamental frequency) at 100 Hz and its last harmonic at 10,000 Hz. What frequency will be the pitch percept be? 20,000 Hz 100 Hz 10,000 Hz 10,100 Hz
b
According to signal detection theory, if the _______ and _________ distributions are far apart mean that the signal is more likely to be audible, and therefore detectable. hits and misses signal and noise true and false detection and discrimination
b
An 8,000 Hz tone on the azimuthal plane is played from the right side. What type of coding will your auditory system use to detect the origin of the sound? Interaural time difference Interaural level difference Spectral cues Cone of confusion
b
For bandwidth to cause an increase in the sensation of loudness, the bandwidth must be larger than the critical band. This type of loudness information is coded in the auditory system by what physiological phenomenon? Auditory nerve rate coding Spread of excitation on the basilar membrane Frequency selectivity of the auditory nerve Volley theory
b
Pitch is the same as frequency a measure of how loud a sound is frequency attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered from low to high the phase correlate of sound
c
Signal A is presented at 20 dB SPL for 800 ms, Signal B is presented at 40 dB SPL for 400 ms, and Signal C is presented at 60 dB SPL for 800 ms. Which among the three signals will be the loudest? Signal A Signal B Signal C Signal A and C will be equally loud
c
Steven's power law describes loudness as compressed intensity, which part of the auditory system is responsible for this compressiveness? Pinna Middle ear Outer hair cells Inner hair cells
c
The relationship between masking and the critical band is: Masking occurs when the masker and signal are well separated in frequency Masking occurs when the critical band of the signal is too narrow Masking occurs when spectral energy of the masker falls within the critical band of the signal Masking occurs when the signal level within the critical band is too small
c
Each phon curve provides the relationship between loudness and __________________ time duration intensity frequency
d
One limitation of the temporal theory is that it doesn't explain pitch perception for harmonic complexes it doesn't explain pitch for modulated signals it doesn't explain pitch perception for low frequency pitch arising from high frequency regions it doesn't explain pitch perception at very high frequencies where phase-locking is not possible
d
Temporal (non-simultaneous) masking cannot occur due to which of the following reasons? Persistence of neural activity Adaptation in neural activity Ringing in the basilar membrane Middle ear muscle reflex activation
d
The two kinds of auditory localization are ___________________ localization and ___________________ localization
Azimuthal and Elevation
The threshold of hearing depends on __________________ if the duration of the signal is between 10 and 300 ms and on _________________ above 300 ms.
Energy and Power
While phon curve demonstrates the influence of ________________ on loudness, the sone curve demonstrates the influence of _________________ on loudness.
Frequency and Intensity
The auditory system does both _____________ sound over longer period and _____________ sound over short duration across time.
Integrate and Resolve
Pitch percept based on ______________________ signals agree with place theory.
Single sinusoidal
Adaptation in neurons could affect signal detection because the firing rate of neurons dip below their spontaneous rate the firing rate of neurons increase above their spontaneous rate the firing rate of neurons are maintained at their spontaneous rate the firing rate of neurons overshoot above their maximal firing rate
a
Cochlear hearing loss will affect pitch perception because basilar membrane tuning and phase locking will be affected Not true. Cochlear hearing loss doesn't affect pitch because cochlear compression will be lost the missing fundamental cannot be encoded
a
Given the following:Hits = 80% Misses = 20% False alarm = 60% Correct rejection = 40 % What will be the sensitivity of this participant? 60% 20% 40% 80%
a
If you are listening to "All about that Bass" by Meghan Trainor in your room using earphones at a volume that equals 45 dB SPL, and later you are on State St. and you have to use a volume setting that equals 65 dB SPL to hear the same song, what is the amount of masking 20 dB 45 dB 65 dB 110 dB
a
In the notched-noise method, what is changed to understand the detection of the tone? Notch width Notch height Level of the notched noise Frequency of the notch
a
Loudness is the perceptual correlate of _____________ Intensity Duration Frequency Phase
a
Which among the following are methods for determining frequency selectivity of the auditory system? (pick all that apply) Psychoacoustic tuning curve Notched Noise Method Masking Critical Band
a and b
What does the tuning curve tell us about filtering in the auditory system? (pick all that apply) It tells us the shape and bandpass nature of the auditory filters It doesn't tell us much of anything It tells us about the frequency selectivity of the given individual at a particular center frequency It tells us about how the auditory filter at a particular center frequency changes with level
a and c
Noise can have a pitch percept if we Not true. Noise can never be made to produce a pitch percept played it for a longer period of time modulate it at some frequency played it at a higher volume
c
Amount of masking can be calculated as the signal to noise ratio the product of quiet and masked thresholds the difference in quiet and masked thresholds the ability of someone to detect noise
c
In Weber's law for intensity discrimination, delta-I / I is a constant. That is, __________________ is the constant proportion of the original intensity (I) Sound pressure level Loudness Just noticeable difference for intensity Change in frequency
c
Increase in the bandwidth of the masker affects the detectability of the target signal (e.g., a tone) up to its ____________________, beyond which any increase in masker bandwidth does not affect the detectability of the target signal. masked threshold 2 kHz frequency Critical band signal threshold
c
Loudness recruitment refers to ____________________ Preservation of compressive growth in loudness despite the loss of outer hair cells Gradual increase in loudness in typically hearing individuals Rapid increase in loudness due to the loss of cochlear amplification and compression Recruiting someone to judge loudness
c
Masking is when: the ability to discriminate between two frequencies increases as a function of frequency the ability to resolve two frequencies improves the ability to detect one sound reduces in the presence of another sound the ability to detect one sound improves in the presence of another sound
c
When obtaining the modulation transfer function at a given modulation frequency, what quantity is changed to obtain the threshold of modulation detection? Carrier frequency Modulation frequency Modulation depth Signal level
c
When obtaining the psychoacoustic tuning curve, what is plotted as a function of frequency? tone bandwidth masker bandwidth narrowband masker level required to just mask the tone threshold of the tone
c
Which among the following options is incorrect with reference to temporary threshold shift (TTS)? Repeated instances of TTS can lead to permanent hearing loss TTS is caused due to fatigue in the auditory system TTS is useful for perceiving loudness Loud noise exposure can cause TTS
c
Which among the following will cause the least amount of masking? Simultaneous masking Forward masking with the signal and masker separated by 100 ms Backward masking with the signal and masker separated by 150 ms Forward masking with the signal and masker separated by 50 ms
c
Which combination of the following is an example of good detection? High hits and high false alarms High hits and high misses High hits and high correct rejections High hits and low correct rejections
c
The fundamental idea behind the binaural masking level difference is that ________________________ the brain is able to better detect signals in noise if the phase of the signals and noise between ears are the same the brain is able to better detect signals in noise if the signals are presented to one ear at a time the brain is able to better detect signals in noise if the noise is presented to one ear at a time the brain is able to better detect signals in noise if the phase of the signals between ears are different but that of the noise is the same
d
To improve our chances of obtaining a more reliable threshold we could: Decrease the number of trials Increase the number of both intervals and trials Increase the number of trials Increase the number of intervals
d
What will be the loudness level of a 60 dB SPL, 1 kHz, tone in phons? 30 phons 40 phons 50 phons 60 phons
d
Which of the following is NOT explained by temporal theory? Pitch of noise modulated at a certain modulation frequency Pitch based on periodicity of the signal Pitch of harmonic complexes Binaural band pitch
d
You are at a party and are talking to your colleague who is standing right in front of loudspeaker playing music. You find it hard to follow what he/she is saying, so you ask him/her to move to your right side -- now you can understand him/her much better. Which auditory phenomena are responsible for this improvement in speech understanding? Better ear effect Binaural processing Precedence effect Both better ear effect and binaural processing
d
When the frequency separation between tone and noise is large, _________________ noise amplitude is needed to mask the tone.
larger