cset physical education sub 130

balance

activities for ____________ include having children move on their hands and feet, lean, move on lines, and balance and hold shapes while moving

time

activities using the concept of ___________ can include having children move as fast as they can and as slow as they can in specified , timed movement patterns

force

activities using the concept of ____________ can include having students use their bodies to produce enough force to move them through space they can also paddle balls against walls and jump over objects of various heights

pushing

applying force against an object or person to move it away from one's body or to move one's body away from the object or person.

compassion and empathy

children can also develop _________________________________ for those who are having difficulty learning a particular game or movement

loyalty

children learn ________ to the group because their attendance and participation is crucial to the success of the activity -therefore their commitment to the event is important

turning

circular moving of the body through space releasing the base of support.

swinging

circular/pendular movements of the body/body parts below an axis.

3 domains of learning

cognitive (thinking), affective(emotion/feeling), psychomotor (physical/kinesthetic)

Aesthetics

human movement activities create an opportunity for individual participation activities with intrinsic aesthetic qualities. - gymnastic technique or perfectly executed swing of baseball bat relies on both physical training and a level of intuitive action - this is an artistic form of expression readily accessible to children recognizing beauty in activities and performances of others

anchor point

specific location on the archer's face to which the index finger comes while holding and aiming

catching

stopping momentum of an object (for control) using hands

kicking

striking an object with the foot

psychology

observation and interaction with behavior of children from diverse backgrounds in a training environment (where the training activities tend to focus more on "doing" which feels more genuine to children than the classroom setting of raising hands and answering questions) allows the child to see in others the same sorts of behavioral reasoning processes that he sees in himself -this humanizes others from diverse background and promotes concepts of equity among diverse groups

fair and impartial

students also learn to be ____________________________ to to others in the group as well as themselves, because everyone has to abide by the same rules

for purposeful and self directed living

the critical skills necessary _______________________________________ include realizing one's own uniqueness, recognizing and appreciating the uniqueness of others and expressing personal feelings and cooperating within a social structure in accordance with that society's norms and values. ultimately , this will help define oneself

During childhood

the development of social and appropriate social behaviors occurs _____________

climbing

Ascending or descending using the hands and feet with the upper body exerting the most control.

striking

giving impetus to an object with the use of the hands or an object

throwing

using one or both arms to project an object into midair away from the body.

social skills and values gained from participation in physical activities

- ability to make adjustments to both self and others by integration of the individual to society and the environment - ability to make judgments in a group situation - learning to communicate with others and be cooperative - development of the social phases of personality, attitudes,, and values in order to become a functioning member of society such as being considerate - development of a sense of belonging and acceptance by society - development of positive personality traits - learning for constructive use of leisure time - development of attitude that reflects good moral character - respect of school rules and property

factors related to development of individual identity and physical activity

- body image - physical appearance - skill level - media - culture - enjoyment and personal expression

benefits of physical education in the cognitive domain

- contributes to academic achievement - promotes higher thought processes via motor activity - contributes to an understanding of the human body - contributes to an understanding of the role of physical activity and sport in American culture - contributes to the knowledgeable consumption of goods and services

benefits of physical education in the affective domain

- contributes to self-actualization, self esteem, and a healthy response to physical activity -contributes to an appreciation of beauty - contributes to directing one's life toward worthy goals -emphasizes humanism - affords individuals the chance to enjoy rich social experiences through play - promotes cooperative play with others - teachers courtesy, fair play, and good sportsmanship -contributes to humanitarianism

two sequential phases to developing spatial awareness

1.) identifying the location of objects in relation to ones own body in space 2.) locating more than one object in relation to each object and independent of one's own body plan activities using different size balls, boxes, or hoops and have children move towards or away ,under or over in front or behind , and inside and outside and beside the objects

arm guard

A piece of leather or plastic that is worn on the inside of the forearm to protect the arm from the bowstring

arrow plate

A protective piece of hard material set into the bow where the arrow crosses it.

creeping

A slightly more advanced form of locomotion in which the person moves on the hands and knees

running

An extension of walking that has a phase where the body is propelled with no base of support (speed is faster, stride is longer, and arms add power).

vaulting

Coordinated movements that allow one to spring over an obstacle.

3 key ways PE & physical activity promote equity for diverse groups

Human growth and development -psychology -aesthetics

body awareness

Is a person's understanding of his or her own body parts and their capability of movement.

cognitive development

Language development is the most important aspect of cognitive development in small children (age 3-5). Allowing successes, rewarding mature behavior, and allowing the child to explore can improve confidence and self-esteem at this age Early elementary school children (ages 6-8) are eager to learn and love to talk. Children at this age have a very literal understanding of rules and verbal instructions and must develop strong listening skills pre adolescent children (ages 9-11) display increased logical thought, but their knowledge or beliefs may be unusual or surprising. differences in cognitive styles develop at this age (ex. field development or independent preference). in early adolescence age (12-14) boys tend to score higher on mechanical/spatial reasoning, and girls have better spelling, language, and clerical tasks Boys are better with mental imagery, and girls have better access and retrieval of information from memory . self efficacy (the ability to self evaluate) becomes very important at this stage later adolescence age (15-17) children are capable of formal thought but don't always apply it . Conflicts between teens and parents opinions and worldviews will arise. Children at this age may become interested in advanced political thinking

manipulative skills

Manipulative skills use body parts to propel or receive an object , controlling objects primarily with the hands and feet. Two types of _________________ are receptive (catch and trap) and propulsive ( throw, strike, kick) -Bouncing/dribbling -catching -kicking -rolling - striking -throwing -trapping

human growth and development

Movement activities promote personal growth and development physically, by stimulating muscular development, and emotionally, by raising personal confidence levels among children, and by allowing them to explore concepts of inter-group equity that may at first seem threatening. To the insecure child, the concept that another group may be equal to his own may seem to diminish his group, and the child by extension.

body rolling

Moving across a surface by rocking back and forth, by turning over and over, or by shaping the body into a revolving mass.

Developmental process

Physical play between parents and children, as well as between siblings and peers, serves as a strong regulator in the ____________________

development of social and emotional competence

Physical play during infancy and early childhood is central to the ______________________________

sliding

Sideward stepping pattern that is uneven, long, or short.

addressing the target

Standing ready to shoot with a proper shooting stance

back

The side of the bow away from the shooter

hopping

Using the same foot to take off from a surface and land.

All children

________ ____ can benefit , including children with communication, sensory, developmental or physical deficiencies

motivation

___________ is essential to student learning in physical education and all academic disciplines.

locomotor skills

_____________ move an individual from one point to another -crawling, creeping, walking, running, jumping, vaulting, leaping, hopping, galloping, sliding, body rolling

physical fitness activities

______________ incorporate group processes, group dynamics, and a wide range of cooperation and competition. ranging from team sports (which are both competitive and cooperative in nature) to an individual competitive sports (like racing) to cooperative team activities without a winner and loser (like a gymnastics team working together to create a human pyramid) there is a great deal of room for the development of mutual respect and support among the students , safe cooperative participation and analytical, problem solving, teamwork, and leadership skills

competence

______________ is the ability to perform some task. However , _____________ is also an outcome and does not describe the learning process. In order to measure reliably someones ability to do something there must be clearly defined and widely accessible standards that instructors can use to measure and evaluate performance. we must also take into consideration that )________________ is a measure of what someone can do at a particular point in time. Therefore a person may be _______________ at one task , sport or game, and not another or may also be able to do well at one point and either better or worse at another

rhythmic skills

_________________ include responding and moving the body in time with the beat ,tempo, or pitch of music. to develop ________________________ instructors can ask students to clap their hands or stomp their feet to the beat of the music. -dancing and gymnastics requires high levels of rhythmic competency. as with a physical skills development of rhythmic skills is a sequential process

learned helplessness

_________________ occurs in situations where continued failure may inhibit somebody from trying again and can also lead to many forms of depression. Thus it is very important how physical education instructors respond to children's failures and successes. if a student feels as though he cannot control his environment , this lack of control will impair learning in certain situations. That is ____________ often occurs in environments where people experience events in which they have or feel as though they have no control over what happens to them

Self efficacy

__________________ describes a persons belief about his/her capability to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. _______________ beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through cognitive, motivational, affective, and selection processes . a strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well being in many ways. people with high assurance in their capabilities view difficult tasks as challenges rather than threats. A student with high _______________ will be highly motivated to participate in sports and game related activities to build _____________ the instructor must not only raise the students belief in his/her capabilities but also structure situations that breed success and limit repeated failure. students with high _______________ measure success in terms of self improvement rather than by triumphs over others

ethics

__________________ is the determination of right from wrong

social norms

_____________________ are the rules that a group uses for values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

social learning theory

_____________________ focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. it emphasizes that people learn from one another and includes such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling _____________ asserts that people can learn by observing the behaviors of others and the outcomes of those behaviors . It further states that learning can occur without a permanent change in behavior Physical education instructors should also be note that cognition plays an important role in learning. awareness and expectations of future rewards or punishments can have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit thus socialization and reward/punishment can motivate students to learn

creative movement

_____________________ is a way for children to know themselves and to see connections with the rest of the world.

spatial awareness

______________________ is the ability to make decisions about an objects positional changes in space (i.e. awareness of three dimensional space position changes)

ballet dancers

_______________________ must have good flexibility, body control, and coordination , must also have a sense of rhythm and understanding of music good turnout and alignment and a sense of balance and counterbalance __________________ dancing may express a mood, tell a story, or simply reflect a piece of music and is the most classical of all dance forms

Teamwork situations

_________________________ are beneficial to students because they create opportunities for them to see classmates with whom they might not generally socialize and with whom they may not even get along with. it also creates opportunities for students to develop reliance on each other and practice interdependence. cooperative and competition can also offer opportunities for children to practice group work. these situations provide good opportunities to practice analytical thinking and problem solving in a practical setting

nonlocomotor skills

___________________________ are the stability skills where the movement requires little or no movement of one's base of support and does not result in change of position -bending, dodging, stretching, twisting, turning, swinging, swaying, pushing, pulling

technical movements

___________________________ must look as they are easy to perform - the dance must perform _______________ dance skills with artistic expression including musicality and rhythm -as the student progresses he or she will perform more extended movement sequences and rhythmic patterns

Important theories and concepts in student motivation

_____________________________ include attribution theory, social learning theory, learned helplessness, and self efficacy

experiences in creative movement

__________________________________ can help children respect the working space of others a they learn about "personal space" and "shared space" -they realize what they have in common with others -also learn to recognize , appreciate, and respect the differences in the people with whom they come in contact with. - children learn and respect the fact that all bodies come in various sizes and shapes - also learn to respect these differences in their peers

effort qualities

___________________are the qualities of movement that apply the mechanical principles of balance, time, and force

bow sight

a device attached to the bow through which the archer sights when aiming

crawling

a form of locomotion where the person moves in a prone position with the body resting on or close to the ground or on the hands and knees

arrow rest

a small projection at the top of the bow handle where the arrow rests

Children develop self-esteem

by evaluating abilities and by evaluating the responses of others

Types of risk takers

cautious risk taker , middle of the roader, adventurer or highend risk taker , and the social risk taker whose boldness increases when he or she is with friends. - also important to note that some children may be risk takers in one area - social, physical, intellectual, artistic and not in others

coordination

crucial to any form of dance is the concept of _____________in the performance of technical movements

attribution theory

describes how people make casual explanations and how they answer questions beginning with why? the theory deals with information people use in making casual inferences and with how they utilize this information to answer casual questions. - for instance a students aggressively competitive behavior may reflect her personality , or it may be a response to situational pressures . ________________ describes the processes of explaining events and the behavioral and emotional consequences of those explanations. _______ also claims that students perceptions of their educational experience affect their motivation more than the experience itself

bow weight

designates the amount of effort needed to pull a bowstring a specific distance

positive group influences

development of cooperation skills; acceptance of and respect for all persons regardless of race,creed or origin;assimilation of the group attitude ; opportunity to develop group relationships ; development of a spirit of fairness;development of traits of good citizenship development of leadership and following skills development of self discipline additional avenues for social acquaintances;development of social poise and self understanding ; development of a social consciousness with an accompanying sense of value ; and individual and social development

Benefits of physical education in the psychomotor domain

develops movement skills for participation in sports and other physical activities - develops skills to utilize leisure hours in mental and cultural pursuits develops skills necessary to the preservation of the natural environment

negative influences

ego-centered athletes, winning at all costs; false values, harmful pressures loss of identity , role conflict aggression and violence, compulsiveness over competitiveness ;addiction to exercise , where commitment to exercise has a higher priority than commitments to family , interpersonal relationships , work , and medical advice ; escape or avoidance of problems , exacerbation of anorexia nervosa ; exercise deprivation effects , fatigue, overexertion , poor eating habits , self centeredness , preoccupation with fitness, diet, and body image

pulling

executing force to cause objects/people to move toward one's body.

stretching

extending/hyper-extending joints to make body parts as straight or as long as possible.

galloping

forward or backward advanced elongation of walking combined and coordinated with a leap

rolling

initiating force to an object to instill contact with a surface.

assess

instructors can __________ body awareness by playing and watching a game of "simon says" and asking the students to touch different body parts -can also instruct students to make their bodies into various shapes from straight to round to twisted and varying sizes to fit into different sized spaces

rhythmic activities

instructors can create _____________ by putting on music with a strong beat and asking students to dance to the beat

values and personal conduct

movement activities require students to remember ______________________

bending

movement around a joint where two body parts meet.

archery golf (adaption of golf to archery)

players shoot for holes scoring according to the number of shots required to hit the target

jumping

projectile movements that momentarily suspend the body in midair

bouncing/dribbling

projecting a ball downwards

positive individual influences in physical activities

reduces tension and depresison; provides means of affiliation with others , provides exhilarating experiences , provides aesthetics experiences, creates positive body image , controls aggression , provides relaxation, and a change of pace from long work hours, study, or other stresses , provides challenges and sense of accomplishment provides a way to be healthy and fit , improves self-esteem through skill mastery. provides creative experiences , creates positive addiction to exercises in contrast to negative addiction to substances

twisting

rotating body/body parts around an axis with stationary base.

swaying

same as swinging but movement is above an axis.

dodging

sharp change of direction from original line of movement such as away from a person or object.

cant

shooting while holding the bow slightly turned or tilted

leaping

similar to running, but leaping has greater height, flight, and distance

Emotional development

small children (age 3-5) express ____________ freely and have a limited ability to learn how emotions influence behavior. jealousy at this age is common early elementary school children (ages6-8) have easily bruised feelings and are just beginning to recognize the feelings of others . Children this age will want to please teachers and other adults pre-adolescence children age 12-14) develop a global and stable self image (self concept and self esteem) comparisons to their peers and the opinions of their peers are important . an unstable home environment at this age contributes to an increased risk of delinquency young adolescence (age 12-14) can be a stormy and stressful time for children but in reality this is only the case for roughly 20% if teens . Boys will have trouble controlling their anger and will display impulsive behavior . girls may suffer depression . young adolescence are very egocentric and concerned with appearance and will feel very strongly that adults dont understand later stages of adolescence (ages 15-17) educators should be alert to signs of surfacing mental healthy problems ( ex. eating disorders, substance abuse, schizophrenia, depression and suicide)

social development

small children (ages 3-5) are _______ flexible. Different children will prefer solitary play, parallel play, or cooperative play. frequent minor quarrels will occur between children, and boys will tend to be more aggressive (children at these ages are already aware of gender roles) Early elementary school children (ages 6-8) are increasingly selective of friends (usually same sex) . Children at this age enjoy playing games but are excessively preoccupied by the rules. Verbal aggression becomes more common than physical aggression , and adults should encourage children of this age to solve their own conflicts pre-adolescence children (age 9-11) place great importance on the (perceived) opinions of their peers and of their social stature, and will go to great lengths to fit in. Friendships at this age are very selective and usually of the same sex young adolescence (age12-14) develop greater understanding of the emotions of others , which results in increased emotional sensitivity and impacts peer relationships. children at this age develop an increased need to perform In the later stages of adolescence (age 15-17) peers are still the primary influence on day -to -day decisions but parents will have increasing influence on long term goals - girls friendships tend to be close and intimate, whereas boys friendships are based on competition and similiar interests. many children this age will work part-time, and educators should be alert to signs of potential school dropouts

self esteem

successful participation in and contribution to team activities enhances a child's _____________

bow arm

the arm that holds the bow

identifies and demonstrates movement

the student __________________________________ elements in dance performance and uses correct body alignment, strength , flexibility, and stamina (for more demanding performances)

institution (group)

they realize also that the _______________________ is more important than the individual is

assist

those who are more knowledgeable can assist others who are not a proficient

the activity or movement

when everyone participates as a group in an activity the focus is on _______________________ rather than on the individual and individual differences

walking

with one foot contacting the surface at all times , _____________ shifts ones weight from one foot to the other while legs swing alternately in front of the body

trapping

without the use of the hands, receiving and controlling a ball.