CSET S1 (World History Constructed Response)
What is the Magna Carta? -Influence on US History Importance today
(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom -Limited the power of the king -Most important document in the English constitutional law -The principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial. Why was the Magna Carta created? -In 1215 King John agreed to the terms of the Magna Carta following the uprising of a group of rebel barons in England. -The barons captured London in May 1215, which forced King John's hand and caused him to finally negotiate with the group, and the Magna Carta was created as a peace treaty between the king and the rebels. The Magna Carta influenced what important U.S. document? -Bill of rights -US constitution -Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Industrial Revolution caused drastic changes throughout Europe and America. -List 3 effects of the Industrial Revolution on 1800s society -Chose one of these effects, citing specific examples, discuss its role in shaping present day society in the United States
-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Urbanization: Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism -A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. -Growth in use of machines -Transformation from agricultural to industrial nation -Improved roadways and waterways Present day: -People live in cities now -Increased the wealth of society -Environmental (pollution, resources)
(TTP Answer) The Industrial Revolution caused drastic changes throughout Europe and America. -List 3 effects of the Industrial Revolution on 1800s society -Chose one of these effects, citing specific examples, discuss its role in shaping present day society in the United States
-Advances in technology led toa societal transition from regional economies based on the work of individual craftsmen, to mechanized, factory-based means of production with the steam engine being enlisted for various industrial uses and machines like the Spinning Jenny revolutionizing textile production. -Three major impacts of this transition on 1800s society included urbanization, expansion of roads and waterways, and the rise of the middle class. -Urbanization occurred due to the rise of the factory system and the need for numerous laborers in these city-based industrial centers.Seeking these jobs, workers moved from the countryside into the cities and the surrounding regions, forming suburbs. One example of urbanization was Manchester, England, which became known as "Cottonopolis" due to the vast number of workers who moved to work in the cotton mills there. -The expansion of roads and waterways took place due to the vast amount of goods being produced, and the need for shipping pathways to facilitate trade with other regions. Canals were built and expanded to accommodate shipping vessels, and roads and railways were created for land transit. -The rise of the middle class was also a major effect of industrialization. While working conditions were often harsh, ordinary working people did find new opportunities for employment within the factories. Businessmen also found the opportunity to raise their stature as industrial wealth elevated their position relative to the land-owning nobility. -Today, the majority of Americans fall within the middle class, and the role of the middle class in shaping U.S. society is far-reaching.Middle class purchasing power is one of the preeminent drivers of theUnites States economy. Political parties and candidates court middle class voters because of their critical influence on the outcome of elections. And middle class investors are key to the financial strength of nearly all major publicly traded corporations in America.
In Egypt, as well as all early civilizations, the influence of geography was a significant factor in the area's development as a civilization -List 3 reasons to demonstrate how geography influenced the historical development of ancient Egypt -Select one of the factors you have identified and explain how the geographical factor you have selected helped shape ancient Egypt's history
-Egyptian history began along the banks of the Nile River -Egyptians depended on the river for sustaining their way of life -Egypt's naturally defensible borders of desert and sea generally prevented foreign invasion -Inventions and technology, development of papyrus and surveying were tied to geography -"gift of the nile" because of it's history, culture, religious beliefs are so closely tied to this river -Little rainfall and mostly desert, without the river, Egypt would not become an early civilization -Annual flooding of Nile each September provided huge amounts of fertile soil to control the waters of the nile and built damns to bring water to the fields during the dry seasons -Annual flood allowed for predictions and planning (plan for planting/harvesting) -Inventions: shadoof (water lifting machine), papyrus, calendar were directly connected ti geography and being along the nile river. -A need for local government developed in response to the irrigation projects associated with the Nile- for example, complicated building projects such as the dam.
Roman Empire contributions to the Western world/civilizations
-Greatest contribution- field of law/written code of law (rule of law/equality before the law, civil and contract law codes) Construction, engineering, road construction: -Extensive road systems that still stand today -Revolutionized building construction, engineering, road construction (200,000 miles of roads) Architecture: -Monumental architecture- the colosseum, aqueducts (way of transporting water) -Romans continued Greek tradition in literature, art, sculpture, and humanities -Latin was language of Rome (basis of a lot of languages today, Romance language, latin roots in many languages) Republican system of government: -Elected representatives -Three branches -Written laws -Basis for democratic governments around the world
Identify the geographic area associated with the origin of the Hindu religion and the areas where it spread -List four key beliefs of the Hindu religion -Explain how those beliefs separate Hinduism from other major religions of the world
-Hindu religion originated in the Indus River Valley of India -Spread throughout Asia. Four key beliefs: 1) Each person is born into a caste system or social group - 2) Belief in reincarnation -Hindus believe that after death all people will be reborn in either human or animal form (that's why they don't eat meat) -To Hindus, nothing truly dies and the spirit in death passes from one living thing to another -Reincarnation ties to belief in caste system 3) Cow is sacred -The respect for cow is part of Hindu belief, and most Hindus avoid meat sourced from cow as cows are treated as a motherly giving animal, considered as another member of the family. 4) Belief in polytheism -Believing in thousands of gods and goddesses -Three main gods are Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver), and Shiva (the destroyer) -While Christianity, Islam, Judaism are monotheism
The Age of Enlightenment. Period of exploration of new ideas in the "Age of Reason" was encouraged by the exciting process and discoveries of the scientific revolution. -What was the age of enlightenment? -What were the discoveries of the scientific revolution?
-More emphasis on freewill and free choice of religion. -People began questioning things and believing in change. -European intellectuals think about new ways of unifying and governing nation-states -Exploration of new ideas was encouraged by the exciting processes and discoveries of the scientific revolution Philosophy influenced by the Age of Reason: -Christianity and church dogma were questioned -The proper function of government was defined by Voltaire, Montesquieu, Locke, and Rousseau. Their ideas led to the philosophical bases for the American and French revolutions. -In economics, the doctrine of "laissez faire" stood in opposition to regulated trade -Adam Smith wrote the "Wealth of Nations" (1776) and advocated manufacturing as the true source of a nation's wealth (the laws of the market place and not government regulations dictate national economies); considered the father of modern economics What was the main idea of the age of enlightenment? -Focuses on rational thought -Reformation encouraged people to think and move for themselves -Break from church -Encouraged scientists to develop ideas independent of Church doctrine The Scientific Revolution -A major change in European thought, starting in the mid -1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. -Nicolaus Copernicus -Galileo Galilei -Johannes Kepler
Identify three significant causes that led to the fall of the Roman Empire: -Select two of the causes you have identified and explain why those were decisive factors in bringing about the collapse of the Roman Empire
-Rome was in economic and political decline- weakened the empire -Empire split into Western and Eastern Roman Empires -Barbarian invasions by the Goths, Vandals, Huns -Political instability (Decrease farm production) -There wasn't one person that was in charge (many emperors, kept changing) -Fighting among people to be emperor-Decreasing farm production -Inflation/financial problems -Wasteful spending by those in power -Decline value of currency -High employment -Excessive taxation -Decline of military (including use of mercernaries) -The rise of Christianity divided the empire Ineffective political system: -No formal system to chose emperor -Some were chosen directly by the emperor, other's heirs to the throne, some buy the throne -This informal and often corrupt process of succession resulted in weak and ineffective rulers and many political assassinations -Emperors became so weak, bribe army to stay in power Economic decline: -Economy of Rome was in decline -Emperors raised taxes to support the needs of army -Created burdens on the population (especially the common people) -Led to poverty and unemployment -Trade and commerce decline -Government reduced the value of coins -Money worthless = business hurt, crime increased, political instability worse Military invasions from barbaric tribes (german and barbarians):
Compare and contrast the Ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta -Consider Aspects such as government, geography, art, science, architecture, and the rights of the citizens
Athens: -Democracy, where the people had a direct voice in their country's government -Cosmopolitan city where art, theater, science, philosophy, and intellectual discourse were highly prized. Famous philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were all Athenians. -Men had more rights Sparta: -Ruled by a king and had a totalitarian government which controlled nearly every major aspect of the people's lives. -Contrast to cosmopolitan city, Sparta was militaristic (focused on war) -Eugenics -Women had rights -Strict system (boys sent to camp) Geography: -Athens was located along the Aegean Sea, and was a maritime trading culture. -Sparta was located in the Peloponnese of Southern Greece and was a largely land-based power. The two city-states would fight alongside one another to repel the Persian invasions of Darius I and Xerxes, but would later battle one another for Greek supremacy during the Peloponnesian War.
Identify two characteristics specific to the Athenian culture and two characteristics specific to Spartan culture -Select one of the characteristics you have identified and explain how the characteristics you have chosen defined the historical development of the city-state
Athens: -World's first democracy -Democratic institutions -Development of philosophy (Socrates, Aristotle) -Socratic method of teaching (taught through questioning) Sparta: -Military state -Believed that only through a strong military would the Spartan way of life survive -Death in battle was considered an honor -Cowardice was a disgrace -Sparta was essentially a warrior state -Dependent on superior military -Must listen to the state to maintain power -Purpose of government was to keep up with the military strength of the state -State owned most of the land -At birth, Spartan males belonged to the state -By age 7, boys enrolled in military camps -Spartan way of life even influenced mother's lives -Mothers examine their child to see if they were healthy -Those that weren't were left to die
Industrial Revolution -Causes of the Industrial Revolution -Results of the Industrial Revolution
Causes of Industrial Revolution: -The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions -Investment capital was available- rise of middle class provided an economic base -England favored industrialization Results of the Industrial Revolution: -A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system -Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers) -The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied) -The development of modern capitalism
The Renaissance
Renaissance: -End of middle ages -Not interested in classical anymore, changes in: (art, learning, and world views) -Italy -Revival of intellectualism, literature, philosophy, arts -Spread westward into northern Europe -Continued the road started in Middle Ages that would lead to modern Europe Causes: Historians have identified several causes for the emergence of the Renaissance following the Middle Ages, such as: increased interaction between different cultures, the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts, the emergence of humanism, different artistic and technological innovations, and the impacts of conflict and death. -Crusades Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman culture: -The emphasis was on man rather than God -There was a reawakening or rebirth of classical models -The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman culture: Works of Greeks and Romans reconnected Europeans with their ancient heritage Emphasis on "humanism" -Progress through rational thought -Universal nature of the human condition Secularism -Writing of the Greek and Roman philosophers and commentaries on their works -Free politics and governance from Church control Realism and formalism -Art that emphasized the lives of everyday people -Realistic rather than idealized depictions -Architecture based on Greek and Roman forms -People started to question the church (the reformation)
Muslim Empire and the Rise of Islam -Muslim contributions
Rise of Islam: -Emerging from the deserts of Arabia, Mohammed appeared as a messenger of God (Allah) -Conquered and brought most of the Arabian Peninsula under his control by the time of his death-Under Mohammed's successors, the conquest of surrounding regions in the name of Islam brought the lands of Mesopotamia, Persia, and all of the North Africa and southwestern Asia into the Muslim fold, creating a vast Islamic Empire Islam: -A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. -Followers are called Muslims. Contributions: -Through flourishing trade, Muslims would bring their advances in government, commerce, science, and the arts to the rest of the world. -Institutions: hospitals, medical schools, libraries, universities -Agriculture: cash crops, crop rotation -Mathematics: algebra, algorithms, Arabic numerals, decimal point -Globalization: exploration, work of scholars, trade (Atlantic, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, China Sea) -Science: methodology, theory and experimentation, astrolabe (astronomical instrument used to locate and predict the positions of the sun, moon, planet and stars), alchemy -Arts: calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, glazed pottery, Persian and Arabian mythology -Medicine: forceps, bone saw, scalpel, surgical needle -Technology: mechanical clocks, pointed arch, stained glass, windmill-Poetry, philosophy, literature
