CSS: Selectors and Visual Rules
Opacity
The opacity CSS property can be used to control the transparency of an element. The value of this property ranges from 0 (transparent) to 1 (opaque).
CSS Rule Sets
A CSS rule set contains one or more selectors and one or more declarations. The selector(s), which in this example is h1, points to an HTML element. The declaration(s), which in this example are color: blue and text-align: center style the element with a property and value. The rule set is the main building block of a CSS sheet.
Class and ID Selectors
CSS classes can be reusable and applied to many elements. Class selectors are denoted with a period . followed by the class name. CSS ID selectors should be unique and used to style only a single element. ID selectors are denoted with a hash sign # followed by the id name.
Write CSS in HTML File
CSS code can be written in an HTML file by enclosing the code in <style> tags. Code surrounded by <style> tags will be interpreted as CSS syntax.
Write CSS in Separate Files
CSS code can be written in its own files to keep it separate from the HTML code. The extension for CSS files is .css. These can be linked to an HTML file using a <link> tag in the <head> section.
Chaining Selectors
CSS selectors can be chained so that rule sets apply only to elements that match all criteria. For instance, to select <h3> elements that also have the section-heading class, the selector h3.section-heading can be used.
Selector Chaining
CSS selectors define the set of elements to which a CSS rule set applies. For instance, to select all <p> elements, the p selector can be used to create style rules.
Inline Styles
CSS styles can be directly added to HTML elements by using the style attribute in the element's opening tag. Each style declaration is ended with a semicolon. Styles added in this manner are known as inline styles.
CSS Type Selectors
CSS type selectors are used to match all elements of a given type or tag name. Unlike for HTML syntax, we do not include the angle brackets when using type selectors for tag names. When using type selectors, elements are matched regardless of their nesting level in the HTML.
Purpose of CSS
CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language that is used in combination with HTML that customizes how HTML elements will appear. CSS can define styles and change the layout and design of a sheet.
Class Selectors are denoted with...
Class selectors are denoted with a period . followed by the class name
Color Name Keywords
Color name keywords can be used to set color property values for elements in CSS.
ID selectors are denoted with...
ID selectors are denoted with a hash sign # followed by the id name.
CSS declarations
In CSS, a declaration is the key-value pair of a CSS property and its value. CSS declarations are used to set style properties and construct rules to apply to individual or groups of elements. The property name and value are separated by a colon, and the entire declaration must be terminated by a semi-colon.
Resource URLs
In CSS, the url() function is used to wrap resource URLs. These can be applied to several properties such as the background-image.
Separating HTML code from CSS code
It is common practice to separate content code in HTML files from styling code in CSS files. This can help make the code easier to maintain, by keeping the syntax for each file separate, and any changes to the content or styling can be made in their respective files.
Groups of CSS Selectors
Match multiple selectors to the same CSS rule, using a comma-separated list. In this example, the text for both h1 and h2 is set to red.
HTML attributes with multiple values
Some HTML attributes can have multiple attribute values. Multiple attribute values are separated by a space between each attribute.
Selector Specificity
Specificity is a ranking system that is used when there are multiple conflicting property values that point to the same element. When determining which rule to apply, the selector with the highest specificity wins out. The most specific selector type is the ID selector, followed by class selectors, followed by type selectors. In this example, only color: blue will be implemented as it has an ID selector whereas color: red has a type selector.
<link> Link Element
The <link> element is used to link HTML documents to external resources like CSS files. It commonly uses: href, rel, and type.
"!important" Rule
The CSS !important rule is used on declarations to override any other declarations for a property and ignore selector specificity. !important rules will ensure that a specific declaration always applies to the matched elements. However, generally it is good to avoid using !important as bad practice.
CSS ID selectors
The CSS ID selector matches elements based on the contents of their id attribute. The values of id attribute should be unique in the entire DOM. For selecting the element having job-title as the value of the id attribute, a # needs to be prepended.
CSS class selectors
The CSS class selector matches elements based on the contents of their class attribute. For selecting elements having calendar-cell as the value of the class attribute, a . needs to be prepended.
CSS descendant selector
The CSS descendant selector combinator is used to match elements that are descended from another matched selector. They are denoted by a single space between each selector and the descended selector. All matching elements are selected regardless of the nesting level in the HTML.
Background Color
The background-color CSS property controls the background color of elements.
Background Image
The background-image CSS property sets the background image of an element. An image URL should be provided in the syntax url("moon.jpg") as the value of the property.
Font Family
The font-family CSS property is used to specify the typeface in a rule set. Fonts must be available to the browser to display correctly, either on the computer or linked as a web font. If a font value is not available, browsers will display their default font. When using a multi-word font name, it is best practice to wrap them in quotes.
Font Size
The font-size CSS property is used to set text sizes. Font size values can be many different units or types such as pixels.
Font Weight
The font-weight CSS property can be used to set the weight (boldness) of text. The provided value can be a keyword such as bold or normal.
Text Align
The text-align CSS property can be used to set the text alignment of inline contents. This property can be set to these values: left, right, or center.
Setting foreground text color in CSS
Using the color property, foreground text color of an element can be set in CSS. The value can be a valid color name supported in CSS like green or blue. Also, 3 digit or 6 digit color code like #22f or #2a2aff can be used to set the color.
type
attribute to define the type of content being linked
href
attribute to specify the URL to the external resource
rel
attribute to specify the relationship of the linked document to the current document
