Cuban Revolution & Terrorism
The challenge with Terrorism
Without a doubt, terrorism evokes strong feelings whenever it is discussed. A key challenge of understanding terrorism is both acknowledging the moral outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time trying to understand the rationale behind terrorism.
Guerilla Fighter
a member of a band of irregular soldiers that uses guerrilla warfare, harassing the enemy by surprise raids, sabotaging communication and supply lines, etc.
Revolution attempts (both unsuccessful and successful)
o The Moncada Barracks o The Granma o Sierra Maestra o Santa Clara
Cuban culture
Cuba has a rich and diverse culture predominantly due to the different nations that settled there including Christopher Columbus (Spain, 1492), French immigrants (18th Century) and American military occupation (from 1898). During today's lesson you will learn about Cuba's culture today as an introduction to the topic. As you learn about Cuba's culture, consider how particular cultural tensions set the scene for revolution... LANGUAGES OF CUBA The official language spoken is Spanish. The type of Spanish they speak is a Caribbean dialect which shares many characteristics with the Spanish of Puerto Rico and Dominica. Other languages spoken is Creole and English. THE FLAG The National Flag of Cuba consist of 5 alternating stripes, three being blue and two white. A red equilateral triangle is on the left of the flag which has a white five pointed star within it. It was designed in 1849 and officially adopted in 1902 CAPTIAL CITY The Capital City in Cuba is Havana. Havana is also a major port and leading commercial centre of Cuba. It is located on La Havana Bay on the island's north west. Religion Cuba is a multicultural society with the largest organised religion of the Roman Catholic Church. Afro-cuban relgions, blends of native African religions and roman Catholicism are widely practised. However, in 1962, the government of Fidel Castro, the Communist Party shut down 400 Catholic schools, under the assumption that it was spreading dangerous beliefs for the people. In 1991, the communist party lifted its prohibition against religious believers. Historical Leaders - Fidel Castro was a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who governed the Republic of Cuba as Prime Minister from 1959 to 1976 and then as President from 1976 to 2008. - Fulgencio Batista was a soldier and political leader who twice ruled Cuba—first in 1933-44 with an efficient government and again in 1952-59 as a dictator. - Raul Castro is a Cuban politician who is currently serving as the 18th President of Cuba succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in February 2008. Politics Cuba is controlled by a communist government and has survived for more than 50 years. Fidel Castro controlled nearly all aspects of Cuban life through the Communist Party. - Relationships with USA / trade Cuba and the United States restored diplomatic relations on 20 July 2015. This has been disconnected in 1961 during the Cold War. U.S. diplomatic representation in Cuba is handled by the United States Embassy in Havana. - Culture The typical cuisine makes wide use of pork, fowl, and rice that is cooked with lots of spices. Tropical fruits are widely eaten as well. Popular dishes include moros y cristianos (black beans and rice) and ajicao (a stew of meat and vegetables) that is generally consumed with dark coffee. In Havana and Santiago, drama groups have regular performances. There are many kinds of music that is heard on the streets. Cuban music is mainly a mixture of African and Spanish origins and the dancing atmosphere is full of people dancing the salsa, habanera or comparsa.
1. How does imperialism/slavery impact the history of Cuba?
- slavery improved cubas economy sugar, tobacco, coffee profits go to spain resentment building - created socialclass division Spanish empowered, Cuban natives/Africans beneath, middle-mixed race/freemen
3. What was the major cause of American imperialism & 4. Why was nationalism also a driving force behind American Imperialism?
3. What was the major cause of American imperialism? - Economics (relief from the depression) - major cause Selling U.S products Coal deports to power steam boat 4. Why was nationalism also a driving force behind American Imperialism? Pride of country. Take more power and country - spread way of life - imperialism - manifestestony - US right to conquer all of America - god
The role of Che Guevera in the Revolution's success.
A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol of rebellion and global insignia in popular culture. Joined their 26th of July Movement and sailed to Cuba aboard the yacht Granma with the intention of overthrowing U.S.-backed Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. Guevara soon rose to prominence among the insurgents, was promoted to second-in-command and played a pivotal role in the victorious two-year guerrilla campaign that deposed the Batista regime. Following the Cuban Revolution, Guevara performed a number of key roles in the new government. These included reviewing the appeals and firing squads for those convicted as war criminals during the revolutionary tribunals, instituting agrarian land reform as minister of industries, helping spearhead a successful nationwide literacy campaign, serving as both national bank president and instructional director for Cuba's armed forces, and traversing the globe as a diplomat on behalf of Cuban socialism. Central role in training the militia forces who repelled the Bay of Pigs Invasion and bringing the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles to Cuba which precipitated the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
Definition of a revolution
A significant change in the leadership of a country usually brought about by violent uprising or war.
o Santa Clara
After several successful campaigns against Batista's forces in the mountains, Castro's forces invaded the city of Santa Clara in 1958 Batista, realising that Castro was victorious, fled the city at 3am on 1st January, 1959 for the Dominican Republic Castro then took Santiago and finally Havana. Welcomed with crowds of people displaying the red/black flag of July 26th Movement.
The history of the relationship between Cuba and the United States.
After the Spanish-American War of 1898, Cuba declared its independence from Spain and its status as an independent nation. America became involved in this war after its ship The Maine exploded in Havana's harbour and they blamed Spain. The Monroe Doctrine (1813) also spurred America to become involved as this document stated that Europe should not become involved in America's affairs and that any attempt to do so would be considered a direct threat to America. America supported Cuba's war effort and in 1902 Cuba officially became its own nation. However, America insisted that Cuba change its constitution. This was known as the Platt Amendment (1902) and it allowed America to remain involved in Cuba's affairs and to establish a permanent naval base there at Guantanamo Bay.
What causes revolutions
Although it may be difficult to find a common factor between the varieties of revolutions, it becomes increasingly important to point out that revolutions are not always caused by class struggle. Class struggle can be one of the causes of a revolution, but in most cases class struggle is not the only causing factor. Class struggle comes from something much deeper than a supposed alienation or unhappiness of lower classes. Politics also partakes in the causes of revolutions because rulers spreading new ideologies, such as enforcing beliefs to justify that person's rule and heavily forcing it upon the common population. With all the changes that come within a state such a political: change in power from one person to the next, or change in economics: people losing jobs or inflation, these changes will almost always effect the social aspects of a state. From the problems that are created, and the unrest of a state, class struggle will likely come out of the problems because those with the least will be the most impacted.
8. What did the U.S gain through the Platt Ammendment? Note: We will learn more about this important document next lesson!
America to lease naval base - guantanomo bay Stay involved in Cuban affairs America takes resources and involved in Cuban affairs which cubans do not like
Ideologies - Communism and Capitalism
An ideology is a set of beliefs that influences our outlook on the world. America is a capitalist society - a society where trade is owned by individual groups rather than the government, encouraging individuals to make profit for themselves (free market economy). After Fidel Castro and the fidelistas staged the revolution and deposed Batista, Cuba became a socialist state. Socialism refers to a system of government where trade is regulated by the government and wealth is distributed equally. It would later become a Communist state when it officially allied itself with Russia (1961). Communism is similar to socialism in many ways but (in theory) involves the working class owning all of a country's resources and distributing them based on need. It relies less on the government to control this distribution and is community based. The political spectrum is a model that we use to categorise different ideologies. It was first used after the French Revolution in the General Assembly where those who supported the king and queen sat on the right and those who opposed them sat on the left. 'Right Wing' politics refers to conservative/political ways of thinking. It preferences free market economy and the belief that individuals should support themselves with limited government interference or welfare (eg. government handouts). 'Left Wing' politics refers to more liberal or progressive ways of thinking (challenging the status quo). Left wing politicians support government control of resources and equal distribution of wealth.
The nature of terrorism
As one terrorist commander summarized, it is better to kill one person in front of a camera than to kill a hundred in a secret location. Terrorists need an audience. The second aspect of modernity's impact on terrorism involves mobility. This can be done locally or globally. The goal is to get to the target and get away. An attack can originate in the hills of South Waziristan and be carried out in London, or can be launched from a local neighborhood in Boston because the supplies needed for an attack can be gathered from a distance. Finally, the modern world provides weapons or materials that can be turned into weapons. These devices, in turn, are more powerful than instruments of the past. They can be used to kill a relatively large number of people. The destructive power of weapons-grade or homemade explosives have only increased since the Second World War. These three factors — instant communication, mobility, and access to destructive technology — mean that terrorism will continue to plague the world. Any small group of people or even an individual can participate. Two people can bring Boston to a halt. All of this implies that Americans need to begin to understand a new enemy. Terrorism is not a war in the traditional or constitutional sense. Terrorism is a method of fighting and it requires innovative tactical and strategic responses. It also requires responses that emphasize rationality over emotion. The first step to developing rational responses is to understand the nature of modern terrorism.
Cuba under the dictatorship of Batista.
Batista gained control of Cuba in 1933 and remained control behind the scenes until 1933 He was a dictator, pro-US, a few elite Cubans liked him, most did not. Under Batista's rule, the Cuban economy was dependent on sugar and therefore on US investment. Ruled Cuba as a hotspot for wealthy American businessmen (Casinos and brothels). Most Cubans not allowed in the Casinos as there were high minimum bets and standards of literacy and dress they could not meet due to poverty... He cultivated the support of the army, the civil service, and organized labour. While greatly enriching himself, he also governed the country most effectively, expanding the educational system, sponsoring a huge program of public works, and fostering the growth of the economy. Large-scale gambling, prostitution and casinos would dominate the agenda, combined with the establishment of a police state, which would act as an agency of terror and eliminate all political opposition.
The Revolution
Began on July 26, 1953 where Batista was driven from Cuba and cities of Santa Clara and Santiago seized by rebels Led by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Raul Castro and their associates. Fidel Castro sworn in as Cuba's president. Cuba becomes a One Party Socialist Republic Castro is well liked due to his anti-US stance
o Sierra Maestra
Castro and his remaining supporters sought refuge in the mountains Staged guerrilla attacks in smaller villages winning over the support of the working class who lived there No plumbing, lived in shacks, marched for hours on end...Castro earned nickname Caballo (the horse) for this Raided Batista's supply routes to gain more supplies Policy of 'constant mobility, constant distrust, constrant vigilance' Staged small, quick attacks on Batista's army Che and Raul executed Batista sympathisers or loyalists Use of escopeteros (poorly armed irregulars) to harrass the army, provide intelligence and protect military supply lines Approx. 300 Castro soldiers as opposed to 1000s in Batista's army Operation Verano July 1958 - Batista sent in his army to destroy the rebels - initially it failed. Battle of Las Mercedes: Castro's army almost destroyed.
o The Granma
Castro and his supporters were raided in Mexico by police who sympathised with Batista Castro and 25 men quickly boarded the weather beaten yacht (Granma) headed for Oriente province. Aimed for this to coincide with another uprising in Santiago and to overwhelm Batista's forces. Santiago rebellion failed and notified Batista's men of the incoming yacht 20 men killed when Granma attempted to land. Castro's men met incoming fire as they ran onto the beach, abandoning all of their supplies. Took refuge in the Sierra Maestra - their Plan B. Perfect place to launch guerrilla attacks.
Castro's rise to power
Castro was responsible for establishing the first Communist state in the western hemisphere, beginning what would become a nearly five-decade reign as leader of Cuba, less than 500 miles from US shores. When Santa Clara had fallen, Batista finally realised the situation was hopeless. News of his departure spread quickly as the telephone lines were jammed with people trying to call their friends. In the early dawn, thousands of people walked the streets of Havana in a state of intense excitement. Students gathered at the university and campus buildings with the red and black flags of the 26th of July Movement. When Castro learned of Batista's flight, he prepared to move on Santiago. They joined with other revolutionary groups and would deliver one of the most decisive military thrusts of the war. Together the rebel groups launched an offensive, which included a major effort to cut roads, and linked the province with the rest of the island. November Fidel and Raúl Castro's command stayed in Oriente and moved to capture Santiago. December By 6 December the army had suffered over 250 casualties and decided to abandon the garrison. These events demonstrated the significance of Castro's psychological warfare and his elaborate set of ambushes, complete with mines and traps. The US realised that the Batista army was crumbling and sent William Pawley, an American businessman with extensive interests in Cuba, to try to persuade Batista to resign. He promised that rebel forces would move into Cuba's cities to restore order and prevent a counter-revolution by the still relatively intact Batista army. All over Cuba revolutionary troops took possession of government buildings, police and radio stations, and military installations.
The legacy of Castro and the Cuban Revolution
Fidel Castro: romantic revolutionary or power-driven tyrant? On 26 November 2016, President Raúl Castro delivered the sombre news to his nation that his brother Fidel Castro had died, nearly 58 years after he had created a socialist state defined by revolutionary spirit and defiance of the US. The reaction was sombre in Havana itself, in a society rated by Human Rights Watch as among the world's most repressive, but the Cuban refugee population of the US left no doubt about their feelings, dancing and singing in the streets and chanting 'Cuba Libre!' Thousands of Cubans lined the streets for hours to pay their respects to Castro with mixed emotions in a hushed procession carefully choreographed by the government. Castro's death has aroused double standards on both sides of mainstream politics, perhaps highlighting a truth about humankind: we may believe we are in favour of good; however, we also have a tendency to overlook injustice when it suits us. Conservatives have been quick to criticise leftists who have long exalted Castro's achievements in overthrowing the corrupt Batista regime and ending American imperialism over Cuba, yet conveniently ignoring the death squads and human rights violations. The focus has been on the romanticism of the Revolution, which has overlooked the fact that Castro never truly carried out his promises of political reform - to the detriment of his own people. However, Western conservatives who observe Castro's legacy as an oppressive entity cannot disregard their own part in human rights abuses. Upon hearing of the demise of the Cuban dictator, President Obama commented, 'America will always stand for human rights around the world.' The comment was ridiculed by the British comedian Frankie Boyd, who responded, 'You've got a torture camp in Cuba.' Social media reflects the view that Fidel Castro was both loved and hated by Cubans. This is hardly surprising, considering that perspectives and interpretations about significant political figures are often determined by the personal advantage or disadvantage experienced by the public. Romantic revolutionary Power-driven tyrant Despite their crushing poverty, Cubans have one of the world's most egalitarian health systems, with life expectancy and infant mortality on a par with the world's richest nations. Life expectancy has increased and Cuba has the highest number of doctors per capita (in the world). Castro went on a bloody rampage after seizing power, executing hundreds of government officials, persecuting homosexual Cubans, historians, journalists and activists and creating a regime of extrajudicial executions, show trials and repression. Cuba had been able to significantly reduce illiteracy and increase school retention rates. Castro cemented his reputation as a hardhead prepared to gamble with the lives of people by provoking the terrifying Cuban Missile Crisis. Castro initiated the 'Solidarity Aid' program to East Timor in 2006, sending 300 doctors to the country and receiving almost 1000 young East Timorese on medical exchange programs in Havana. Castro was described by the New York Times as 'the master of image and myth'. In the first 15 years of his reign, more than a million Cubans left the country, often risking their lives in rickety rafts to cross the Straits of Florida. 194 Modern History Transformed Year 11 ISBN 978-1-108-41158-5 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party. © Daryl Le Cornu, Christopher Bradbury and Kay Carroll 2018 Cambridge University Press Romantic revolutionary Power-driven tyrant Castro went on to export revolution to Latin America, dispatching Cuban troops to fight Western-backed regimes and doctors to treat the world's poor. The legacy of Cuba is a reminder of the worst of the 20th century. The average monthly income of government is $20; collectivisation has ruined agriculture; food rations are sparse; Castro owned 20 homes and a private island. Castro's greatest successes were in Africa. Starting in 1975, after Angola gained its independence from Portugal and continuing for more than a decade, more than 200 000 Cuban soldiers rotated through the former Portuguese colony, where they successfully fought in support of a Moscow-backed faction's bid to control the country against factions backed by South Africa. Nelson Mandela credited Castro's military support for helping end apartheid in South Africa. Fidel Castro will be regarded as one of the most oppressive leaders in 20th-century history. He appointed himself President-for-life, abolished Christmas as an official holiday and banned freedom of speech and the free press. The people of Havana were prisoners in their own city and lacked many of the basic needs, such as plumbing and sanitation. Despite sending Cuban-educated doctors and Cuban-developed medicines and vaccines to different regions of Latin America, he failed to provide Cubans in central Havana with the same basic needs or protect civil liberties.
Who is Fidel Castro
Highly charismatic leader, speaker and effective guerrilla fighter Came from a relatively wealthy family - father a plantation owner Studied law at Havana university. Classmates were poor - sympathised with them Protested against corrupt government and military coup. Dissatisfied with government pandering to US needs and US involvement in Cuban affairs Became a symbol of Revolution in Latin America. Followers were called fidelistas
How do you predict that this change in ideology impacted Cuba following the revolution?
I predict that that this change in ideology from communism to socialism following the revolution was due to the fact that the Cuban government had been exploiting the workers for their time and hard work as well as not giving people power. They would have changed to socialism in order to have no competition between private companies as well as to allow people to work to the best of their abilities and taking what they need.
The role of Raul Castro in the Revolution's success.
In 1953, Raúl served as a member of the 26th of July Movement group that attacked the Moncada Barracks; he spent 22 months in prison as a result of this action. During his exile in Mexico, he participated in the preparations for the expedition of the boat Granma to Cuba. Raúl was one to reach a safe haven in the Sierra Maestra mountains, forming the core of the nascent rebel army. As Fidel's brother and trusted right-hand man, and given his proven leadership abilities during and after the Moncada attack, he was given progressively bigger commands. Raúl's abilities as a military leader during the revolution are hard to see clearly. After Batista's fall, Raúl had the task of overseeing trials and execution of scores of soldiers loyal to deposed president Batista
Why do you think people resort to terrorism
Key to delivering economic opportunities to disaffected youth groups. The absence of social, political and economic opportunities are a huge problem in many of the countries in which terrorist groups are active. The lack of social, political and economic opportunities can lead to alienation, frustrations, humiliation and hopelessness. Conflicts and failed states create safe havens for extremist groups allowing groups such as ISIS and al Shabab to thrive and maintain their relevance.
Long Term Causes
Long Term Cause 1 = Sugar 85% of Cuban economy based on sugar in 1950s Owned by a few wealthy Cubans and American Investors Therefore there were massive swings in the Cuban economy based on the price of sugar Important decisions regarding sugar production were made in Washington, not in Cuba Many farmers out of work when it was not sugar season (August - December). Long term Cause 2 - Anti U.S. Sentiment Politicians for the most part served American interests as America owned most of Cuban economy through its sugar investment Cubans had resented America's continued involvement in Cuba's affairs since the end of the Spanish-American War (Platt Amendment). Anti-imperialist sentiment was high. Long term cause 3 - political instability Cubans had very little experience governing their own country and limited periods of political stability. A few reforms but nothing much accomplished America had essentially ruled Cuba three times since 1900s (though puppet government/leader - Batista) Long term Cause 4 - class divide and inequality There was also a large class divide between the poor and the Cuban elite. The poor felt that their interests were not being met. Rich elites made up a small proportion of the population Poor were majority. Afro-Cubans (mestizos) Attempts by the workers to unionise were unsuccessful
Causes of the revolution
Long Term Cause 1 = Sugar Long term Cause 2 - Anti U.S. Sentiment Long term cause 3 - political instability Long term Cause 4 - class divide and inequality Short term cause 1 = batista's regime (1952-1959) Short term cause 2 = the rise of castro
The role of Camilo Cienfuegos in the Revolution's success.
Member of the 1956 Granma expedition, which launched Fidel Castro's armed insurgency against the government of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. He became one of Castro's top guerilla commanders. His signature weapon was the Thompson submachine gun. He was appointed head of Cuba's armed forces shortly after the victory of Castro's rebel army in 1959.
The growing tension between the U.S., the USSR and Cuba with the Bay of Pigs Invasion
On 15 April 1961 several aeroplanes, piloted by Cuban exiles, bombed Cuban airfields and military quarters. The destination for the invasion was the Bay of Pigs, located on the south coast of Cuba, alongside vast stretches of treacherous swampland. The CIA assumed that, once a beachhead was established, Between the beach and the swamp, a small strip of land contained an airfield and adequate space for a command post. The invaders met with heavy resistance as soon as the first landing craft reached shore on the morning of 17 April. The local militia had been alerted by sentries and went immediately into action. the Revolution had markedly improved the lives of much of the Cuban population which was, therefore, intensely loyal to the Castro regime. The Cuban air force delivered a crushing blow to the invading forces, sinking several ships and forcing the survivors to retreat far off the coast. By the following day, 18 April, the invaders were surrounded. • The Bay of Pigs fiasco was a personal triumph for Fidel Castro and a political watershed for the Cuban Revolution. The counter-revolution had received a heavy blow and both Cuba's national pride and popularity were greater than ever. The surge in Castro's popularity following the Bay of Pigs invasion kept public dissatisfaction to a minimum.
Draw political spectrum & list the spectrum
Political spectrum: Left: progressive thought, government control, government handouts 1. Communism 2. Socialism 3. Democrats 4. Greens Centre: a balance of both. Avoid policies that sway thought one way or another: 1. Labour (ACP) 2. Liberals (Coalition) Right: conservative, tradiational, decreased government control - free market economy 1. One nation (Pauline Hansen) 2. Republicans: maintain gun laws, gay marriage forbidden, strict immigragtion policies 3. Shooters + fishers, family first 4. Christian democrats
Fidel Castro - his disillusionment and motivation in overthrowing the Cuban government.
Protested against corrupt government and military coup. Dissatisfied with government pandering to US needs and US involvement in Cuban affairs Overall, however, most historians have been found to agree on the fact that the Cuban Revolution was a success for the people of Cuba, and that the success was accomplished in large part to the leadership and intellectual prowess of Fidel Castro. Though they argue over who or what influenced Castro to spark this revolution, his success was for those people in Cuba who were oppressed by the government under Batista.
Short term causes
Short term cause 1 = batista's regime (1952-1959) Corrupt, did not bring about reforms Even the middle class opposed him America pulled out support as Batista's regime crumbled Short term cause 2 = the rise of castro • Initial attack on Moncada Barracks in 1953 failed, Castro was captured but later freed which gave revolutionaries hope • Creation of the July 26th Movement • Batista's forces ultimately defeated • Castro's movement gained support in Cuba and even in America. • Gained appeal as a competent leader and successful Guerilla fighter. He promised to end US interference and appealed to the interests of the working classes.
Imperialism and the Origins of Cuba
Slavery and imperialism heavily impacted Cuba's history. As various colonisers exploited Cuba for its ability to produce vast quantities of sugar, this caused tension between the colonisers and the colonised - sewing the seeds for a series of revolutions. 1. When was the period of major expansion and who were the colonisers and colonised nations (give at least 3 specific examples of each)? New imperialism. 1890s? e.g. building a canal through central America Hawaii, Guam, Alaska, Philippians (Spanish) is colonised Russia, US, British, Japan, China are colonisers 2. Who were the first victims of American imperialism? Native Americans and Mexicans 3. What was the major cause of American imperialism? - Economics (relief from the depression) - major cause Selling U.S products Coal deports to power steam boat 4. Why was nationalism also a driving force behind American Imperialism? Pride of country. Take more power and country - spread way of life - imperialism - manifestestony - US right to conquer all of America - god 5. What resources and facilities did America gain from Hawaii? Pineapples, sugar, gold, naval base 6. What was the cause of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Phillipino War and how did this affect Cuba? The was native Cubans were revolting against Spain who had a hold on Cubans. 95,000 died from disease. 7. What did the U.S. stand to gain from defeating the Spanish in this war? To get Spain out of Cuba Get profits from Cuba for sugar to get rise in economy - resources Strengthening empire To gain independence from Spain US DOES NOT COLONISE CUBA UNTIL LATER Piracy is occurring trying to conquer parts which would affect US US got new land such as Guam Annex Hawaii 8. What did the U.S gain through the Platt Ammendment? Note: We will learn more about this important document next lesson! America to lease naval base - guantanomo bay Stay involved in Cuban affairs America takes resources and involved in Cuban affairs which cubans do not like
1. Why were slaves brought to Cuba and where did they come from? 2. When did slaves begin to arrive in Cuba?
Slaves were brought to Cuba in order to be put in the sugarcane fields. These slaves were brought over from the western coast of Africa. E.g. Nigeria and Angola The slaves began to arrive in Cuba during the 16th century.
Strengths of Communism & Weaknesses of Communism
Strengths of Communism: Limit worker exploitation Eliminate economic classes Mobilise people and resources in clear directions Organised manner Weaknesses of Communism: Corruption No power to people
The growing tension between the U.S., the USSR and Cuba with the Cuban Missile Crisis
Tensions between Cuba and the US intensified in 1962. In January the Organization of American States, responding to an American request, expelled Cuba as a member, citing its 'revolutionary belligerency' in the region. The hostility between Cuba and the US emphasised the importance of Cuba's new relationship with the Soviet Union. Cuba's ties with the Soviet Union expanded. The Soviets, now Cuba's main trading partner, also began to supply the Caribbean nation with massive economic and military aid. In July 1962, Raúl Castro visited the Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and the Soviet Union promised to supply Cuba with increased defence weapons, including a number of medium- and long-range, nuclear-armed missiles. Khrushchev believed that once Soviet missiles were securely based in Cuba, the US would not risk triggering a nuclear war with another invasion. Castro accepted the missiles because he did not want to offend Russia, but at the same time thought the weapons would help defend Cuba. • Kennedy had restored his reputation from the Bay of Pigs debacle and was revered as a symbol of strength at a time of crisis. • Both Khrushchev and Kennedy demonstrated incredible restraint and responsible leadership in stopping what would have been the most dangerous and direct conflict in the Cold War. • Fidel Castro suffered no loss in popularity for his role in the crisis, but he was now alert to the dangers of becoming embroiled in international power politics.
2 Explain why the US became involved in the political affairs of Cuba. Why was this such an important document in defining Cuba's relationship with America for the next 30 years?
That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its defence, the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States. By its terms, it defined Cuba's relationship with America as it allowed the Good Neighbour Policy where if Cuba was attacked then America would help and in return America got resources and a naval base.
July 26th movement
The 26th of July Movement was a vanguard revolutionary organization then a party led by Fidel Castro that in 1959 overthrew the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba. The Movement fought the Batista regime on both rural and urban fronts.
The causes of terrorism
The causes of terrorism appear to be varied. There does not appear to be one lone factor that leads people to engage in acts of terror. Scholars have categorized motivations for terrorism to include psychological, ideological, and strategic. Psychological Perspective Those who engage in terrorism may do so for purely personal reasons, based on their own psychological state of mind. Their motivation may be nothing more than hate or the desire for power. For example, in 1893 Auguste Vaillant bombed the French Chamber of Deputies. Prior to his conviction and subsequent execution Vaillant explained his motivation in terms of hate for the middle classes. Vaillant wanted to spoil the sense of economic and social success, by tainting it with his violence. In many respects this terrorist is interested in getting attention from others for his or her act, rather than some grand ideological or strategic goal. Ideological Perspective Ideology is defined as the beliefs, values, and/or principles by which a group identifies its particular aims and goals. Ideology may encompass religion or political philosophies and programs. Examples of terrorist groups motivated by ideology include the Irish Republican Army (IRA), in Sri Lanka the Liberation Tigers of Tamal Eelam (LTTE), and the Bader Meinhoff in Germany. The IRA is motivated by a political program to oust the United Kingdom from Ireland and unite Ireland under one flag. Similarly the LTTE seek to establish a separate state for their people, the Tamals in Sri Lanka. Finally, the Bader Meinhoff was a terrorist group made up of middle-class adults who opposed capitalism and sought to destroy capitalist infrastructure in Germany. Strategic Perspective Terrorism is sometimes seen as a logical extension of the failure of politics. When people seek redress of their grievances through government, but fail to win government's attention to their plight, they may resort to violence. From this viewpoint, terrorism is the result of a logical analysis of the goals and objectives of a group, and their estimate of the likelihood of gaining victory. If victory seems unlikely using more traditional means of opposition, then one might calculate that terrorism is a better option. For example, in South Africa the African National Congress only turned to the use of terrorism after political avenues were explored and failed. Of course, not just individuals may feel let down by the political process. States may use terrorists in the pursuit of their own strategic interests. States may sponsor terrorist groups, especially when the objectives of the state and the terrorist group are similar. For example, Libya used terrorists to explode a bomb aboard Pan Am 103 flying from London to New York in 1988, allegedly in response to U.S. and British bombing of Libya. Conclusion It is impossible to say for sure what causes terrorism. A person's psychological make-up certainly will play a role, but to what extent is unclear. Some may come to terrorism, not out of any love for violence, but rather to further their ideological goals. Others may be motivated to use terror simply because it appears to be a useful strategic alternative, or may further the state's objectives. Indeed, terrorism may occur for psychological, ideological, and strategic grounds all at once. An individual may decide terrorism fits his or her own view of the world—that it makes sense. A group may come to use terrorism because it furthers and is supported by their ideology. Finally, groups or persons may use terrorism because it fits with their strategic objectives and goals.
Fidel Castros leadership
The personality of Castro was significant - he was charismatic - the ideas the practice of glorifying a single leader and where government is controlled by leaders whose power typically rests on some combination of force and personal charisma) This is representative of many South American rebel leaders (the Peronistas, the Santa Annists, the Fidelistas)
Definition of terrorism
The systematic use of terror (such as bombings, killings, and kidnappings) as a means of forcing some political objective. When used by a government, it may signal efforts to stifle dissent; used by insurrectionists or guerillas, it may be part of an overall effort to effect desired political change."
Terrorisms complexity
The topic of terrorism is both complex and emotive. It is complex because it combines so many different aspects of human experience, including subjects such as politics, psychology, philosophy, military strategy and history (to name a few). Terrorism is also emotive because experiences of terrorist acts arouse tremendous feelings and because those who see terrorists as justified often have strong feelings concerning the 'rightness' of the use of violence.
6. What was the cause of the Spanish-American-Cuban-Phillipino War and how did this affect Cuba?
The was native Cubans were revolting against Spain who had a hold on Cubans. 95,000 died from disease.
7. What did the U.S. stand to gain from defeating the Spanish in this war?
To get Spain out of Cuba Get profits from Cuba for sugar to get rise in economy - resources Strengthening empire To gain independence from Spain US DOES NOT COLONISE CUBA UNTIL LATER Piracy is occurring trying to conquer parts which would affect US US got new land such as Guam Annex Hawaii
o The Moncada Barracks
Took place on July 25th, 1953. The plan was to capture the armoury whilst the troops were distracted with the Santiago festivities taking place 26 carloads of rebels arrived dressed as soldiers. Took Palace of Justice and the Hospital nearby but Castro failed to take the Barracks - blocked by gunmen. One escaped to sound the alarm. Castro and his men imprisoned. 80 men killed Famous quote by Castro: History will absolve me. He named his protest movement the July 26th Movement after the failed Moncada invasion Fundraised, held protests, spoke in public but ultimately decided to leave to launch an invasion from foreign soil. Left for Mexico in 1955. Travelled around America gaining support and money Gained $40 000 from a supporter in 1956 which was used to buy a yacht.
1 According to the Platt Amendment, explain why the US had the right to 'intervene' in Cuba and why there should be a naval base on Cuba.
United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba.
The history of terrorism
Violence has been used throughout human history by those who chose to oppose states, kings, dictators etc
Weaknesses of Socialism & Strengths of socialism
Weaknesses of Socialism: Private property taken away - classless, moneyless, stateless Corruption No power to people Eliminate economic classes Limit worker exploitation No private companies holding ownership - no competition Allowing people to work to the best that they can Healthcare, Equally responsible for contributing to economy - takes what they need
Cuban Culture
• Main language Spanish. • Culture has Asian, French, Spanish and American influences • Communist political system with a one party state • Poverty present • BUT some of the highest literacy rates in the world • Vintage cars • Sugar and rum (made from sugar) major exports. BUT very fragile economy and food shortages • Famous for Latin music and dances: Cha Cha, Bolero, Mambo, Cuban Salsa
What makes a revolution? What do they involve?
• Protests • Mass involvement. Large numbers of people have to decide that their current situation is intolerable and that it is both necessary and possible for them to change it. • Revolutionary structures. Revolution means changing not just policies, but more importantly the people who make the policies.
Are they the most effective way to address social issues - what might the pros and cons be? What are the Downsides?
• We could free ourselves from the rich and greedy • We could take back what the rich have stolen from us • We could punish the rich for their misuse of us • We could establish a new order of equality and liberty • We could return to the values of our founding fathers • We could tear down the bureaucracy • We could be free to live our lives as we choose • We could set right the injustices of our society • We could change our society from one based on money to one based on good deeds • We could establish a form of government based on justice and freedom • We could free ourselves from the tyranny of money • We could free our country from foreign ownership • We could discontinue all the frivolous and wasteful things our government does • We could elect leaders truly from and for the people • We could reshape our society to favor those who contribute the most to everyone's benefit and welfare rather than those with the craft and cunning to amass wealth and power for themselves If the military does not happen to side with the revolutionaries there might be trouble. Not for nothing does our government maintain a formidable military force.
