CULACT
Historical Consciousness
"One effective way to weaken historical consciousness, critical thinking, the struggle for justice and the processes of integration is to empty great words of their meaning or to manipulate them. Nowadays, what do certain words like democracy, freedom, justice or unity really mean? They have been bent and shaped to serve as tools for domination, as meaningless tags that can be used to justify any action." - Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti
Florentino Hornedo
"Philippine culture is not lineal. It is sapin-sapin... and when you deal with Filipinos, it depends on how deeply you go into the sapin-sapin you'll be encountering the aboriginal, the Hispanic, the American, and the Postmodern all in one."
Hobsbawm's View of Nationalism
- "any sufficiently large body of people whose members regard themselves as members of a 'nation', will be treated as such." (from Indio to Filipino) - Bottom-up Perspective - Nations exit out of necessity for socio-economic development (e.g. former colonies)
Ernest Renan (1823-1892)
- French historian and philosopher - Orientalist
Miroslav Hroch (1932)
- Historian and Political Theorist at Charles University in Prague - Known for the Comparative History of East and Central Europe and the study of their social and nationalist movements
Patriotism
- Unqualified dedication to the state and what it stands for - Requires being with the people Note: nationalism, for many countries, is ethnic, racial (seen by some as divisive)
The Issue of Poverty (Statistics)
1 (23.75 million ) out of 4 Filipinos (113.9 million) are poor 1 out of 5 families are poor; 4.21 million 1 out of 10 families are extremely poor 17.8% or 3.9 million families experienced involuntary hunger
Top 10 Causes of Poverty in the World
1. Exploitation by colonial and neocolonial powers 2. An underdeveloped agricultural system even if it is the main source of the economy for many backward countries till today 3. Illiteracy, unemployment and debt 4. Geographical factors including weather and climate, natural disasters, land-lockedness, unfavorable terrain and the likes 5. Rampant corruption (this affects the developed countries too, as evident of recessions and financial crises in these countries) 6. Group hostilities, wars, conflicts, confrontation and weak community social relationships 7. STRUCTURAL 1/ADJUSTMENTS AND MONOPOLIES played by organizations such as World Bank and IMF* 8. INCOMPETENCE of the authority plus the lack of efficient and effective institutions 9. INABILITY to control RESOURCES 10. CULTURAL FACTORS such as discrimination on the bases of sex, age, race ethnicity and caste
General Interventions to Address Poverty
1. Institutions' ability to eradicate poverty (Government, NGOs, Schools, etc.) 2. Public Financing for Poverty Reduction in an adaptive and politically "smart" way 3. Engage in people-centered investments (e.d. Education and Training) 4. Prioritization of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Health; followed by Infrastructure for Industrialization 5. Promotion of Social Justice
Theories of Development [Walt Whitman Rostow]: 5 Stages of Economic Growth
1. Traditional society 2. Pre-conditions for take off 3. The take off 4. The drive to maturity 5. Age of mass consumption
Monumental Years
1872 1896 1898 1945 1946
3 Keys in Creating a Nation [Hroch's View of Nationalism]
A memory of a common past, treated as a destiny of the group A density of linguistic or cultural ties enabling higher degree of social communication within the group or beyond it A conception of the equality of all members of the group organized as a civil society
WHY DO SDGs MATTER
A unified and unifying plan of action Holding governments accountable Bringing the world together Universality = because we're living in a VUCA world which requires people to be creative & innovative.
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 2
Achieve universal primary education From 100M (2000) individuals not attending school, 57M were left (2015)
THE MAIN GOALS FOCUS ON THE 5Ps: Prosperity
All human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that economic, social, and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature. continued economic & technological growth 7: Affordable and clean energy 8: Decent work and economic growth 9: Industry, innovation, and infrastructure 10: Reduced inequalities 11: Sustainable cities and communities
Class Distinction [Arguments of Dependency Theorists]
All the elites cooperate with one another to ensure that they stay in power and they increase their own wealth They collaborate to keep the system the way they are in
Theories of Development [Walt Whitman Rostow]
American Economist, national security advisor to US President Lyndon Johnson
Michael Paul Todaro (1942)
American economist, development economics pioneer Yale University Development is a multi-dimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the entire economic and social systems
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda]
At the beginning of the new millennium, world leaders gathered at the UN to shape a broad vision to FIGHT POVERTY in its many dimensions That vision was translated into 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The MDG framework has guided development work across the world for the past 15 years
Understanding the UN Development Agenda
Before SDGs there were MDGs
Ernest Gellner (1925-1995) [Theories of Nationalism]
Born in Paris on December 9, 1925 Educated at Oxford, PPE (1949) London School of Economics' Professor of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method (1962) Cambridge Professor of Social Anthropology Head, Center for the Study of Nationalism in Czech Republic Of Jewish origin, witnessed the population modification of his place in Prague by the Nazis and witnessed the rise of Communism
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 6
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases From only having 0.8 million amount of medicine for HIV (2003), 13.6M people were given medicine (2014)
Primary Document Review (Recto Reader)
Compilation of all his speeches, memoir, and articles (Claro M. Recto) Why import? Economic nationalism means the control of resources of the Philippines so that they may be utilized primarily in the interest of the Filipinos
Possible solutions [The Role of Labor in our Economic Emancipation (September 8, 1957; CM Recto)]
Countries like the Philippines should work on establishing a self-reliant economic system, that would entail a more independent stance even in the political sphere Examples: decision of Ferdinand Marcos in the 70's to explore the possibility of opening our markets to the Soviet Union and China, the leading nations at the other side of the Cold War arena and the framework of a New Society which aimed at self-reliance and a more Filipino-centered socio-economic framework. This could also be viewed as a possible inspiration to the so-called "Resurgent Nationalism" of Rodrigo Duterte in the early years of his term; which originally aimed at distancing from the American sphere of influence and recalibrate the country's foreign policy. BUT BOTH ARE MERE "POSTURINGS" or merely sided with another superpower
Technological Evolution:
Countries that had technological evolution continuously develop.
Maps: Acceleration
Determining policy areas that when tackled can directly affect multiple development priorities and have a multiplier effect across the SDGs.
The Concept of Development: A Review
Development is a concept and multi-facetted phenomena.
[MDGs became the way for the existence of SDGs Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030)] What is Sustainable Development?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs as well. In creating the 2030 SDGs not only world leaders attended but also other non-government leaders → focusing on all perspectives of a problem Leaving no one behind This gave way to all sectors that was not given focus by the MDGs before to be heard 17 goals, 169 targets MDGs were not introduced in the academe, SDGs were. This is to introduce and change the mindset of people to help the future 15 years developmental plan, predecessor was Millenium Development Goals (2000-2015) In September 2015 Heads of State and Government agreed to set the world on a path towards sustainable development through the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development The goals provide a framework for shared action "for people, planet and prosperity," to be implemented by "all countries and all stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership." Leave no one behind
Need for clean and green policies and practices
Disasters (Natural and Man-made) [The Multi-dimensional Face of Poverty]
Social Inequalities
Economic growth is not sufficient to eradicate poverty (people) Lack of access to infrastructure and basic services Poor households constrained to obtaining food, education, and healthcare for their children only (stagnant) Inequitable distribution of resources, people, and opportunities (e.g. labor issues)
Sustainable Development [The New Economic View of Development]
Economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects must be integrated in a harmonious manner to enhance the intergenerational well-being (World Bank 2003). Make Poverty history (2000) Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs as well
THE MAIN GOALS FOCUS ON THE 5Ps: People
Enabling poverty and hunger in all their forms and dimension s Ensuring that all human beings can fulfill their potential in dignity and equally and in a healthy environment 1: No poverty 2: Zero hunger 3: Good health and wellbeing 4: Quality education 5: Gender equality
Millennium Development Goals (2000 - 2015) Goal
End poverty by 2015
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 7
Ensure Environmental Sustainability 98% of the ozone-depleting substance eliminated since 1990
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 1
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Poverty rate was cut in half (1990 = 47%, 2015 = 14%)
Imagined as Limited [Elements of Anderson's View]
Every "nation," no matter how large, has finite boundaries or borders
Poverty Among the Basic Sectors
Farmers and Fisherfolks - The poorest sector in the country - They are mere tenants of land, not owners
Francois Perroux (1903-1987)
French economist Development as "the combination of mental and social changes among the population which decide to increase its real and global products, cumulatively and in a sustainable manner" Growth Pole Theory: development is varied in regions, happens only in one pole or cluster (or social groups)
Gross National Happiness [The New Economic View of Development]
GDP is no longer an accurate measure of economic progress Gdp is harmful to the environment therefore it does not measure the wealth of the people Conversion of nature to cash GDP < GNH as the measure of economic growth Bhutan: 2nd fastest growing GDP in the world, at the same time as maintaining their environment and cultural identity (2007) King Jigme SIngye Wangchuck (1972) of the Kingdom of Bhutan once said, " Gross National Happiness is more important than National Product." GNH measures people's quality of life and makes sure that material and spiritual development happen together (sabay umaasenso ang quality of life with the economic state) Bhutan has done an amazing job of finding this balance thus they have high GNH, they are growing towards economic progress
Pacific Ring of Fire
Geographic Issues [The Multi-dimensional Face of Poverty]
The Theme of Social Justice (1966-Present)
Goal of making independence and democracy work for all classes of society The challenge of facing not foreign colonizers, but fellow Filipinos who perpetuate neo-colonial practices — STRUGGLE WE ARE FACING RIGHT NOW Focus on human rights, better access to resources and public services (e.g. health, education, food)
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 5
Improve Maternal Health Maternal mortality ratio lessened by 45% since 1990
THE MAIN GOALS FOCUS ON THE 5Ps: Partnership
Improving international cooperation Implement the agenda through a solid global partnership Mobilizing the means required to implement this Agenda through a revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable Development base on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity Focusing in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all countries all stakeholders and all people. 17: Partnership for the goals
VUCA
In the _____ world, it is hard to predict a trend because of its _______ characteristics.
Historical Context
In the situation of war, those used as battlegrounds (e.g. Philippines) became poorer while those in war are able to sustain their countries
Global Capitalism [Arguments of Dependency Theorists]
In this system, liberal economic theory dominates theories of trades and theories of finance Multinational corporations and banks are instruments of rich people in the core countries Underdevelopment is promoted by the dependency theory, where exploitation and prevention of development is adamant
Dependency Theory
Is a concept based on the global relation of economic domination and exploitation by the more economically powerful countries over the less economically powerful countries Formulated by Argentine economist Raul Prebisch when he served as Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America in the 1950's Suggests that development is not always linear and not of the same process [Video] Emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in Central America, and it questioned international relations at the time Why are so many countries around the world not developing? The international system prevented them from doing so Dependency theorists argue that there are a number of different number of kind of states in the world States that are the center of the center (powerful) States that are in the periphery of the center (well-off but a little less global power than the center countries) States that are center of the periphery (still developing but there is a substantial amount of wealth) States that are in the periphery of the periphery
Progress was Uneven Millions of people were not reached by the MDGs Countries that were given attention are only those who are reachable by the MDGs. Although income poverty was greatly reduced, roughly 1 billion people still live below the poverty line. (under $1.25) Many individuals still have low income, not enough for them to sustain themselves. Climate change and environmental degradation undermine any progress achieved; poor people suffer the most The effect of natural calamities makes it difficult to have linear progress Still, many face daily challenges of discrimination and exclusion, denying them access to basic resources, services and opportunities. Significant achievements were made but many people are still left behind MEGA-DROUGHT IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL FEBRUARY 2014 LOW WATER LEVELS IN ISTANBUL'S ALIBEYKÖY RESERVOIR FEBRUARY 2014 BEIJING ENVELOPED IN POLLUTION, JANUARY 2014 Algal Bloom, Qindao, Shandong Province, 2013 BEICHUAN, SICHUAN PROVINCE, JULY 2013 FOREST FIRES By some measurements, Typhoon Haiyan was the most intense storm ever to make landfall "We don't have Plan B because there is NO Planet B." - Ban-Ki moon, the then UN Secretary-General
KEY OBSERVATIONS AFTER 2015 [SDG]
Poverty
Land Tenancy, Management of the products/logistics In the map, Luzon is pretty well off compared to Visayas and Mindanao because of the following: There are more opportunities in Luzon Visayas and Mindanao are more prone to disasters The geographic areas pose a threat to progress Mountain ranges The services and products do not reach them
Maps: Mainstreaming
Landing the SDG agenda at the national and local levels: integration into national and sub-national plans for development; and into budget allocations.
Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012)
Marxist British Historian, studying industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism Educated in King's College and Cambridge
Quality of Life [The New Economic View of Development]
Measures people's lives rather than their incomes Promotion of growth to promotion of well-being Indicators for "Quality of Life" Have their own belongings (eg. condo unit is bought under their name than being rented) Has hobbies Has access to education, healthcare, and leisure
Imagined [Elements of Anderson's View]
Most members of a nation may never know each other, and yet they know that they belong to a nation
We are living in a VUCA world = the new normal: Complex
Multiple key decision factors
Hroch's View of Nationalism
Nation as "a large social group integrated not by one but by a combination of several kinds of objective relationships (economic, political, linguistic, cultural, religious, geographical, historical) and their subjective reflection in collective consciousness"
Hobsbawm's View of Nationalism [Phase C]
Nationalist programs acquire mass support, or at least some of the mass support that nationalists always claim they represent.
Imagined as Community [Elements of Anderson's View]
Nations are imagined as comradeship—a relationship despite very real inequality and exploration; (ignored) the idealistic idea of community
Filipino Nationalism and Development
Note: Nationalism is always development oriented. It is rooted on the Filipino concept of a nation which is synonymous and interchangeable with "country" or the Republic It is the Philippine word for "patriotism" which is now rarely used
Hobsbawm's View of Nationalism [Phase B]
POPULAR PROTO-NATIONALISM: a body emerges, which consists of pioneers and militants of "the national idea." They begin to campaign for this idea of nationality. He gives four main criteria for the development of popular proto-nationalism (language, ethnicity, religion, consciousness of belonging or having belonged to a lasting political entity—the most decisive criterion of proto-nationalism)
Real Talk [The Role of Labor in our Economic Emancipation (September 8, 1957; CM Recto)]
Philippines adherence to the rules set by the IMF and the World Bank dominated by the United States and other fellow Western superpowers. We can observe that the Philippines does not necessarily fall under the classification of poor countries. It was only placed in the peripheries due to the uncontrollable circumstances conditioned by the one in the center and both the internal and external challenges out of its control. Due to this kind of situation, Dependency Theory we can also observe became a direct critique on Capitalism and became appealing to some Marxist thinkers of the 60's and 70's.
Benedict Anderson [Theories of Nationalism]
Political Scientist and Historian based in the United States Born in China, of Irish-British lineage Educated King's College and Cornell University Known for his "Imagine Communities," a very important work of his An expert of Southeast Asian political climate
Women Children Indigenous Peoples Informal or Contractual Workers Frontline workers Migrants and Refugees Persons with Disabilities People in crowded or densely populated areas People with no proper housing Areas lacking electricity, water and healthcare
Potentially Marginalized Groups
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 3
Promoted Gender Equality & empower Women Philippines was recognized because of Women Presidents
THE MAIN GOALS FOCUS ON THE 5Ps: Planet
Protecting the planet from degradation, including thorough sustainable consumption and production Sustainably managing natural resources taking urgent action on climate change protection of the earth's ecosystems Protect our planet's natural resources and climate for future generations 6: Clean water and sanitation 12: Responsible consumption 13: Climate action 14: Life below water 15: Life on land
The Theme of Economic Development (1946-1966)
Reconstruction and rebuilding period of the Philippines Faced the neo-colonial challenges of the Cold War, when former colonies struggled to survive on their own Struggle to make independence genuine The Third Republic Calls for a self-sustaining market and nationalist economy (e.g. Filipino First policy of Garcia, the Land Reform of Macapagal)
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 4
Reduce child Mortality 17000 fewer children die each day than in 1990
Issues in Philippine Nationalism
Regionalism vs. Nationalism (e.g. voting patterns, criticisms on national projects); the concepts of "natin" and "namin" (adversarial and synthetic view) Colonialism as an unexpected stimulant for nationalism Evolving trends in Philippine Scholarship ("Filipino Literary Theories" and "Filipino View of History") Question on Purity and Indigenization of the Foreign "Today's native is yesterday's visitor."- Frank Lynch, SJ The Filipino Identity (a continuous process of "becoming")
Theme of Independent Nationhood (1892-1946)
Resisted the challenges of the new colonizer: AMERICA Revolution that led to independence and vision of Filipino-led development (they advocated not only for political emancipation but also social and economic progress, especially in the fields of education, agriculture, and health) Emancipation: we are not totally free Campaigns for lasting independence and mature democracy Cooperated with American in order to achieve the ultimate goal: the recognition of the Independence declared in 1898 (achieved in 1946) — PACIFICATION; to calm the Filipinos down Continued opening of the Philippines to the world
Renan's View of Nationalism
SACRIFICES form the foundation of NATIONS—a nation is therefore a large scale solidarity, constituted by the feeling of the sacrifices that one has made in the past and of those that one is prepared to make in the future. Geography is a significant factor Disregard the idea that race, religion, and language generate nationalism Most nations began as dynasties—dynastic territories progress to nations in one of three ways: dynastic unions, general popular consciousness, and direct will of provinces
Recover: Build, Back, Better Road to Humanity "We need to turn the recovery into a real opportunity to do things right for the future."
SDG's COVID-19 Response
THE MAIN GOALS FOCUS ON THE 5Ps: Peace
Securing peace Fostering peaceful, just and inclusive societies Fostering peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and violence there can be no sustainable development with out peace and no peace without sustainable development 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions
Imagined as Sovereign [Elements of Anderson's View]
Separation of Church and State "Imagined" as centralized, independent government
Maps: Policy Support
Skills and experience—from respective UN agencies to countries, which should be made available at a low cost in a timely manner.
We are living in a VUCA world = the new normal: Volatile
Speed, rate, and rapidity of change Things change from one thing to another in a rate that we can't catch up
Nationalism [Theories of Nationalism and Development]
Strong feelings toward our country Definition of Rizal: "I die without seeing the dawn brighten over my native land. You who have it to see, welcome it, and forget not those who have fallen during the night" "I wish to show those who deny us patriotism that we know how to die for our country and convictions" "Filipinos don't realize that victory is the child of struggle, that joy blossoms from suffering, and redemption is a product of sacrifice" Definition of Claro M. Recto: "Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who made that history and in intimate communion with their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives." Contextualization is an important element in studying the past It is an ideological principle that champions the interest of one's nation above all interests It holds the view that one's nation is of top priority over the others in all aspects of human activity in the political, social, cultural, and economic sense This led people all throughout world history to desire the prosperity and even the superiority of one's nation over the others This comes the idea of pushing for a holistic kind of progress for one's nation, making it self-sustaining and strong no matter what challenges it may face which are determinants of genuine development
Realizations from the MDGs:
Success of MDGs proved that global action can work It argues that global action is the only path to ensure that the new development agenda leaves no-one behind International solidarity The world has the opportunity to build on the successes and to embrace new ambitions for the future we want The new agenda should be "truly universal and transformative" Inclusive for all As the human race we seek for sustainable development Transformative
The Philippines will be focusing on: Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 8: Decent Work Goal 10: Reduce Inequality Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Goal 17: Ensure effectiveness of Partnerships
THE 2030 SDGs IN THE PHILIPPINES: Ambisyon Natin 2040 (The Life We Want)
Anderson's View of Nationalism
THESIS: What is a nation? How do people come to identify with a particular nation? Why is that national identity is so strong that people are willing to kill and die for it? Constructivist view of nationalism: nation as a fabrication, a bond between people that did not actually exist prior to its own recognition Imagined Communities: nations built on RECOGNITION OF COMMONALITY AND NOT OF COMMONALITY ITSELF (not on shared characteristics or common origin) Nationalism is based on the common experiences of people Example: People Power Revolution: people had a revolution because they had a shared common experience—suffering
Gellner's View of Nationalism
THESIS: nations are products of nationalism and not vice versa It concurs with the "constructivist" perspective which claims that nations are not anything real, objective; they are only "constructs" contingent and artificial deliberately created by various elites but not necessarily for their own purpose Nation and nationalism are fabricated concepts Not the shared attributes but the recognition of the fact of their "fellowship" or common situation Emphasis on self-determination Nationalism is a pre-requisite to modernization (industrialization requires congruence of social and political boundaries) Homogenization of culture is necessary, cultural standardization is needed to industrialize and form a nation
Sustainable development is not the usual course of development. Because this may mean moderating the present economic growth, so that the future generation can have enough as well. Leaving no one behind is also not a principle to which everybody subscribes. After all, it may mean having to content ourselves with fewer wants so that the needs of others can be met. The biggest challenges is the short term planning horizon of the government.
Taking Agenda 2030 into the Philippine Perspective
The Theory as Manifested in the Philippines
The Philippines is one of the best examples of this The United States, during the 1920's, fully utilized Philippine agriculture to their economy's advantage This scenario became the starting point of the uncontrolled entry of American commodities in the Philippine market. This triggered higher demand for other products and services from the United States which resulted to the imprinting of their culture on our psyche — COLONIAL MENTALITY Cheap labor was provided to the US Led to xenocentrism and colonial mentality The second war, which transpired when the Philippines was technically still under the American sphere of influence (Commonwealth period) The ravages of war only led to the inescapable dependence of the Philippines on the United States for recovery (monetary aid for post-war reconstruction) The Military Bases Agreement, Treaty of General Relations, and the imposition of the Bell Trade Act which is the best manifestation of the ideas of dependency—providing for the so-called Parity Rights which granted American citizens and enterprises to have the same access to the country's natural resources as citizens do in exchange for economic aid. This led to other forms of dependency, and brought the Philippines on the side of the United States by default, even during the Cold War. It ultimately transformed the Philippines from a colony to a neo-colony. ("Special Relations" for some, "Mendicant Foreign Policy" in the view of Recto)
International division of labor [Arguments of Dependency Theorists]
The peripheries serve the interests of those who are in the center
The Role of Labor in our Economic Emancipation (September 8, 1957; CM Recto)
The propulsive force that will take us to our economic goal is nationalism In other words, we asserted the prerogatives of our nationalism. Today, we are politically free, but we are far from economically free That transformation can still be worked out by the people, themselves, under the guidance and inspiration of their leaders Only economic nationalism will enable us to achieve basic and lasting solutions to our problems of: Mass poverty Unemployment Underproduction Perennial trade imbalance Misery and backwardness in the midst of rich natural resources and abundant manpower
4 Themes of Nationalism
Theme of National Dignity (1774-1892) From separate kingdoms, Spanish colonialism ironically formed the idea of political unity of the islands forming the idea of a distinct nationhood — PUEBLO SYSTEM The concept of "Filipino" being applied to natives as well not just to Spaniards born in the islands (insulares) — BECOMING Western ideas of freedom intertwined with Filipino ideas and led to call for reforms — REFORM MOVEMENT Call for socio-political equality and reforms between the Spanish and natives Occurrence of rebellions (localized)
Arguments of Dependency Theorists
This system promotes dominance and exploitation
We are living in a VUCA world = the new normal: Ambiguous
Trial and error
Possible solutions [The Role of Labor in our Economic Emancipation (September 8, 1957; CM Recto)]
True to the nature of all theories, this was later on challenged because there were countries of similar experiences as the Philippines but were able to free themselves from the peripheries like India (a former colony of Britain), South Korea (the entire peninsula by Japan), Malaysia (also a former colony of Britain) to mention a few. Some countries have assumed the classification "semi-periphery" which was introduced in the "World Systems Theory" formulated by Immanuel Wallerstein, an American Sociologist. BUT THE PHILIPPINES REMAINED IN A STATE OF DEPENDENCY — REASON WHY WE ARE POOR
We are living in a VUCA world = the new normal: Uncertain
Unclear about the here and now and affect = law of unintended consequences.
- We are still in the process of becoming - The religiosity
What is the identity of a Filipino?
The Power of Youth Movement Transforming the Future We engaged the government leaders to think and rethink their ways and action We are the champion of the vulnerable and marginalized making sure that no one is left behind
Who will lead this non-violent social transformation agenda?
Institution Culture Geographic Location Cultural Institution
Why are some Countries Poor and others Rich?
Chronological Stages of Creating a Nation: Phase B
a new range of activists emerged, who sought to win over as many of their ethnic groups as possible to the project of creating a future nation. Several years later, Jose Rizal managed to graduate, and him and other reformists formed a propaganda movement
Chronological Stages of Creating a Nation: Phase A
activists strive to lay the foundation of a national identity. They research the cultural, linguistic, social, and sometimes historical attributes of a non-dominant group in order to raise awareness of the common traits—but they do this "without pressing specifically national demands to remedy deficits."
[Understanding the UN Development Agenda] Goal 8
develop a global partnership for development In 2000, only 6% of the world had the Internet. By 2015, 43% of the world had access to it.
Hobsbawm's View of Nationalism [Phase A]
emergence of cultural, literary, and folkloric identity for a particular social group or region. Within this phase, he cites 3 criteria claiming nationalism: 1) its historic association with a current state or one with a fairly lengthy recent past, 2) the existence of a long established cultural elite, possessing a written national literary and administrative vernacular, 3) a proven capacity for conquest
Year 1872
important year in the history of the Philippines Cavite Mutiny and Gomburza In _____, Jose Rizal was merely 9 years old, and Paciano was the comrade of one of the priests, Jose Burgos
Nationalism and Industrialization (July 30, 1957; CM Recto)
industrialization and nationalism are twin goals Nationalism cannot be realized and brought to full flowering without a thorough-going industrialization of our economy by the Filipinos themselves
Chronological Stages of Creating a Nation: Phase C
the majority of the population forms a mass movement. In this phase, a full social movement comes into being and movement branches into conservative-clerical, liberal, and democratic wings each with its own program - The emergence of the KKK