Exam 2 Lab

cauda equina

"horse's tail", a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord

Lateral horn

(only in thoracic and lumbar regions) - sympathetic neurons

Dermatomes are

- Segment of skin supplied by single spinal nerve -Can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves -Involved in referred visceral pain

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

-processing of visual and auditory data -generation of reflexive somatic motor responses -maintenance of consciousness

fourth ventricle of brain

1. Extends into medulla oblongata 2. Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord 3. Connects with third ventricle -Via narrow canal in midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct

The 4 Major Plexuses of Ventral Rami

1. cervical plexus 2. brachial plexus 3. lumbar plexus 4. sacral plexus

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

Spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

How many pairs of cervical nerves arise from the spinal cord?

8

Internal Capsule of the brain

A large collection of axons that connects the telencephalon with the diencephalon.

Fornix

A long projection from the hippocampus that connects to other nuclei in the limbic system.

internal acoustic meatus

A passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain.

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

superior sagittal sinus

A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.

VI

Abducent

Sacral Plexus

Arises from L4-S4 - Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum Sacral PlexusThe sciatic is actually composed of two nerves: the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone

Between greater and lesser wing on the sphenoid bone, transmits oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. Also a branch of opthalmic CN V1

all segments except what have dermatomal distribution

C1

Cervical Plexus

C1-C5 Most branches are cutaneous nerves of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders The most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerve

Brachial Plexus

C5-C8, T1 It gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb

brachial plexus

C5-T1 Axillary, MC, median, ulnar, radial

function of corpus callosum

Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain

Insula function

Contains the Gustatory Cortex which is responsible for taste

Accessory Nerve

Contains trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle motor fibers to neck and upper back moving head and shoulders swallowing

Arachnoid granulations

Extensions of the arachnoid mater that allow excess CSF to be absorbed by the dural sinuses.

VII

Facial

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS

dural folds

Folded inner layer of dura mater Extend into cranial cavity Stabilize and support brain Contain collecting veins (dural sinuses)

IX

Glossopharyngeal

Function of the gyrus

Gyrus is a raised ridge or developed fold winding around the brain

XII

Hypoglossal

Spinal or Lumbar Tap

Inserted between two lumbar bones Collects cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing of diseases related to the central nervous system

Between which vertebrae is the conus medullaris located?

L1 and L2

Between which vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

L1-L2

Lumbar Plexus

L1-L4 innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle The major nerves are the femoral and the obturator

sacral plexus

L4-S4, sciatic nerve

Pons function

Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4)

pia mater of the spinal cord

Menix that is in direct contact with the spinal cord.

Facial Nerves

Motor and sensory nerves and helps with facial expression and salivary glands. also tears, taste, saliva, facial expression

III

Oculomtor Nerve

jugular foramen of temporal bone

Opening on the occipitomastoid suture through which the internal jugular veins travel as they carry the majority of the blood from the brain back to the heart

endosteal layer

Outermost layer of the dura mater This is the layer felt within the anterior fontanel of a baby Fused to the periosteum lining of the cranial bones

grey commissure

Part of grey matter that connects the two sides of the spinal cord.

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

grey matter of spinal cord

Posterior horns and anterior horns; small lateral horns exist in levels of the cord associated with the autonomic nervous system.

Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord

Responsible for supplying nerves to the lower limb

cervical enlargement of spinal cord

Responsible for supplying nerves to the upper limb

pineal body function

Secrete melatonin and is involved in regulation of sleep and sex behavior

Coronal Section

Sectional view of the body produced by a cut along the frontal plane; also called a frontal section.

radial nerve

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand. located in the brachial plexus

subarachoid space

Space between Pia and Arachnoid Mater. Filled with CSF. A space becomes enlarged between about L2 and S2. This area of the subarachnoid space is used for clinical procedures like epidurals and lumbar punctures.

lumbar plexus

T12-L4 Femoral, obturator

cribriform plate

The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.

Third ventricle

The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle.

white matter of spinal cord

This area surrounds the gray matter. It is composed of both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. It has three regions, anterior, lateral, and posterior columns.

ventral root of spinal nerve

This structure contains the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles.

IV

Trochlear Nerve

How does shingles occur?

VZV infects acutely, causing chickenpox it then lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia, and after a long latent period within the spinal nerves, it is reactivated and infects sensory nerves that carry it to one or more dermatomes which goes and effects the skin

VIII

Vestibulocochlear

falax cerebri

a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull

dorsal root ganglion

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons

cingulate gyrus

a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum

XI

accessory

hypoglossal nerve

add to it lounge movement(swallow and speech)

Optic Canal

allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye

optic neves

allows you to see begins in the retina of the eyes

filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

Ventral roots arise

and contain motor (efferent) fibers from the anterior horn

this mengineal layer is the arched mater

arched mater

Frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Brachial Plexus: Nerves

axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial

What are the masses of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres and that are responsible for regulating intensity and precision of voluntary movement?

basal nuclei

subdural space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

ulnar nerve

branches to most of the flexor muscles of forearm supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus located in the brachial plexus

anterior white column function

brings sensory information from arms and upper body But on the other side as that is posterior

central canal of spinal cord

center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid

Metencephalon

cerebellar cortex

The thin layer of superficial gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum is called the _______.

cerebral cortex

The ________ is a specialized tissue that produces the CSF and is found in all four ventricles.

choriod plexus

aqueduct of the midbrain

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles, becomes central canal of spinal cord

rami communicantes

contain autonomic nerve fibers that join ventral rami in thoracic region

vagus nerve

contains the pharynx,external acoustic menus, diaphragm, internal organs in the thematic and abdominpelvic cavities, palate, pharynx controls PNS (smooth muscle and GI Tract) the longest nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve

contains the tongue, brain, muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salvary glands function is swallowing, saliva, and taste

Mamillary body function

control center for motor reflexes

trigeminal nerve

controls face muscles, and chewing located in the cornea, skin of forehead, anterior scalp, nasa cavity, upper and lower teeth, gums, upper lip, 2/3 of the young and skin of the chin

Mesencephalon function

controls reflexes and connect auditors stimuli

Cerebellum function

coordination of voluntary movements and balance mortar function

Mesencephalon

corpora quadrigemina

Which three cranial nerves innervate muscles that control eye movement?

cranial nerve III, cranial nerve IV, and cranial nerve VI

Which of the following cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor information?

cranial nerve IX and cranial nerve X

Which cranial nerve rotates the head from side to side via innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?

cranial nerve XI

Function of fissures

deep groves that generally are dividing are regions and lobes of the brain

Which rami supply the deep back muscles and skin on the dorsal surface of the trunk?

dorsal primary ramus

What is the outermost meningeal layer?

dura mater

what are the three meningeal layers in order

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

The dural sinuses are located in the

dural folds

Gyri

elevated ridges

conus medullaris

end of spinal cord

What is the name of the space that lies between the dura mater and the vertebrae?

epidural space

Where does a patient receive an injection of anesthetic in a procedure known as an epidural block?

epidural space

Paired denticulate ligaments

extend from pia mater to dura mater stabilize side-to-side movement

trochlear nerve function

eye movement

stylomastoid foramen

facial nerve

What is the thin strand of pia mater that extends inferiorly from the terminal region of the spinal cord to the coccyx?

filum terminale

Which ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons?

fourth ventricle

Dorsal roots arise from

from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers

Telencephalon

frontal lobe and basal nuclei

Cranial nerve VIII carries afferent signals from two different special sense organs. What two types of sensory information are carried by this nerve?

hearing and balance

Vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

function for the temporal lobe

hearing, organization and information retrieval

hypoglossal canal

hypoglossal nerve

lateral white column

includes the white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns

meningeal layer

inner layer of dura mater

axillary nerve

innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder located in the brachial plexus

Function of Parietal lobes

integrate sensory input from body's surface about cold, heat, touch, pressure, and pain

Posterior horn

interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input

function of the cerebrum

interprets sensory impulses, regulates muscle tone, functions in intellectual processes

abducens nerve function

lateral eye movement

median

located in the brachial plexus branches to most of the flexor muscles of forearm

Oculmotor nerve

located in the inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and medial rectus moves eyeballs and eyelids adjust pupil and lease to reduce incoming light

corpora quadrigemina

located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes.

Foreman Rotundum

look up what it does

Which one of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve has both motor and sensory components?

mandibular

foramen ovale of sphenoid bone

mandibular branch CN V3 (of trigem)

Which part of the brainstem is the origin of the fewest cranial nerves?

midbrain

Mixed nerves

nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers

Mamillary Body

neurons that act as a relay station, transmitting information between fornix and thalamus

Sensory(afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Exposing various scents to the nasal cavity is a means to test which cranial nerve?

olfactory nerve

I

olfactory nerve

Interventricular Foramina

openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle allowing for the passage of CSF

From superior to inferior, name the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.

ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular

II

optic nerve

Which cranial nerve originates in the retina and carries visual information to the brain?

optic nerve

What is the name for the white matter fibers that carry visual information between the optic chiasm and the thalamus?

optic tracts

quadraplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

parapelgia

paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

cervical

phrenic

What is the innermost meningeal layer that attaches directly to the spinal cord?

pia mater

this meningeal layer is the Pia mater

pia mater

Spinal tap

placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF

Frontal lobe function

plays key role in memory formation, emotions, decision making and personality

function of grey matter

processes information

Function for occipital lobe

processing, integration, and interpretation as well as vision

choroid plexus

produces cerebrospinal fluid

Pineal Gland

produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones

inferior colliculi

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system

Superior Colliculi

protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual systemc

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

what are the steps to the reflex arc

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector

pons function

regulator breathing rate as it is connected to the medulla

Myelencephalon

regulatory center for the heart rate

thalamus function

relay station for sensory impulses, pain

brainstem function

responsible for automatic survival functions and connects the spinal cord to the brain

denticulate ligaments function

secure the meninges to dura mater

musculocutaneous nerve

sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis located in the brachial plexus

The posterior white column of the spinal cord

sends sensations of touch, pressure, and body movement to the brain

Function of olfactory nerve

sense of smell

Longitudinal fissure

separates cerebral hemispheres

Transverse fissure

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

parieto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

flax cerebelli

separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Sulcus

shallow grooves in the brain

function of sucus

small grooves that dived the gyro

Anterior horn

somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots

epidural space

space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

What is the name for the space between meningeal layers that is filled with CSF and that helps form a protective cushion around the brain?

subarachnoid space

This space is filled with CSF

subarchoid space

Hematomas around the brain can occur when damaged meningeal blood vessels leak blood into this space

subdural space

this structure drains venous blood from the brain

superior sagittal sinus

Most, but not all, of the fibers of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) are motor fibers. What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?

taste

What is the name for the primary relay station through which most sensory (afferent) signals pass on their way to the cerebral cortex?

thalamus

Cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Lateral Fissure

the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes (look up)

Fissure

the large, deep grooves in the cerebral hemispheres

optic chiasm

the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing

Dorsal root

the sensory branch of each spinal nerve the entire thing

Cerebral hemispheres

the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

septum pellucidum

thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles

cerebrum function

thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

Diencephalon

third ventricle, maxillary body, corpus callous

olfactory tract function

transfer information from the olfactory lobe to the temporal lobe

Function of white matter

transmits messages to grey matter

V

trigeminal nerve

Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via

two medial roots

X

vagus nerve

Which cranial nerve supplies autonomic innervation to both thoracic and abdominal organs?

vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

spinal roots

ventral (motor) root & dorsal (sensory) root that has a dorsal root ganglion on it

Which rami supply structures on the limbs and the skin along the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk?

ventral primary rami

lateral ventricles of brain

ventricles found in each cerebral hemisphere

function of optic nerve

vision

hypothalamus function

water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex.

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

function of the cingulate gyrus

where emotion and other behaviors are regulated

optic chasm function

where the two optic nerves go together

The corpus callosum contains myelinated fibers crossing over (decussating) from one hemisphere to the other. It is therefore composed of _______.

white matter