Exam 2 Lab
cauda equina
"horse's tail", a fan of nerve fibers below the spinal cord
Lateral horn
(only in thoracic and lumbar regions) - sympathetic neurons
Dermatomes are
- Segment of skin supplied by single spinal nerve -Can help localize damage to one or more spinal nerves -Involved in referred visceral pain
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
-processing of visual and auditory data -generation of reflexive somatic motor responses -maintenance of consciousness
fourth ventricle of brain
1. Extends into medulla oblongata 2. Becomes continuous with central canal of the spinal cord 3. Connects with third ventricle -Via narrow canal in midbrain called the cerebral aqueduct
The 4 Major Plexuses of Ventral Rami
1. cervical plexus 2. brachial plexus 3. lumbar plexus 4. sacral plexus
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
Spinal nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
How many pairs of cervical nerves arise from the spinal cord?
8
Internal Capsule of the brain
A large collection of axons that connects the telencephalon with the diencephalon.
Fornix
A long projection from the hippocampus that connects to other nuclei in the limbic system.
internal acoustic meatus
A passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain.
temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
occipital lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
infundibulum
A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
superior sagittal sinus
A venous sinus located in the midline just dorsal to the corpus callosum, between the two cerebral hemispheres.
VI
Abducent
Sacral Plexus
Arises from L4-S4 - Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum Sacral PlexusThe sciatic is actually composed of two nerves: the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves
superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone
Between greater and lesser wing on the sphenoid bone, transmits oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves. Also a branch of opthalmic CN V1
all segments except what have dermatomal distribution
C1
Cervical Plexus
C1-C5 Most branches are cutaneous nerves of the neck, ear, back of head, and shoulders The most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerve
Brachial Plexus
C5-C8, T1 It gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb
brachial plexus
C5-T1 Axillary, MC, median, ulnar, radial
function of corpus callosum
Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain
Insula function
Contains the Gustatory Cortex which is responsible for taste
Accessory Nerve
Contains trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle motor fibers to neck and upper back moving head and shoulders swallowing
Arachnoid granulations
Extensions of the arachnoid mater that allow excess CSF to be absorbed by the dural sinuses.
VII
Facial
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Fluid, produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord and in covering surrounding CNS
dural folds
Folded inner layer of dura mater Extend into cranial cavity Stabilize and support brain Contain collecting veins (dural sinuses)
IX
Glossopharyngeal
Function of the gyrus
Gyrus is a raised ridge or developed fold winding around the brain
XII
Hypoglossal
Spinal or Lumbar Tap
Inserted between two lumbar bones Collects cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing of diseases related to the central nervous system
Between which vertebrae is the conus medullaris located?
L1 and L2
Between which vertebrae does the spinal cord end?
L1-L2
Lumbar Plexus
L1-L4 innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle The major nerves are the femoral and the obturator
sacral plexus
L4-S4, sciatic nerve
Pons function
Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. (4)
pia mater of the spinal cord
Menix that is in direct contact with the spinal cord.
Facial Nerves
Motor and sensory nerves and helps with facial expression and salivary glands. also tears, taste, saliva, facial expression
III
Oculomtor Nerve
jugular foramen of temporal bone
Opening on the occipitomastoid suture through which the internal jugular veins travel as they carry the majority of the blood from the brain back to the heart
endosteal layer
Outermost layer of the dura mater This is the layer felt within the anterior fontanel of a baby Fused to the periosteum lining of the cranial bones
grey commissure
Part of grey matter that connects the two sides of the spinal cord.
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
grey matter of spinal cord
Posterior horns and anterior horns; small lateral horns exist in levels of the cord associated with the autonomic nervous system.
Lumbar enlargement of spinal cord
Responsible for supplying nerves to the lower limb
cervical enlargement of spinal cord
Responsible for supplying nerves to the upper limb
pineal body function
Secrete melatonin and is involved in regulation of sleep and sex behavior
Coronal Section
Sectional view of the body produced by a cut along the frontal plane; also called a frontal section.
radial nerve
Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand. located in the brachial plexus
subarachoid space
Space between Pia and Arachnoid Mater. Filled with CSF. A space becomes enlarged between about L2 and S2. This area of the subarachnoid space is used for clinical procedures like epidurals and lumbar punctures.
lumbar plexus
T12-L4 Femoral, obturator
cribriform plate
The horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity.
Third ventricle
The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle.
white matter of spinal cord
This area surrounds the gray matter. It is composed of both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. It has three regions, anterior, lateral, and posterior columns.
ventral root of spinal nerve
This structure contains the cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles.
IV
Trochlear Nerve
How does shingles occur?
VZV infects acutely, causing chickenpox it then lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia, and after a long latent period within the spinal nerves, it is reactivated and infects sensory nerves that carry it to one or more dermatomes which goes and effects the skin
VIII
Vestibulocochlear
falax cerebri
a dural fold that attaches the cerebrum to the crista galli of the skull
dorsal root ganglion
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons
cingulate gyrus
a strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
XI
accessory
hypoglossal nerve
add to it lounge movement(swallow and speech)
Optic Canal
allows the optic nerve to pass to the eye
optic neves
allows you to see begins in the retina of the eyes
filum terminale
anchors spinal cord to coccyx
Ventral roots arise
and contain motor (efferent) fibers from the anterior horn
this mengineal layer is the arched mater
arched mater
Frontal lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Brachial Plexus: Nerves
axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial
What are the masses of gray matter that lie deep within the cerebral hemispheres and that are responsible for regulating intensity and precision of voluntary movement?
basal nuclei
subdural space
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
ulnar nerve
branches to most of the flexor muscles of forearm supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus located in the brachial plexus
anterior white column function
brings sensory information from arms and upper body But on the other side as that is posterior
central canal of spinal cord
center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid
Metencephalon
cerebellar cortex
The thin layer of superficial gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum is called the _______.
cerebral cortex
The ________ is a specialized tissue that produces the CSF and is found in all four ventricles.
choriod plexus
aqueduct of the midbrain
connects 3rd and 4th ventricles, becomes central canal of spinal cord
rami communicantes
contain autonomic nerve fibers that join ventral rami in thoracic region
vagus nerve
contains the pharynx,external acoustic menus, diaphragm, internal organs in the thematic and abdominpelvic cavities, palate, pharynx controls PNS (smooth muscle and GI Tract) the longest nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve
contains the tongue, brain, muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salvary glands function is swallowing, saliva, and taste
Mamillary body function
control center for motor reflexes
trigeminal nerve
controls face muscles, and chewing located in the cornea, skin of forehead, anterior scalp, nasa cavity, upper and lower teeth, gums, upper lip, 2/3 of the young and skin of the chin
Mesencephalon function
controls reflexes and connect auditors stimuli
Cerebellum function
coordination of voluntary movements and balance mortar function
Mesencephalon
corpora quadrigemina
Which three cranial nerves innervate muscles that control eye movement?
cranial nerve III, cranial nerve IV, and cranial nerve VI
Which of the following cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor information?
cranial nerve IX and cranial nerve X
Which cranial nerve rotates the head from side to side via innervation of the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
cranial nerve XI
Function of fissures
deep groves that generally are dividing are regions and lobes of the brain
Which rami supply the deep back muscles and skin on the dorsal surface of the trunk?
dorsal primary ramus
What is the outermost meningeal layer?
dura mater
what are the three meningeal layers in order
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
The dural sinuses are located in the
dural folds
Gyri
elevated ridges
conus medullaris
end of spinal cord
What is the name of the space that lies between the dura mater and the vertebrae?
epidural space
Where does a patient receive an injection of anesthetic in a procedure known as an epidural block?
epidural space
Paired denticulate ligaments
extend from pia mater to dura mater stabilize side-to-side movement
trochlear nerve function
eye movement
stylomastoid foramen
facial nerve
What is the thin strand of pia mater that extends inferiorly from the terminal region of the spinal cord to the coccyx?
filum terminale
Which ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons?
fourth ventricle
Dorsal roots arise from
from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers
Telencephalon
frontal lobe and basal nuclei
Cranial nerve VIII carries afferent signals from two different special sense organs. What two types of sensory information are carried by this nerve?
hearing and balance
Vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing and balance
function for the temporal lobe
hearing, organization and information retrieval
hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve
lateral white column
includes the white matter on either side of the spinal cord, between the anterior and posterior columns
meningeal layer
inner layer of dura mater
axillary nerve
innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder located in the brachial plexus
Function of Parietal lobes
integrate sensory input from body's surface about cold, heat, touch, pressure, and pain
Posterior horn
interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
function of the cerebrum
interprets sensory impulses, regulates muscle tone, functions in intellectual processes
abducens nerve function
lateral eye movement
median
located in the brachial plexus branches to most of the flexor muscles of forearm
Oculmotor nerve
located in the inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and medial rectus moves eyeballs and eyelids adjust pupil and lease to reduce incoming light
corpora quadrigemina
located in the midbrain; contains reflex centers for vision and auditory reflexes.
Foreman Rotundum
look up what it does
Which one of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve has both motor and sensory components?
mandibular
foramen ovale of sphenoid bone
mandibular branch CN V3 (of trigem)
Which part of the brainstem is the origin of the fewest cranial nerves?
midbrain
Mixed nerves
nerves carrying both sensory and motor fibers
Mamillary Body
neurons that act as a relay station, transmitting information between fornix and thalamus
Sensory(afferent) neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
motor (efferent) neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
Exposing various scents to the nasal cavity is a means to test which cranial nerve?
olfactory nerve
I
olfactory nerve
Interventricular Foramina
openings between the lateral ventricles and third ventricle allowing for the passage of CSF
From superior to inferior, name the three branches of the trigeminal nerve.
ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
II
optic nerve
Which cranial nerve originates in the retina and carries visual information to the brain?
optic nerve
What is the name for the white matter fibers that carry visual information between the optic chiasm and the thalamus?
optic tracts
quadraplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
parapelgia
paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
cervical
phrenic
What is the innermost meningeal layer that attaches directly to the spinal cord?
pia mater
this meningeal layer is the Pia mater
pia mater
Spinal tap
placement of a needle through an intervertebral space into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF
Frontal lobe function
plays key role in memory formation, emotions, decision making and personality
function of grey matter
processes information
Function for occipital lobe
processing, integration, and interpretation as well as vision
choroid plexus
produces cerebrospinal fluid
Pineal Gland
produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones
inferior colliculi
protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the auditory system
Superior Colliculi
protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of the visual systemc
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
what are the steps to the reflex arc
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
pons function
regulator breathing rate as it is connected to the medulla
Myelencephalon
regulatory center for the heart rate
thalamus function
relay station for sensory impulses, pain
brainstem function
responsible for automatic survival functions and connects the spinal cord to the brain
denticulate ligaments function
secure the meninges to dura mater
musculocutaneous nerve
sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis located in the brachial plexus
The posterior white column of the spinal cord
sends sensations of touch, pressure, and body movement to the brain
Function of olfactory nerve
sense of smell
Longitudinal fissure
separates cerebral hemispheres
Transverse fissure
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
flax cerebelli
separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Sulcus
shallow grooves in the brain
function of sucus
small grooves that dived the gyro
Anterior horn
somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots
epidural space
space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
What is the name for the space between meningeal layers that is filled with CSF and that helps form a protective cushion around the brain?
subarachnoid space
This space is filled with CSF
subarchoid space
Hematomas around the brain can occur when damaged meningeal blood vessels leak blood into this space
subdural space
this structure drains venous blood from the brain
superior sagittal sinus
Most, but not all, of the fibers of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) are motor fibers. What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?
taste
What is the name for the primary relay station through which most sensory (afferent) signals pass on their way to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
Cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance
Thalamus
the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Lateral Fissure
the fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes (look up)
Fissure
the large, deep grooves in the cerebral hemispheres
optic chiasm
the point in the brain where the visual field information from each eye "crosses over" to the appropriate side of the brain for processing
Dorsal root
the sensory branch of each spinal nerve the entire thing
Cerebral hemispheres
the two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
septum pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles
cerebrum function
thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory
Diencephalon
third ventricle, maxillary body, corpus callous
olfactory tract function
transfer information from the olfactory lobe to the temporal lobe
Function of white matter
transmits messages to grey matter
V
trigeminal nerve
Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord via
two medial roots
X
vagus nerve
Which cranial nerve supplies autonomic innervation to both thoracic and abdominal organs?
vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)
spinal roots
ventral (motor) root & dorsal (sensory) root that has a dorsal root ganglion on it
Which rami supply structures on the limbs and the skin along the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk?
ventral primary rami
lateral ventricles of brain
ventricles found in each cerebral hemisphere
function of optic nerve
vision
hypothalamus function
water balance/bp/temp regulation/hunger/thirst/sex.
arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
function of the cingulate gyrus
where emotion and other behaviors are regulated
optic chasm function
where the two optic nerves go together
The corpus callosum contains myelinated fibers crossing over (decussating) from one hemisphere to the other. It is therefore composed of _______.
white matter