Cultural Psychology Final

What is motivation?

motivation independent self and motivation self as motivation inside out process individual accomplishment and prosperity protestant work ethic

Interdependent Self

"Fundamental connectedness of individuals. A normative imperative of these cultures is to maintain this interdependence among individuals. Experiencing interdependence entails seeing oneself as part of an encompassing social relationship and recognizing that one's behavior is determined, contingent on, and to have a large extent organized by what the actor perceives to be the thoughts, feelings and actions of others in the relationship" You are thinking about others when you are thinking about yourself: Social order Example: job interview (if you think about yourself, you won't get the job) If you're watching the interviewer and examining them and modulate behavior based on what they're doing, you can get them to like you Basic concept of self: culture organized around social relations Fundamental unit of society Situation-based self (in contrast to attribute based self) Self is defined in relation to others person in a social role Others are as cognitively elaborated as the self

Benjamin Lee Whorf

- "Language shapes the way we think, and determines what we can think about" - example: fewer feminine pronouns in a language is correlated with fewer women in the work force. - Whorf was studying some native american cultures but contrasting to the english they didn't have certain words to describe certain ideas as English — must not have this word not true - There are many words for things in cultures that there aren't words for in other cultures - eg. tartle - when you meet someone at a party but you can't remember their name

Translation

- Translating scales from one language to another or applying scale to a different group can lead to mistakes, misinterpretations etc. - 1. Single word by word copy translations - like computer programs. Same words in different languages. Very unsuccessful. - 2. Back translation with de-centering (4 steps) - Want to have a person who speaks english and german, and another person. But each one has a dominant language. What you want to do is start with an English personality scale, translate it into another language, give it to the other person in the other language and have them back translate it into english. - Example: English: I have been looking forward to things with enjoyment. Vietnamese: I have been hoping/ expecting to be happy and I have been feeling optimistic. - 3. Aware of semantic equivalence (think vs feel) - you want to have an understanding of what people are interpreting in terms of what the word is. - Sometimes people use the word think vs the word feel. need to be clear when developing your scale that they mean the same thing.

Is there a relationship between memory flexibility and bilingualism?

- 18 month old monolingual individuals could not generalize across these two stuffed animals - bilinguals were much better at doing the target action to generalize across these two stuffed animals - bilinguals have a much higher imitation score than monolinguals Color change only: 6 month old babies — could generalize between color pretty easily but when you introduce shape — bilinguals are much better at generalizing Language rhythm; - stress timed: english, dutch, czech, syllable= timed: spanish catalan italian - mora timed: japanese tamil ganda Barcelona spain - spanish english and spanish catalan speakers Vocabulary and WM results: - no difference between groups on productive.. 18 month olds: bilingual individuals outperform monolingual babies both in Washington DC and barcelona spain What about trilingual infants?: trilinguals look exactly like monolinguals Memory flexibility at 24 months: - cued recall condition - stimuli same from demonstration to test rabbit- rabbit - Memory flexibility condition stimuli different from demonstration test make a rattle 24 hour delay period Working memory: find the ball but it's harder Cued recall, flexible recall, and working memory are the 3 aspects tested Parent child interaction: - If you are raising your child bilingual maybe you have more culture/ experience that you are imparting to your child - have parents read 3 books to child and code them for 10 minutes look at different things like maternal sensitivity etc etc. - where could parenting influence some of the memory phenomenon we're seeing? - Monolingual, bilinguals and trilinguals all do cued recall really well memory flexibility condition — bilinguals outcompete monolinguals and trilinguals

Ecological studies

- Aggregate data and then draw inferences across society -- Etic approach. - Example: Hofstede -- how values at work influences culture. - Tries to come up with a set of common personality features that you can apply across every culture and see which culture is higher or lower Method: - Survey of values (desirable state of affairs) - Survey conducted in 60 countries (IBM) - Each country is given a score on four value dimensions -- personality features. - power distance -- values high distance between people or low distance. - individualism -- sense to which that culture values individual people. - masculinity -- extent to which you value masculine type dominant traits - uncertainty avoidance -- how much do people try to avoid uncertain contexts - Example: only 7 countries in the Geert Hofstede research that have individualism as their highest dimension: USA, Australia, United Kingdom, Netherlands and Canada, and Italy - Masculinity is second highest scoring for USA - Larger point: trying to find what is common amongst these personality features in each culture. - Personality scale for society. -Attempt to determine dimensions of culture at the society level - capacity to compare societies - If you're just understanding that there are differences -- might be approach you want to use

Self-Concept

- Asking the question: How do you describe yourself ex. Describing yourself with attributes vs describing yourself depending on how other people see you/ reliance on what other people think Independent= context free interdependent= context dependent

Bilingualism: Vocabulary development

- Effect of dual language exposure - tip of the tongue phenomenon happens more with bilinguals than with monolinguals - bilinguals have less vocabulary usually than a monolinguals vocabulary - but if you combine the number of words that they know in english and in spanish — similar trajectory — messy way to characterize bilinguals as not being proficient or having language delay if you're only taking into account one language

Cross-Cultural Validation

- Is construct or method applicable in other cultures? - Comparison about a methodology. - Chen and colleagues -- looking at response sets. - Do different cultures use the response set (not important ------> extremely important) differently? - Do people use the middle of the scale or the entire scale? - East asian cultures usually use the middle of the scale, western cultures tend to use the entire scale (variability is larger) - African American and Latino populations tend to use the extremes out of any other groups. - Why would that be? - Good to know however because shows you how a sample would tend to respond on a scale.

Markus--Psychological Tendencies

- It is a given that self is a part of social group and not a chosen for instrumental reasons attuned to others' expectations, preferences, feelings - alert to potential inadequacy in self; criticizes self tries to fit in.

Models of Morality: Kohlberg--Cognitive theory of moral development

- Kohlbergian model of morality: Grounded in (western) philosophical arguments that were intended to provide an objective basis for morality - necessary to avoid moral relativism — when you move from culture to culture or group to group we have our own standard. the argument is is that this is NOT empirical — need to have something that is objective. - Moral development involves concerns about justice how does this work in different cultures? Justice meaning what I do to you you do back to me - Kohlbergian view of human nature: humans are capable of reasoning and also articulating their reasoning — humans are logical - Justice is essential characteristic of morality equality: impartial regard for persons — if you really cared about equality of unit means that everyone gets the same amount. However equality doesn't always mean everyone gets the same amount of a unit because some people don't need as much. Reciprocity: regard for personal merit Moral musical chairs: "would that be ok if someone else did it?"

Markus Socio-cultural historical processes and practices

- Linguistic practices: the word "self" means "my share" in japanese language minimizes person as agent - Proverbs eg: the nail that stands out gets hammered down. The mature rice bends to the ground - Employment practices: companies base on family model seniority system - legal system: family model, emphasis on duty/remorse, consideration of the offenders feelings.

Cousins study on how self concept differs

- Method: 157 students from umich and 111 students from keio university in Tokyo - Measure: Twenty statements test — Who am i? Twenty statements in context — who am i at home? Basically stay these statements until you get to 20. - Coding system: Physical — 18 years old, i am tall. Social categories — reference to social roles "I work for my father's company". Attributive — traits "friendly". Global — reference to humanity "i am a human". - Results: After completing the I am... statements — Japanese participants were much more likely to describe themselves with social categories — more likely to describe themselves as a person in social roles, less likely to use attributive statements. - American participants were more likely to use traits and less likely to use social categories. BUT after completing the "who am i at home?" tasks — Japanese are more likely to use attributive statements because the context is already there — the experimenter put the context there. More likely to fill in the blanks with traits. Less likely to use social categories. Flips for americans — Americans are more likely to use social categories in their contextual "who am I at home" less likely to use attributive statements. - What happens when you change the baseline? — gives evidence of self concept — when you give people more context it changes their psychology towards themselves.

Schweder and Bourne study on how Self concept differ from India and US

- Method: 17 Americans, 30 indians. United states: group comprised of psychologists who knew each other, fraternity college students who knew each other, nursery school teachers. - India: lived in bhubaneswar orissa. Full range of local caste - Question: "Tell me about so and so's personality?" - Coding system: #of concrete statements "she uses dirty language when her family gives her advice vs # of abstract statements "she is stubborn". ~3500 statements coded - Does the culture moderate the number of context free or context dependent statements? - Results: indians used a lot more concrete statements than abstract statements. Americans used a lot more abstract statements than concrete statements.

Morality

- Morality: issues individuals consider to be moral and are concerns that they regard as being right or wrong, AND as going beyond what is normative (what everyone else is doing) or socially accepted - morality is above social consensus and above rules — concerns what people think of as right or wrong - Usually revolves around harms to other people - Many of the things we talk about in class - issue in singapore, war in iraq, search tactics many of these fall under the domain of morality. - Famous classic examples of morality: Dr. Jack Kevorkian — offering to use his services to allow people to terminate their lives because they're in a lot of pain — Euthanasia - many issues of our time are framed as moral issues

What kind of research evidence is needed to convincingly conclude that self varies in different cultures?

- Need to show evidence of different psychological processes (not just differences in preferences) - Need to use subjects who are similar on EVERY dimension except the psychological dimensions under study - Should effect phenomena psychologists think of as CORE to self - Things that cultural psychologists think about when they try to collect evidence on the self

Figurative Line Test (Kitayama)

- Participants shown box that has a line drawn inside of it - They have to draw a line in the first box that's identical in length to the line shown in the top "stimulus" figure (absolute length task) and in the second box, draw a line that is identical in proportion to its box as the original is in proportion to the stimulus box (relative task) - used students who were either of European-American cultural background or who had recently moved to the US from East Asia and had their brains scanned using fMRI - Found East Asians found absolute length judgement harder - Relative length harder for European-American and required more attention - example of how mind and culture cannot be disentangled

Rokeach Value Scales

- Scale that was developed in 1937 - Tries to capture people's values all over the world. - Rokeach argued that there were 36-37 fundamental values that everyone shares. - Example: how important are each of the following values to you? - a world of peace, pleasure, ambition, obedience, etc. - Problems: Some definitions might vary, what does important mean?, Deprivation bias (if you're deprived of something you'll rank something as more valuable), having to come up and generate it on your own is problematic. - values are context free - people import all their biases to come up and create a meaning. Griesian norms -- you are thinking about what the experimenter wants, what does the experimenter think about my group. - oftentimes people give you what you're looking for because they want to.

Behavioral scenario rating method

- Takes the context freeness out of the items while still trying to tap into something useful like values. - You can ask people whether they care about world peace violence etc. - Or you could create a scenario in that culture to indicate a value. - eg scenario: Passed over for a promotion after working for a long time. What do you do? - 1. Wait for the next time and hope for the best - 2. complain to your supervisors - 3. threaten supervisors with a formal protest to company head - 4. lower your aims and try to be content in current position - Imperfect: but if you do it enough times will get into the underlying latent construct.

Markus Social Episode in local worlds

- Teachers encourage students to be persistent and endure - children co-sleep with their siblings, parents or grandparents - children eat and serve lunch as a group, help clean their schools together, learn joy of group life - Parents ask children "ashamed, aren't (we/you)?" (huzukashiine?) - Speakers apologize and "self efface" at the beginning of their talks - Compliments are "refused" ("no no it was nothing"

Bilingual cognitive advantages

- cognitive benefits throughout the lifespan children, young adults, older adults - Some of it is true but some of it is not - bilinguals are not "smarter" do not have a higher IQ — language or language experience is influencing very specific cognitive experiences - Advantages throughout the lifespan for children, younger adults and older adults - people who use two languages on a daily basis — delayed alzheimers - advantages are due to practicing inhibition via. inhibitory control model (green, 1998). In order to speak one language you must suppress the other one both languages are active, inhibitory processes are key, different mechanism for bilinguals, and language mixing is not confusion - Simon task — task of inhibitory control - Did it in an activation in the brain detector — monolingual are more likely to recruit the prefrontal cortex (makes sense), bilinguals also had activity in the broca's area — area for language - hard to study EF during infancy studies demonstrating no difference at 24 months

What is ethnic identity?

- ethnic identity: the extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group(s) refers to one's sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of one's thinking, perceptions, feelings and behavior that is due to ethnic group membership. Awareness: understanding of one's own and other groups self identification: label used for one's own group ethnic attitudes: feelings about own and other groups ethnic behaviors: behavioral patterns specific to an ethnic group Most of the research is thinking about what makes someone belong to an ethnic group - but often based on appearance and someone may not feel like they are part of that ethnic group - research assumes that you are part of that group and it goes forward like that - very complex and difficult thing to think about

What's a moral obligation?

- objective obligations — that a person MUST act in that way even if there is no specific law that requires such action - actions that are legitimately regulated meaning that people should be prevented from acting in such a way or punished if they do so - moral obligation vs preference — not just what you want to do, moral obligation for what you have to do

Markus Sociocultural--Historical Ideas and Values

- shinto-buddhist ideals of empathy and compassion - morocco defining self in terms of birthplace - confuscianism — virtue in adhering to hierarchical social relations, emphasis on engagement in roles, respect for ancestors - Cultures that have more than one god usually are interdependent. - Personal positive self is hindrance to social harmony

Bilingualism: Visual language discrimination

- silent video clips of bilingual french- english speakers reciting sentences in each language - these infants were shown video clips from one of the languages until their looking time declined to 60% - At 4 and 6 months both monolingual and bilingual infants noticed the switch from french to english - at 8 months only bilingual infants noticed the switch from english to french weikum et al 2007 - Retested 8 month old spanish catalan infants — still able to detect change from english to french sebastian - talles et al. 2012 - If they noticed the switch they would attend back to the video - One theory: infants are exposed to a multitude of sound - need to be able to perceive when the language switches if they are in a bilingual home

Rival Hypothesis

- the possibility that a given construct has a different meaning in another culture or does not apply altogether Canadians Cree (Native American tribe in Canada Ability to solve problems Thinks carefully Perform better than others Is respectful "Lives with Whites" - Conception of what IQ is differs across the two. - If you think you are interested in IQ -- have to think about what IQ means to different cultures. Another definition: Rival hypothesis: the possibility that the same construct may have different unanticipated effects that are specific to a given culture (but unanticipated by the experimenter. Relationships between Tacit (practical) knowledge and schooling among Kenyan children in Usenge, Kenya: - What does it take to have intelligence in other cultures? - Practical knowledge. - Most western children do NOT have a lot of practical knowledge. - Went into different schools and towns and measured tacit knowledge-- eg farming, the sun, etc. - Looked at years of schooling vs tacit knowledge - his hypothesis was that there's a linear ascending relationship between tacit knowledge gained and years of schooling. would tell you that the purpose of schooling in that culture would be to teach students useful things. - He found the exact opposite -- longer the children were in school, the more useless they were. - Children who had a great degree of tacit knowledge had very very little amount of schooling. - in retrospect that makes sense. - Children = a luxury. - Children do not really have any use to you at all. - That's not their purpose. - The useful children are NOT in school, the useless children are in school because you can't do anything with them at home. Summary: Rival hypothesis: - the possibility that a given construct has a different meaning in another culture or does not apply altogether - the possibility that the same construct may have different unanticipated effects that are specific to a given culture (but unanticipated by the experimenter.

Social interaction and social identity

- we acquire social identity through social interactions with the various groupings of people with which we identify via: - direct social comparison - from how others react to us - self-perception - observing our own behavior. - one of the most classic programs of research in psychology is the minimal group paradigm: identifying what groups exist - makes them more salient - arbitrary identity that doesn't have meaning, create in group and out group if you provide some kind of benefit - people who didn't have glasses represent themselves as out group because not getting benefit, people with glasses - in-group

Bilingualism: Language development

- word learning - associate meanings of common words 6-8 months - language burst around 18 months - do not avoid learning words with same meaning - bilinguals differentiate languages early and can use them appropriately by 19 months

Experiment in housing integration

1. Quasi experiment; families assigned to housing projects in Newark and New York (Wilner, Walkley and cook, 1965) 2. Living conditions: Segregated, integrated 3. Measure agreement with items that Black and White housewives are equal on these items who are cleaner? Who's children are better mannered? Who helps keep project in good condition? Who is more intelligent Higher numbers = more positive attitudes Integration project components: Equal status accorded to all homes and family members program sanctioned at local and federal level contact could not be avoided What was important to know: there were these housing projects - there was a stairwell that was right in between these housing projects that connected them together There's an integrated housing project, segregated housing project, right next to each other via this stairwell Percentage of housewives who agreed that blacks and whites are equal: People who live in the integrated building - different programs and stuff to get along Segregated building -- did not have principles in place It's not the case that the integrated building had better attitudes than segregated buildings Those people who lived near the stairwells where integration could take place is what improved attitudes regardless of integrated or segregated When they went back and started interviewing people lots of natural contact happening on that stairwell were expecting that attitudes would be better When they were near that stairwell regardless of what the government orchestrated your attitudes would be better

Contact hypothesis

1. equal status within the situation (not coming into the situation) 2. common goals 3. intergroup cooperation (must be an interdependent effort without intergroup competition) 4. institutional support (support of authorities, law or custom)

Mock Jury Study

174 participants medium age is 40, 61% female, 83% male diverse or not diverse (white vs black) deliberate on a case - that had to do with race - thought that the two african american jurors would diversify th group

Acquiring ethnicity: the case of growing Native American Population

1960-1990 # NA in census tripled 1948 AZ reservation vs. 1948 Annual ceremony in Flagstaff, AZ they mostly live in small groups live mostly in reservation (insular life) prior to 1960, the dominant approach to ethnic identity was ethnic switching idea in which many NA who had the capacity to would change their identity on the Census card to NA to white esp. when they move off reservation passing NA who could pass, could pass in ethnic identity esp. if they have the physical attributes to pass as white american typically off reservation defining themselves What is NA identity? informal identification how do you feel about yourself How do other and describe you formal identification actual card by the federal government need to be by blood 1/8 NA Gov. needed some way of identifying them led to federal policies led to "new NA" 1960-1990 increase of NA moving off reservation to urban areas as time went by but we also saw a decline of NA identification but now we see they are moving off reservation but identifying as NA 1960-1990: intermarried increase in #marriages with those who are not NA now we say a blending of families 1960-1990: Children with NA names next to zero 1960-1970 1980-1990 large increase in parents giving kids traditional NA names names have a BIG part in culture and ethnicity 1960-1990: Speak 1980-1990 large increase in percent of people who are reporting they speak a classic native american language at home whose the new NA? there's an ethnic renewal there's a resurgence in pride and what it means to be NA that people are seeing themselves as NA and not as antagonistic to being American they are moving off reservation but marinating their NA informal identification Names language keeping formally because we can track through census these outside forces are having an effect on how people see themselves and their group with large implications on how they're identifying themselves what's the sources? 1946 Indian Claims Commission Panel for relations between federal gov. and NA tries. Main role was to hear claims of tribes against US resurgence in "Red Power" social policies are related to construction of ethnic identities direct: movement to cities indirect: new organizations ethnicity is perceived to be private choice but occurs with broader social movements ethnicity acquisition is bi-directional psychological models need to understood within social and political context

What is "Culture"

A dynamic system of rules, explicit, and implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors. Culture is shared by a group but harbored differently by each specific unit within the group, communicated across generations. Culture is relatively stable but has potential to change over time

Stereotypes

A stereotype is a widely held but not fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing Stereotypes are beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of certain groups can be grounded in fact "kernel of truth" history most often inaccurate valence some are positive and some are negative most often are negative intentional? are they intentional or not most research focuses on negative stereotypes Where do they come from? categorization people sort objects into groups social categorization classification of persons into groups in the basis of common attributes outgroup homogeneity outgrips more like group like than in-groups "they are all alike" causes us to make quick generalizations from one individual to a group processes happen almost automatically

What Happens if Culture is Overlooked?

Airplane cockpits as cultural medium - Pilot and co-pilot who belonged to different ethnic groups - Miscommunication about degree of "emergency" - So we had to increase English proficiency, but another airplane crash in South America -Lacked fluency in English competency - Then developed rating scale score description (Why this is dumb) § Body language § Expression of emotion § What about the culture/culture differences □ Difference in basic emotions American and Japanese participants to watch stressful films then measured their basic emotions ◊ Watch alone or were told someone would be watching them ◊ Japanese people had little emotion expression when watched vs. when alone and Americans were even in both cases

Assumptions that led up to the contact hypothesis

An important prediction made by social scientists was that increased interracial contact would result in more positive racial attitudes racial attitudes difficult to change. formed early on though change in explicit attitudes reported Assumption 1: prejudice was primarily based on misinformation and ignorance due to lack of interracial contact Assumption 2: lack of institutional support for positive intergroup relations; divergent group interests and goals, absence of shared identities assumptions help us understand why racial attitudes are so difficult to change

Studies on experiences affect our view of the world or mind

Anguish of the Abandoned Child Nelson Romanian orphanages Interested in on the effect of institutionalization on the maturation of the brain Deprivation could have an affect on intelligence and on development (thesis) Looked at 3 different groups of kids. - Institutionalized (placement orphanages for most childhood) Fourth highest IQ Lowest activation Institutionalized, placed in foster care after 2 years Third highest IQ Second highest activation Institutionalized, placed in foster care before 2 years Second highest IQ Third highest activation Never institutionalized Highest IQ Highest activation There's critical periods in terms of development of brain, but it is shaped by experiences Seems to be delay in brain maturation as a function of social experience or degree of nutriment

Roots of Bilingualism

Are infants born with a preference for language? 30 newborn infants (0-5 days old) 1/2 monolingual english 1/2 bilingual tagalog- English - Linguistic experience in utero does matter - For Tagalog bilinguals — preferred english and tagalog equally for chinese bilinguals (control group) — preferred english and chinese equally for english monolinguals — preferred english significantly - Infants have a preference but do they discriminate — habituate a baby towards one sound (get them to be bored with one sound) then introduce them to a new language and then you see that most infants attend to the new language — both the tagalog and the english babies could tell the difference both bilingual and monolingual babies could identify between the two languages

Kpelle Rice Farmers Study

Are non-literate African tribal people more likely than Americans to use rote memory? Claimed that Kpelle's recall was no better 1st trial vs. 15th trial and Americans' recall went up with practice. But, once objects put into a story, then Kpelle rice farmer's memory score higher than Americans. Used etic method to start because tried to look at memory in a broad overarching way

Morality (Haidt) Universal and Culture Specific Domains of Morality

Argues different spheres of morality: Ex sphere of divinity *what does God say? - suffering - hierarchy/ respect - reciprocity - these are domains besides the domain of justice Purity: - meaning of purity has similarities among cultures but causes of purity violations seems to be culture specific - westerners — pro social behavior (suffering, reciprocity) - Study: asked people what is disgusting - same thing that should be disgusting should be disgusting across culture — but people say very different things to the extent that people have the same emotion and same bodily association with emotion - different realms of what people think is associated with that — different spheres of morality that people live in Morality resides in three different systems of experience: - ethics of autonomy, community, and divinity Ethics of autonomy: self is an individual preference structure. morality is about increasing autonomy, choice and control. Moral issues are interpersonal issues and actions are judged by their material and psychological consequences to others (heinz dilemma is a pretty good demonstration) is this thing ok to do to someone else? Ethics of community; self is a holder of an office or role in a larger collective enterprise. Morality requires duty, respect, obedience to authority, and actions consistent with one's gender, class or caste. - social order = really important - like the japanese example Ethics of divinity: self is a spiritual entity striving to avoid pollution and obtain purity. Immoral acts involve degrading one's spiritual nature. Morality requires spiritual cleanliness 9even if it involves harming others) — the majority of us are highly religious in some way what is the spiritual obligation that people have and whether or not you are meeting that spiritual obligation maintaining spirituality for that power is very important to maintaining morality Research evidence: participants: 47 residents in Bhubaneswar (Hindu temple town on the east coast on India among Oriya Brahman subcastes and other castes that were considered "unclean") Method: 39 behavioral events representing actual or potential breaches of codes of conduct developed over time based on ethnographic knowledge moral discourse analyzed via structured interviews with residents in that type analyzed the spheres and castes

Asian-American and American Identity --Identity Denial

Asian-American and white undergrad asked to participate study on motivation experimenter instructions to "qualify for study" Are you a college student? Are you a US citizen Measure motivation: number of cartoons listed from 1980's Results College student? no significant between Asian and White US Citizen subtly applying that not part of American Asian American more motivation for finding cartoons than did white americans measure of effect of identity denial on motivation

Independent Self

Basic concept of self: independence Fundamental unit of society attribute-based self Person as a machine Cultural task of society is self-actualization Use of one's own goals and desires to cause change in the environment Personal achievement, persuading others or influence Self is more cognitively elaborated than others You would have more things to say about yourself than the other person You know yourself better You tend to spend your effort thinking about the self as an independent self

Evidence that not all contact improves intergroup relations

But not all the theorizzing or empirical evidence was supportive of this onclusion about contact and reduced prejudice Allport (1954), the nature of prejudice categories and stereotypes tend to be preserved stereotype disconfirming info is ignored or forgetten or assimilated to the initial stereotype. just because you have groups of people together doesn't mean youre reducing prejudice Disconfirming individuals are "subtyped" in order to preserve the overall stereotype Schnieder's (2004) review -- quite a bit of evidence supports these claims Stephan (1978) on the effects of desegregation at the local level reviewed all of the post brown vs board of education research on the effects of desegregation most studies showed that there was no significant decrease in prejudice

Rationality vs. Moral Institutions

Can't articulate moral issues Participants: 60 American college students Method: - describe in detail a scenario that people find disgusting (in realm of morality) and ask people to argue why right or wrong - if people can't rationalize why it's right or wrong then that indicates moral dumbfounding - Example: you and your sister are camping for a few weeks together. one night the two of you started kissing and seemed to like it. After this night you both started having intimate sex together. The two of you thoroughly enjoy each other and continue to have sex for the next two weeks while you are camping together. - Measure: explain why it's wrong not a lot of data because people don't really know how to explain — say "it's just wrong" people just have a visceral feeling of disgust without an explanation reason why kohlberg is problematic is because our emotions guide our moral mandates

Case study: Evaluation of identical resumes: Race

Case Study: Evaluation of identical resumes: Race applicants with American American sounding names had to send 15 resumes to get a callback compared to 10 needed by white sounding names white names yielded as many more callbacks as an additional eight years of experience the higher the resume quality, the higher the gap between callbacks for white and African American names content of stereotypes based on perceived status and competition status relative to group competitiveness as threat consequences for type of content of stereotype affect and motivation Fiske and colleagues demonstrated that schemas/stereotypes about different social groups vary along two dimensions competence (skillful, competent, confident, capable, efficient, intellignet) Warmth (friendly, well-intentioned, trustworthy, war, good-natured you can make a graph with warmth on y axis and competence on x axis you can take a broad group and make sub-groups for women (for example) trendy, chic as warm but not competent intellectual, feminist as not warm but highly competent

Explicit Stereotypes

Case Study: stereotypes of environmentalists listed categories with number of people who names trait (200) you can articulate it

Mary Crawford Nepal Study/Problem

Case study: Emic vs. Etic distinction and imposing Institutional Review Board standards in other countries: Sex Trafficking in Nepal: - Sex trafficking: the buying and selling of human beings for purposes of commercial sex work. - 700,000 to 2 million women are trafficked - in nepal 5000 to 7000 girls are trafficked to India. Mary Crawford-- UCONN: - Women's rights activism -- what does it look like in Nepal - Conducted interviews with NGO staff, trafficking victims, women's rights activists - Archival research on case files -- survivor characteristics and long-term outcomes - Interviews and focus groups with middle class women in Kathmandu. Nepal US Interdependent self Independent self Web of kinship autonomy Identity linked to clan and family identity linked to work caste and fate determine outcomes individual striving determines outcome - These differences were hard to tell in this study -- problems with cultural differences. US IRB: Institutional Review Board model - Rigorous Human subjects protection - individual human subjects protection - Informed consent - sign documentation that you agree to participate - children and parents have to consent to rights. - rights are provided for you - can agree to remove yourself at any time - Right to privacy - person as solitary unit. Culture clash #1: Informed Consent: - Principle vs Procedures. - Have a picture of a sex trafficked girl signing consent form -- automatically goes against IRB - Women were unwilling to sign a consent form -- because there was a lot of political corruption and thought that the consent form was linked to government and then they could be tracked. - Women were willing to talk to Crawford but not willing to sign consent form. Culture clash #2: Right to privacy: - Privacy as a Western construct. - Women were scared to do the study alone. - Privacy for americans means that you're by yourself and you're being interviewed about sex trafficking. - IRB thinks that the women were embarrassed - but women were quite fearful when they were alone, but felt better when in a group. - very common in Kathmandu - Another violation of the IRB -- but women wanted pictures of themselves after they did the study. - American IRB said they should be paid. Crawford tried to give them money, but they wanted the picture -- considered a violation of privacy. - At all these different levels -- wonder what privacy actually means. - Many problems. - IRB's job is not to help you do the study -- it's to protect the people involved in the study - but definition of protection is different. Solutions?: - Understanding at methodological, cultural, and historical levels of analysis - appreciating that a culture will be different and that you have biases of what you think the research is going to do. There are methods that are going to differ than what's going on in your head. Levels of analysis -- all the way from the biological level to the interpersonal level. - Etic and Emic approaches - try to use interplay between the two. Think about what's culturally specific and thinking about what's broader. - Sensitivity to context dependent measures - might mean that you have to take a measure that's been developed for a particular population and change it. often times that means pilot testing - Multi-method approach - you're going to use a wide range of tools that you have in your methodological tool kit -- want to interview people. Self-reports are incredibly important, but not alone. - Helpful to have someone who is part of the group taking part in the research (eg if you're doing work at a school having a student on the research team)

Dynamic Social Impact Theory Study

Cullum & Harton - Students' attitudes were surveyed at the beginning of the year and then at later points throughout the school year - Students came to have attitudes that were similar to the attitudes of the people with whom they shared a common living space Cultures emerge when people communicate with those around them, and people are most likely to communicate information that is personally relevant to them

General properties of stigma

Characteristics that has led to a person becoming "reduced" or "tainted" in other people's views a visible mark that such as a brand or tattoo used to disgrace, shame, condemn, or ostracize Erving Goffman (1963) suggested that stigma had two major components public one (reaction of general public to people with mental illness) self-stigma (prejudice that people with mental illness tend to turn towards themselves early work contends with both public and private stigma while the later work focuses on the public stigma since there wasn't much data on the private public stigma reaction of general public to others private stigma bias that people tend to turn towards themselves Stigma classifications (Goffman) tribal identities social groups into which individuals are born religious, ethnic, racial, national groups abominations of the body physical ailments deformities illnesses paralysis blemishes of individual character moral transgressions , weakness of will drug addiction prostitution homosexuality mental illness not complying with rules made by society Living with a stigmatizing conditions discredited those who stigma is immediately apparent discreditable those whose condition is not immediately apparent and are only potentially stigmatizing responses differs since discredited: direct attempt to correct the failing discreditable: manage information

Early work on stigma: Clark and Clark

Clark and Clark study Self-devaluation study Question: what is the consequence of possessing a stigmatized identity among African American children? empirically test Goffman's categories of stigma 253 African American children presented 4 dolls 2 brown with black hair 2 white with yellow hair asked questions (kindergarten age) identify actual color of doll (do children recognize and classify race differently? example questions Give me the brown doll Give me the white doll result children correctly identified the doll's color 93% gave the brown doll when asked 94% gave the white doll when asked identify the racial identity of doll give me the doll that looks like an African American Child give me the doll that looks like a White child result children able to identify doll's racial identity 93% African American 93% White Identify the child's racial identity give me the doll that looks like you result children not as good at identifying their own racial identity 66% brown doll 33% white doll identify racial preference give me the doll you like best give me the doll that looks bad give me the doll that is a nicer color results children devalued own racial identity 66% liked white doll best 59% brown doll bad 38% brown doll was a nice color more brown doll bad in north than in south for which doll do you like the least one of the first empirical tests that stigma can have a private dimension argument that it's a powerful study that suggests that how society categorizes a particular group has a dramatic group on people's ability to see themselves

Cross-Cultural Comparison Studies

Compare two or more cultures - Ex. Kpelle vs. American and recall. - Mueller- Lyer illusions - People are susceptible because the angles of the lines are similar to the angles that they see when they look at carpentered corners

Enemy-ship in cultural products

Enemyship in cultural products: you should see high signs of enemy ship with high levels of interdependent self Enemyship in cultural practices: infant seclusion sorcery, juju (object for sorcery) Enemyship in everyday discourse if an insect bites you, it comes from the inside — enemies come from the inside common discourse about enemies

Problems with Inclusion

Disabled: negative consequences for self-concept and emotional security disabled: anecdotal reports of problems with transition from special to mainstream schools non-disabled: mixed findings regarding the effect of inclusion on non-disabled children's attitudes towards the disabled extended contact might be useful

Non-Universal

Do not exist in all cultures Something they see that they don't see in their culture Examples Enemyship Construct that varies by the culture Philotimos Person of honor Idea that this person is beyond a friend but someone who'd you lay down your life Schadenfeude German term Happy at someone's downfall "Haters" - Abacus users tend to favor the odd-even distinction, they think in base units of fives and the make particular pattern of errors not seen in non-abacus users (Miller) - Much of numerical reasoning appears to be non-universal (Carey) in that some of the cognitive tools involved seem to be present only among those who have been raised in cultures that use them

Etic vs. Emic Distinctions

Etic is general/universal. Emic is culture specific

What is the self

Example of Michael Fay 1994 teenager sprayed 16 cars in Singapore with spray paint and was sentenced to punishment by caning (smack you with a cane) Stirred controversy in the US ○ Moments of profound cultural divide: 2 different perspectives § Deeply disrespectful of a government or people ○ Mother § "What this has taught me about my country, is how we take everything for granted. We have problems, but we have our freedoms" ○ Israel's view point § "You know that if you come to Singapore, your life, limb and properties will be quite safe" The self begins with the human body - "aspect of personality that allows one, when awakening each morning, to be sure that he or she is the same person who went to sleep the night before ○ Reflexive consciousness--thinking about your day ○ Interpersonal aspect of self--self as tool to relate to others ○ Executive function--self as the controller of your actions - Mutual constitution of culture & Psyche (Markus) ○ Designed to try to answer how do you take all the stuff out in the world (history, religion, family practices etc) and how that constitutes the self ○ Collective reality § Core cultural ideas □ What is good, moral, and self § Ecological, economic, and sociopolitical factors ○ Sociopsychological processes Customs, norms, practices, institutions, reflecting and promoting the core ideas Language Political system Legal system Educational system Caretaking practices Media Individual reality Recurrent episodes in local worlds that personalize the core ideas Home School Workplace Psychological tendencies Psychological structures and processes Fundamental psychological processes that results in action Each of the topics feedback to each other. Cultural practices and meaning complement and inform psychological processes which in turn generate and transform cultural practices and meanings

Cast study: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean names in CA

Example of how external influences such as migration and density (how much where you live are they're other people just like you) coincide with "traditional naming practices" Comparison Asian parents who were not born in the US and the names of their children (blue) Asian americans parents (US born and yellow) Density low vs. high neighborhood density Degree of overlap vs. Chinese low density (Asian FB and Asian AM) and Chinese high density (Asian FB and Asian AM) findings no diff in low density parents are more likely to name their children more american big difference in high density Asian FB in high density will give fewer ethnic names yellow bars doesn't matter where you are will give American names so sometimes who you live around and how many can matter Table of prominent names of girls by ethnic origin of mother CA Jennifer most common name in Chinese and whites Stephanie was the most popular name in 1967 but is now number 2 for Chinese dated names mean that they were popular but not right now Chinese had more dated names so Michelle is the most popular name but in 1964 why might you see this phenomenon of dated names? Chinese parents who were born in China but came here and had children As media migrates from one time to another, there's a lag Summary implications for assimilation density Density of residence why do immigrants choose dated names link between new world and old world (girls) we do not see this in Germany

Country as Proxy for Culture

Example: Group as proxy for culture: - Race/culture as predictor of attitudes - how do african americans and whites show that they are equal to each other and combat racism? (lamont, 2003). - coming from outside cause she's french. - African American vs. white americans. - If you're thinking about country or group as a proxy for culture -- start thinking that African Americans will share al the same attitudes and white americans will share all the same attitudes. - Started with White american working class: They ask if they believed in God -- do you both believe in God -- combats racism. If you don't believe in God can't be friends - African American working class: Says the same thing, I choose my friends on the basis of whether they believe in God. God is who you answer to - African American Elites: Not useful to pray oneself out of segregation. One uses scientific proof, more differences within a racial group than between. - Less friendship between elites and working class rather than between blacks and whites. - In this context: if you're thinking about the group as a proxy for culture and you're thinking that all african americans are sharing the same values -- you lose the fact that there are quite a lot of differences between elite african americans and working class. Summary: - Group as a proxy for culture: The researcher assumes that every member within a group (african americans) will share similar attitudes and thus the appropriate comparison group is the outgroup (whites) - Researchers expectations: race - Actual findings: Class status.

Accessibility Universal

Exists in all cultures to solve the same problem Facial expression for basic emotions § Anger § Disgust § Neutral § Surprise § Happiness § Fear § Sadness Understanding the properties of physics Almost all young kids understand that things don't disappear - Social facilitation -the tendency for individuals to do better at well-learned tasks and worse at poorly learned tasks when in the presence of others have been shown to occur in both humans and insects (Zajonc) - A folk understanding of physics is evident among infants at a very early age and thus also likely to reflect accessibility universals (Baillargeon)

Existential Universal

Exists in many cultures but does not solve the same problem across culture and is not equally accessible Example of motivation - Countries differ in motivation Kids in US motivated by what they like to do and what their friends like to do (Feather) Chinese motivated by their parents (Heine) Motivation is driven by different things

Functional Universal

Exists in many cultures to solve the same problem across culture but the degree might differ Tight vs. loose culture Tight = punished or critiqued; we all have to follow the same way (military) Loose = it doesn't matter Cultures with high population density, resource scarcity, disease and environmental threats are all tight - Investigation on whether people from a variety of different societies tended to punish those who acted unfairly even if it was costly for the individual to mete out (Henrich) Found lot of variation: Bolivia 28% earnings to punish others while in Kenya 90% earnings (Norenzayan) - Did the same with attraction to similarity (Heine) - Same with role of negative affect in depression (Kleinman)

Causal Attributions

Explanations for why things happen in the world Fundamental attribution error: NOT the same as every culture overestimate internal factors — people tend to blame themselves underestimate situational factors — people underestimate how much the situation matters Study example: Same two murders described in both newspapers

Stereotype Threar

For people who are members of diverse groups, hidden and overt bias can cause added stress( stressed not faced by others) that can undermine performance, motivation, and health The threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype or the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype

Benefits of inclusion of disabled children in mainstream schools

Government committed to inclusion in schools—Special educational needs and disability act 2001 "inclusion of disabled people throughout their school and college life is one of the most powerful levers in banishing stereotypes and negative attitudes towards disabled people among the next generation" disability task force 1999 Benefits for disabled child: social and academic

Dynamic constructivist approach to culture

Frame switching = shift between interpretative frames rooted in different cultures culture as network of discrete constructs that guide cognition cues in the environment frame switching occurs at the level of basic psychological processes ( not a mere self-presentation) knowledge activation —accessibility—cultural behavior Cultural priming Hong and Morris participants: westernized students in HK 80% of secondary schools English was official language until 1997 was British territory method Prime American and Chinese cultural icons (capital building vs. Chinese wall) Task Fish swimming task Measure 1 = internal cause to 12 = situational causes 1 = very confident because one fish is leading to other fish to 12 = ver confident because one fish is being chased by other fish we should make them behave more independent or interdependent deepening on their primes (Americans as independent and Chinese as interdependent) Dynamic constructivist approach and bicultural identity construct of culture less critical than accessibility culture as chronically accessible construct within the same person, you can get someone to behave more relatively interdependent or independent Means that you can be bicultural applies to biracial people and to people who spent a lot of time in other countries

Evidence against Kohlberg's model of morality: Harmful Offenses

Harmful offenses: morality as largely based on moral intuitions (gut feelings about right and wrong) culture impacts our realm of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) Moral (wrong, should be punished) vs bad person (but that is his right) Should I let a homeless person stay outside in the rain when I know they may die outside? Should men be allowed to have multiple wives? "He (John stuart mills) thought the mormon polygamous way of life inferior, particular because the subordinate role of women in the polygamous system.. but so long as the marriages were predicated on consent, he thought they should not be unlawful" Can children be soldiers in iraq? Harmless offenses: If something disgusts you does that make it morally wrong? if you have a feeling of disgust might be a signal that it might be in the realm of morality You can find things that are disgusting but if they are harmless then they shouldn't be moral offenses Can certain activities be disgusting or immoral even if they do not harm others? importance Research evidence on non-harm based morality: participants 90 brazilian/90 americans Method: 5 behavioral events representing harmless-offensive stories (offensive and disgusting but no harm) Sample: Disrespect: a woman is cleaning out her closet and she finds her old (american/ brazilian) flag. She doesn't want the flag anymore so she cuts it up into pieces and uses the rages to clean her bathroom Disgust: a family's dog was killed by a car in front of their house. They had heard that dog meat was delicious, so they cut up the dog's body and cooked it and ate it for dinner. Results: Independent variable 1: westernization (philadelphia, porto alegre, recife) Independent variable 2: socioeconomic status (wealthy, poor) Measure: moralizing vs permissive stance (% of people who answered) yes this is wrong. Person should be punished or stopped Philadelphia — the poor thinks its more ok to punish people this way (for the dog situation) poor are more likely to engage in moralizing behavior Very large within culture differences as a function of social class when we think about culture we're often thinking about differences across cultures class has a very large impact on the degree that people engage in moralizing behavior not as much of a class difference between brazilians biggest difference was within a country (within the US social class)

Self Construal

How do I see myself in relation to others? - Independent: Rich elaborated - Interdependent: Normative demand to understand self in relation to others (I am similar to others)

Dynamic Social Impact Theory

Individuals come to influence each other and they do so primarily in terms of how often the individuals interact, which ultimately leads to clusters of like minded people that are separated by geography--cultures, in other words

Do people believe the stigmatized when they perceive discrimination?

Kaiser case study African Americans came in to do a speech task 3 conditions Condition had judges who were confederates who were trained to behave in one way 0, 50, 100% prejudice asked to speculate whether discrimination actually occurred and or answer quality regardless of whether the participants were told the range of prejudice judges, when they told this to other people, people always said that the participants were complaining not only is the phenomenology of stigma problematic from social justice and also from relationship because people don't believe prejudice and discrimination is real—they think you're just sensitive

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Mcguire 1976 theory of social identity tension between need for validation and countervailing need for distinctiveness you don't want to be the same as everyone else but at the same time, you don't want to be really strange to others AKA weird minimal group paradigm (over and under-estimators) Ss are either in majority group or minority group manipulation to make ss believe there are thousands of students taking part in study (depersonalization) optimal distinction comes to life here "there are thousands of students in this study" vs. control condition (this is the manipulation) given a jar of jelly beans or bunch of dots and asked to estimate the amount, doesn't amount because you're told to over or under estimate the size OUCOME: "How desirable are the social traits of members in your group?" depersonalize condition: there are thousands of people in this study when you are in the majority (like there's a lot of people in the over or under-estimator group), the control people say that the gourd has more desirable traits when you're in the majority, you think that your group is cool BUT now you say there's thousands to take this study, your traits in the group is not so cool when you're in the minority, you think your group is not so hot because people are not like you BUT now that you say thousands take this study, all of a sudden being in the minority is cool and they say that these are desirable traits to have so minority people in the thousands of people think they they are not good because they are distinct and majority is the opposite (they aren't distinct anymore) the context that you find yourself

Acculturation: What happens when we move?

Moving to a new culture involves psychological adjustment, which can often be associated with stress One common pattern of acculturation is captured by a U-shaped curve. you have the honeymoon period and you love the place (food, people etc.), then after awhile, you have a period of culture shock (where's Starbucks?) and is usually associated with depressive symptoms, then afterwards, you adjust that doesn't quite reach the honeymoon phase (you start to appreciate why its different) This curve depends on how long you're staying at the place so a resort is not long enough to leave the honeymoon phase (2-3 weeks) Applies when you go to college culture shock phase being your freshmen year and why you do poorly because you're like what is this this is an individualistic approach because different people are more or less susceptible to this curve honeymoon period in the beginning due to novelty culture shock often accompanied by homesickness people often go through pattern after returning home—reverse culture shock in more homogenous cultures, the adjustment phase of the curve is sometimes not experienced, yielding an L shape curve Who adjusts better? These are several factors that may predict how well a person may adjust to the new host culture cultural distance cultural fit perhaps you're more familiar acculturation strategies two issues with implications for outcome of acculturation attitudes toward host culture does the individual participate in the larger society of the host culture? do they seek to fit in? attitudes toward heritage culture does the individual seek ways to preserve the traditions of their heritage culture? these two lead to distinct strategies that affect the acculturation experience Four strategies integration individual attempts to fit in and fully participate in host culture, while also maintaining heritage culture associated with the least acculturative stress incorporates protective features (lack of prejudice, access to two support groups) effort to maintain tradition of one's own culture and also fully integrate with traditions of host culture separation individual maintains heritage culture and does not try to fit in with host culture one loses the protective features associated with fitting into the host culture individuals may in turn be rejected by the host culture effort to maintain traditions of one's own culture with little effort to participate in host culture assimilation individual attempts to fit in and fully participate in host culture and rejects one's heritage culture accompanied by loss of social support network from heritage culture marginalization Negative attitudes toward both host and heritage cultures, relatively rare least successful strategy associated with a weakened social support system attitudes toward host and heritage cultures are seen as being independent from each other this yields four acculturation strategies we cannot test this model very well younger you are, the move doesn't impact as much a host culture that expresses prejudice against one's heritage cultural group diminishes one's motivation to fit in people who have distinctly different physical characteristics from host culture are more prone to pursue marginalization or separation

Naming as acculturation

Naming patterns of immigrants reflect movement towards or away from host culture and thus are ideal for studying acculturation so where is the story of YOUR name? What influences naming patterns? symbolic association select names that are associated with a particular ethnic group or symbols of that ethnic group symbolic contamination select names that reject particular ethnic group or symbols associated with that group example of non-traditional ethnic group names for resume naming patterns reflect social class, religion, generational distance from time of immigration, attitudes towards one's own group Madison and Ashley are two names of typically wealthy people, but also very common in poor people people may think that if they name their poor child a wealthy name, then their poor child may become wealthy How does assimilation affect naming patterns? movement towards American names and names that sound less foreign Guiseppe —Joseph Easier to pronounce but still retain features of names from country of origin Latino immigrants prefer girl names with "A" at the end like Maria, because it still has the "a" that is associated with femininity American names (except for invented names) originate from descendants of Western European immigrants

Identity Denial

Occurs whenever one of our important group memberships is called into question because we differ from the prototypical image of that group having one's identity threatened as a result of deviating from the prototypical group member cal also occur to those who find that their skills or activates fall short in some important domain. the extra pressure caused having one's ID called into question can increase motivation and of reinforcing this negative stereotype can interfere with academic performance Evidence "How American are these groups?" White and Black equally perceived to be American Latino and Asian least likely to be perceived as American

Intergroup contact

Olympic games: usually talk about winning or representing their country you have extraordinary world stage in which to improve understanding between nations when you have individuals who are coming from different countries and cultures that are very different and they live together in an olympic village - create a unique experience many countries spend a lot of money on intergroup contact International exchange programs: Founding idea is intergroup contact: Research exchange program in Tokyo Intergroup contact: spend time with people who are not like you and that increases understanding letter writing exchange program in ecuador service exchange program in New Orleans Being with other people and building the house and house goes to a community that might not be like you - intergroup contact in many aspects "Hearts and Minds" approach to Iraq: Intergroup contact between soldiers and young children to help improve how iraqi citizens saw soldiers Several different campaigns Give them sports stuff/ goodies - improve the way that Iraqi children see americans did not work well because led to soldiers interrogating children you can have the idea of contact but need certain rules in place Intergroup contact: does contact between group reduces prejudice? empirical question directly grew out of problematic American race relations in early 1900s "Contact between groups will breed suspicion, fear, resentment, disturbance, and at times open conflict" Baker, 1934 "Interracial experiences can lead to mutual understanding and regard. When groups are isolated from one another, prejudice and conflict grow like disease" Brameld, 1945 Is contact good or bad?

How do cultural psychologists approach people's cultural observations?

Pace of life in 31 countries study ○ Participants: 31 countries ○ In rio when people say class starts at 11:40, sometimes starts then or later. Time has element of flexibility. In fresno state, time is more rigid. So does time differ from around the world? (is there a systematic difference) Entirely undergraduates Measures (observational studies) Walking speed (fixed distance) Postal speed (mail a letter. How many days for it to get to themselves) Clock accuracy of 15 clocks .Was pace of life correlated w/Smoking rates (faster pace = higher rates smoking). Mortality Rates (fast pace = higher death index. Pace of life --> greater subjective well being (happiness) Results They can document systematic difference that matters § Uncovered non-intuitive findings § Discovered interesting puzzle about human behavior □ What it means to have a well meaningful life § What about population size vs. well being or pace of life

Movie names of famous celebrities example as ethnic identity

People will remove physical characteristics that are associated with their ethnic identity - lightening or darkening their skin, changing the color of their hair, getting eye surgeries, etc etc. can be seen as one way of making yourself more attractive - but why is it always in one direction? All of this is to suggest that ethnic identity is more than just a name - it's more than just what kind of food you eat, but there is something about the way groups move together that really shapes what ethnic identity is about. really really easy to shape and create ethnic identity First couple days of college becomes really salient - not part of columbia when you come here. great example of how your identity becomes very very fluid and stays fluid over time stop identifying with columbia and start identifying with your subgroup whether its a college identity or racial identity - these things are much more malleable than we think and it's very easy to think about that in the context of college, but a lot harder when you think about what it means in terms of ethnicity - not the same socially constructed fluid way but that is how identity works.

Jonah Berger as example of how culture spreads

Practical utility: Immediate value to the receiver Positive/funny/upbeat -- puts people in good mood What about something else Deepening social bonds Thinks which open the mind can inspire awe Deeper than surprise and interest Broadening horizons Seeing grand canyon for example Encourage people to look beyond themselves Sharing emotions can deepen social connections Coding independent measures Manual trained coders Look at awe, practical utility, surprising: Positivity, Emotionality ○ Controls § External drivers of attention § Factors that may influence transmission and presence of awe inspiring content □ Section □ Writing complexity □ Author gender □ Article length Results § Awe is related to virality § Persists even controlling for other psychological characteristics § External drivers of attention and other controls

Socioecological Theory

Proposed by Bronfenbrenner — at the very microlevel you have who child interacts with every day, macro is the culture that the child is in — leads to optimal or not so optimal development of the child

Social Identity Theory

Rubin and hewstone (1998) - comparing our ungroups with out groups that are less well off can raise our self-esteem - we desire to feel good about ourselves - part of our identity comes from the groups to which we belong - powerful ways of identifying - members of a group can last a long time - another thing: even many people try to reject being a part of a group that they think they ought to belong to - has to do with stigma. I don't want to be a part of that group or I don't see myself in that way. Research would argue that is still part of social identity because there is a group that is salient to you - still part of the group Social identity: Always the same process of identification - categorization: put others into categories - identification: associate people with groups - comparison: compare our group with others - context dependent. - not about personality- about groups and contexts created - e.g. suicide bombers - about the processes of becoming a group

Survey Study on pluralistic ignorance

Read the prompt "You enter the dining hall for dinner alone. As you start to sit down you notice several White (Black) (if you white you see white and if you're black you see black) students who live near you sitting together" My views when students are white my views of what white students are thinking about me my views when students are black my views of what black students are thinking about me results y = lack of interest X = white or black target white target no difference in my view and how I perceive others' interest in me black target so when target is black low lack of interest in my view higher "how i perceive others' interest in me" suggesting that this is a form of pluralistic ignorance with respect to racial contact black target has a greater lack of interest arguing that you can use this idea that pluralistic ignorance affect interracial context I have less interest of getting to know someone of another racial group because i'm concerned that the other group won't have interest in me Possible remedy: provide incentives for cross-group contact more beyond one way contact more beyond racial contact monitor system

Research Evidence Cultural Differences in Ethics of Morality (Miller)

Research evidence cultural differences in ethics of morality (Miller): participants: 60 american (yale university)/ 60 indian (mysore, India) Method: 9 behavioral events representing actual or potential breaches of codes of conduct extreme, moderate, mild need friend vs stranger Sample: - failure to respond (extreme need) not donating blood to someone who - requires it during emergency surgery because you have plans to go to the movie and you do not want to be tired - failure to respond (moderate need) possibility to help — give someone aspirin if they really need it - Minor need - not providing a ride to the train station because you believe giving them a ride might be boring - Measure: percentage of Ss who believed responding to these incidents were a matter of obligation, law, morality Percentage of subjects who agreed - "ok to punish someone who behaves in this way": bc its a moral infraction for the extreme need — almost all of them agree that it's a big moral infraction if it's a friend for the extreme need — almost all of the indian participants agree that it's a moral infraction but Americans do not think as much if it's a stranger. for the moderate need — almost all agree that it's a big moral infraction if it's a friend for the moderate need — only really indians think its a big moral infraction but Americans do not think as much if it's a stranger for the minor need — large cultural differences, indians again think that it is a big moral infraction for a friend for the minor need — still get a large difference between americans and indians for a stranger not that everyone has equally the same moral obligation

Seminal studies on contact

Research question: Does contact reduce anti-black prejudice? (Brophy, 1946) Study of 447 US merchant marines on break at canteens in New York Harbor (why seamen?) Measure: 10 situations in which prejudice is possible + = pro black reseponse - = prejudice response Place of birth and prejudice reduction; Probably the case that the South should be more prejudiced than West or England (control) anti black attitudes - higher numbers mean more prejudice, lower numbers = less prejudice No significant differences where you grew up does not have any affect on your anti-black attitudes on the marines Nothing about early childhood or where you grew up Education and prejudice reduction: Surely education must have something to do with anti-black attitudes turns out doesn't have any affect Attitudes do not change What kind of contact do we need to have in order to change prejudice? Shipboard occupation and prejudice reduction: looked at people who worked on the deck, engine, and galley engine and galley — require more coordination between people engine room there is interdependence - my job depends on your job Higher numbers of prejudice on deck Lower numbers of prejudice on engine and galley - bc interdependence Not the case of class - seems to be something about the nature of the contact - is it interdependent? or is there equality of roles? Years at sea and prejudice reduction; The longer the amount of time that you are out at sea — the less prejudice there is 1 year, 5 years, 10 years Any contact?: natural experiment: irqui settlers in mixed group living in israel (weingrod, 1965) Government officials created mixed neighborhoods when Iraqi settlers moved to Israel in order to diminish intra group ties (poles, yeminites, north africans, hungarians) measure: how many times did iraqi settlers leave home town to visit iraqis in other settlements Results: higher numbers are bad lower numbers are good higher numbers mean i want to be with people like me lower numbers mean I want to be with different people Intergroup contact but it's forced they compared it to other settlements where you could live however you want Iraqis in a settlement - for the iraqis in the settlement - number of trips is an index of whether they like hanging out with people who are different or not if not in the settlement/ not forced - did not want to leave to hang out with people like me It's not any kind of contact matters - If it's forced contact = higher prejudice Did this study for a fairly long period of time- looks pretty much the same Can ask yourself lots of different questions - is there something about some kind of government sanctioning that matters? Are there status differences? Why?: Government sanctioned? language? Status?

Studies on the environment/brain (SES)

SES study - What is the relationship between childhood socio-economic status (highly predictive of academic achievement in school (HS grad and proficiency in reading/math) and prefrontal cortex (essential for executive function. IQ on psychometric tests, long dev. trajectory (grows thicker), and sensitive to environmental factors)? - 433 kids from 6 major cities - SES: Family income and parental edu - Linear trend so higher edu. then higher cortical thickness - missing: Neighborhood effect, peer effect, poverty as proxy for stress, etc.

Cultural Psychology

Scientific study of human variability Mind as content-driven, domain-specific, stimulus bound Person as inseparable from the context in which they live Attitudes to neuro structure are constituted by experiences we have (very different baseline) Brain synapses should look different for people Aim to examine ethnic and cultural sources of psychological diversity in thought, feelings

Social Psychology

Scientific study of social behavior, thought, and feelings Friends, social interaction etc. Seeks to understand the nature and causes of behavior and thought in social situations Emphasis on individuals as shaped by real, imagines, and implied presence of to others Behavior a function of field that exists at the time the behaviors occurs Elevators In NYC 15 people in elevator gets irritated In Wisconsin 5 people in elevator gets irritated

Intergroup Competition

Sherif (1961): The robbers cave experiment: Two groups of eleven year old boys were sent to a remote summer camp in Robbers cave state park (oklahoma) Initially unaware of their fragile co-existence, they formed social bonds these middle class boys placed into competing areas in a summer camp: they competed for medals and attention. - direct competition interested in how fast these kids would form social bonds — what needs to happen to form these social bonds? This experiment made people think that competition among kids is bad researchers created physical divisions within the camp Rattlers put their flag on the backstop of ball diamond - appropriated after improving it identification became really intense automatic categorization ingroup/outgroup identification Soon the rivalry became violent: raided one another's cabins stole and burned one another's flags came to view one another as "stinkers" and "smart alecks" and "sneaks" verbal prejudice became apparent, spiraling, downward towards aggressive territorial violence. the groups eventually had to be separated So how did the experimenters try to reduce the prejudice they had created? propaganda: NO positive propaganda about one group directed to the other by the experimenters did not help Contact: no doing non-competitive activities together did not help Cooperative action: yes experimenters arranged for camp truck to break down both groups needed to pull it uphill intergroup friendships began to develop took them all day diffused violence and prejudice This was designed to look at groups but not about social identity - but found other things that happened experiment hasn't been done with girls Summary: social identities are constructed easily social comparison self perception intergroup conflict Properties of social identity malleable arbitrary but take on meaning (socially constructed)

Original Contact Hypothesis

Solution? Expose people to accurate information about outgrips, and stereotyping and prejudice should be reduced Represents an information-oriented approach and implies that contact between members of different groups will reduce prejudice

Stages of Morality

Stage 1: How can I avoid punishment? — No view of persons, only self and norma are recognized — blind egoism. Stage 2: What is in it for me? — you scratch my back I scratch yours. Sees that others have goals and preferences and can either conform to or deviate from norms (instrumental egoism) Stage 3: How can I be a good girl/ boy? — not being mean means people like me. Recognize good and bad intentions — social relationships perspective. Stage 4: What does the law say? — able to see abstract normative systems — social systems perspective Stage 5/6: What does my conscience SAY about what is right? — can supersede law and live by my own principles because laws can be fallible. Stage 5. Recognize that contracts will allow persons to increase welfare of both — contractual perspective stage 6. Sees how human fallibility and frailty are impacted by communication — mutual respect as a universal principle. This is all rooted in a very western interpretation of the self

Concepts of self

Stainton rogers (2003) suggests that we have 3 selfs: personal self (to me that is conscious of my own thoughts and feelings) social self (the me defined by whichever social context i am in) relational self (the me that comes from interconnected relationships with others around me)— this is the new part social identity has to do with the two bottom pieces

Example of Culture and Cognitive Development Study

Studies: compare preschoolers in china vs preschoolers in the US — matched them across a whole suite of conditions (socioeconomic status etc etc) still found that the Chinese preschoolers still outperformed preschoolers in the US in cognitive function — could be because of adherence to strict rules, collective asian culture etc. Environment you are raised on - affects a lot

Study on enemy-ship at University of Ghana only

Study 2: participants: 48 students from university of ghana method: idea was to make the inevitableness of relationships (interdependence) salient and see if salience increased cognitive accessibility of enemy construct — if there's a particular construct on your mind use word stem completion task Sample question: there is a saying that no person is an island. Every person is part of a community and is connected to other people. In the space provided below, place discuss two ways in which this saying applies to you. That is, what are two ways in whichh you, personally, are unavoidably or inescapably connected to others? Word stem task (order): First, second (word stems 11 of them that focus on enemy ship) Enemyship was more likely to be salient after interdependence was primed as a construct when you primed enemy ship first the number of words completed with enemy words was higher

Kitayama example of self construal

Study example: Kitayama et al 1990, 40 Americans, 40 indians. Question: how similar do you think you are compared to others? - Indians are more likely to say that Im the same as others — Americans are more likely to say others are the same as me — the differences aren't that big. but still evidence that India has more interdependent self Memory and self construal: studied East asiasn and US and Canada — East asian participants are more likely to recall causing trouble than when they helped others. Americans are more likely to recall when they helped others vs when they caused trouble. - Building this argument that the independent and interdependent self is going to respond in very different ways in these experimental contexts.

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to use one's own group as standard and place own group at top of hierarchy. Examples: cultural evolution and group taxonomies

Extended Contact

The idea is that the longer you spend around someone, the more you understand them derived from contact hypothesis "knowledge that an in-group member has a close relationship with an outgrip member can lead to more positive intergroup attitudes" the basic idea is to expose people the "the idea of a person" before actually coming into contact with that person

Extended contact theory study

To compare the effectiveness of prejudice reduction interventions based on the extended contact theory and socio-cognitive skills training (a control conditioning) effectiveness of interventions will be assessed y examining participants explicit outgroup attitudes intended behavior Method 6-9 year olds 72 participants design extended contact socio cognitive (1st control) no intervention (2nd control) Children were presented tight fictional stories that involve non-disabled and disabled children in friendship stations. Stories followed by post story discussion Stories stress individual and also category membership of disabled character. Typicality of disabled character for disabled category emphasized in text and post story discussion disabled characters presented positively stories were read with the experimenter in groups of 2 or 3 and takes around 20 minutes this intervention occurred once a week for 6 weeks Socio-Cognitive skills training intervention children are trained to classify photos of disabled and non-disabled children on multiple dimensions (non-disabled/disabled, happy/sad) categorization each training session lasts about 10-15 mins and took place once a week for 6 weeks Dependent measures, attitudes outgroup and in-group attitude —based on Bigler 10 positive and 10 negative traits asked how many learning disabled people have this trait? outgroup attitude positive trait outgroup score —negative trait outgroup score Results Y axis = Outgroup attitude scores X axis = intervention condition Extended contact (in-group members) have the highest scores control and socio-cognitive had about the same level of scores Intended behavior use likert-type scale, how much to engage etc. results control and extended contact not statistically significantly difference from each other socio-cognitive had a low intended behavior score not anymore likely to play and be the friend of the kids—they did nothing at all have to ask yourself what do you do? Conclusion extended intergroup contact vs. social cognitive skills training extended contact vs. social cognitive intervention extended contact better because when you look at intended behavior, the social cognitive condition ad a worse score better with attitudes extended contact vs. contact We don't actually know because in this study they don't compare these because that treatment condition (contact) would be considered unethical but given mixed findings, it didn't really have an effect on behavioral intelligence so maybe contact isn't so bad policy: accessibility strategy if you have books or stories or extended contact stimuli in classrooms that it makes the idea that there are children who are different from the in-group accessible then children start to think that they might want to be friend with them not clear if it works but policies have this to suggest intervention such as extended contact interventions could play a role in increasing success of inclusive policies within education system

Mutual Constitution of Culture and Psyche (Markus)

Try to answer the basic question of how do you take all the stuff that's out in the world and reconcile and constitute the self. General model and applies it to independence and interdependence. Four boxes: represent the stuff that's out in the world and then how does it actually shape action self and behavior — collective reality — what is the content of them? 1. Collective Reality core cultural ideas (what's good, what's moral, what's self) Determined by ecological, economic, and sociopolitical factors Start digging through history — how is this country this country? Where did these laws come from? What is the nature of these governing structure? Grounded on some kind of spirituality. What is the ecological structure? Are there mountains? Difficult to get around? What are the original hunter gatherer types of practices. How do you wind up with action? ex. when do you smile at someone? overall: backdrop and historical 2. Sociopsychological processes— more contemporary customs, norms, practices, institutions, reflecting and promoting the core ideas For example: Language, political system, legal system, educational systems, care taking practices (what makes up a family? How do you treat children? What is appropriate? What constitutes child abuse? What constitutes sexual child abuse?), media (when you turn on the tv what do you see?). example: you have public schools, but you also have private schools — emphasis on choice in US culture. 3. Individual reality: What are the day to day things that you do ? You can have an educational system but do you go to school everyday Recurrent episodes in local worlds that personalize the core ideas For example: Home, school, workplace. What are the nature of gender norms? How much leeway is there in these gender norms? Local things we do every day — like cultural things we celebrate. 4. Psychological structures and processes 5. Action

Psychology

Underlying ideologies Systematic and scientific study of human/animal mental functions (the mind) and behavior Assumption that mind operates according to universal laws Free from content and context Mind as general processing device (CPU) How to disprove universal processes (cognition, vision etc.)

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky — must have social interaction to develop — most proximate to parent and that's how culture develops

Studies on the environment/brain (Sharkey)

What is the effect of acute local homicides on children's cognitive performance? - Chicago 1994-2000 = -6 6,042 homicides by date and geocoded (by block) Cognitive performance (essential for executive function) - Wechsler IQ for children scale. Data collected for AA and Latino kids The closer the number of days between homicide and test, the worse African American students performed Effects occurred regardless of witnessing event. Telling us that the environment around us is having a dramatic effect on a behavior (IQ) Acts of violence can affect the anatomical and cognitive performance and possibly features of the brain What's missing? What is it about acts of violence? (is it just homicide?) We know it's not just about seeing violence How are acts of violence interpreted? (some can become normative like Detroit)

What is acculturation

acculturation = process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that's different from their heritage culture sizable pool of existing research but not very coherent or empirically grounded hard to render generalizable results Research on this topic is especially difficult people migrate for different reasons as refugees, seek wealth, to study people migrate to different contexts cultural ghettos, homogenous neighborhoods, cultures that actively discriminate against them people's heritage cultures vary in similarity to the culture of the new environment individuals have different personalities, goals, motivations

Pluralistic Ignorance

although people publicly express support for norms they do not privately accept, they erroneously assume that another person's public support for a norm reflects that person's true sentiments example people think that CU students aren't religious as it turns out about 50% of students are religious. So you come to campus and hide the fact that i'm religious because I believe that the student body isn't religious when they actually are drinking norms safe sex practices drinking norms at Princeton —successful in reducing alcohol usage norms about racial contact (they don't want to sit with me)

Implicit Stereotypes

automatic component stereotyping as cognitive time saver example of lamps you group all lamps together and call them "lamps" but people can automatically group people into categories because they thing it's useful and can give them information—it's a cognitive time saver because you can draw from this group, hence saving time stereotyping and circadian rhythm research people who are night people are more likely to stereotype if you wake them up early in the morning people who are morning people are more likely to stereotype if you ask them to do something at night so less brain power available, more likely to stereotype so there's a correlation between being tired and tendency to stereotype might be why we try to conserve our cognitive resources the non-conscious aspect of stereotypes are called "schemas" expectations or stereotypes associated with members of a group that guide perceptions and behaviors influence the judgments of group members and non-group members gender and race schemas influence group members' expectations about ow they will be judged

How is morality learned in different cultures?

by age 5 children understand right vs wrong in their culture 5 year olds in india vs US Universal and culture specific systems of morality develop by the same age western - rights, hindu - sin Moral socialization through moral communication

Case study: letters of recommendation: Gender

case study: letters of recommendation: Gender letters of recommendation for successful male and female candidates for faculty positions in a medical school find that people are more likely to use "genius" for men and "hard-working" for women find that people are more likely to comment about women's personal lives and other factors that don't have anything to do with the job find that people focus on the qualities that men actually have you want the individual to get the job, so these are phrases that are leaking into the letters outside the individual's awareness Case study: CV: Gender when evaluating identical application packages, male and female, university psychology prof. preferred 2:1 to hire Brian over Karen, even though they're the same CV

Xerox (2010) Global human resources plan

conduct training programs for groups of managers to help them "develop the skills" for managing teams with members of different nationalities and cultures" Value added model

Comparative center for race and ethnicity at Stanford

established in novermber 1996, the center for comparative studies in race and ethnicity (CCSRE) at stanford university provides many opportunities for teaching and research on topics of race and ethnicity from both domestic and international comparative perspectives Over time there is a gradual increase in diversity of groups - organization accommodates and starts to change. gradual change in the world history cultural studies -- organization is starting to accommodate - two way because it;s the organization that is changing as the constituency is changing see this a lot in nonprofits Mutual accommodation mode

Asian American identity development model

ethnic awareness you're aware of your identity white identification you kinda think that you're not your identity awakening to consciousness now you're aware through experiences positive or negative redirection think about your identity deeper incorporation now your ethnic identity is merged with your identity (social) Many researchers agree than an achieved identity is the result of a crisis or awakening, which leads to a period of exploration or experimentation and finally to a commitment or incorporation of one's ethnicity will contrast against a situationist approach to ethnic identity social psychology (Situationist) approach

Evidence against Kohlberg's model of morality

evidence that it is not the golden standard 1. Haidt: "No, actually people are not able to articulate moral issues" 2. Haidt/ Shweder: "There are actually different spheres of morality"

Model of diversity: Value added model

idea: differences between people are important and substantial - these differences should be valued because they add value to an organization psychological -- pluralism is valued; the maintenance of separate cultures and distinct ethnic identities what is diversity? -- diversity is a matter of utilizing people fro the "differences" that they bring to the table - individuals should be distinguished by the expertise they bring to the table ex. sales reps, someone who is venezuelan who is sent to the border to deal with issues

Cast Study: Mexican names in Texas

example of how external influences such as migration coincide with "traditional naming practices" of Mexicans comparisons Mexicans born in MX who live in TX at the time child is born = Mexican foreign born (RED) Americans of Mexican descent who were born in the US = Mexican-Americans (born in TX) (Yellow) Anglo-Americans (Americans of European descent) who settled in TC - Texans (White) 20 most popular names: overlap between Mexicans, Mexican Americans Chart (degree of name overlap over time) the bottom line is RED, so either born in MX and moved here or are texans so almost no overlap in naming over the years The yellow and the green lines have the most overlap so people who are MX and TX are sharing most of their names so there's a recent push for overlap the Green line are Mexican foreign borns and Mexican Americans (groups ethnically the same) less overlap in terms of the names In TX between 1960-1990 Jesus (monument to Christian faith in MX) = 3rd most popular in Mexican FB and 19th most popular in MX-American Jose or Juan = 4th Mexican FB and 15th MX-American names that are extremely popular among Mexicans born in Mexico lose popularity among MX-Americans in one generation just because group are similar in ethnicity does not imply similarity in culture Summary strong evidence for rapid assimilation among MX-Americans are marginalized minority naming patterns different than those if non-marginalized groups? link between "new world" and "old world"

Women in the math and sciences (Steele, Quinn, Spencer)

female and male college students who care about math take a difficult math test (sample math GRE) test instructions say "no-gender differences" or standard test instructions results in the control (everyday world), you find men outperforming women in the no gender difference on this test women's test performance raises dramatically men do slightly less well Age difference control for age younger do better than older No-age difference younger do slightly worse older do significantly better Male Ivy-League athletes (football/ice-hockey) taking math test student identity prime athletes do better than acapella extra-cirricular identity prime athletes do worse and acapella do better Social situation —> negative stereotype—> ??? (typically willingness to receive critical feedback) —> performance depletion of executive function activation of amygdala (threat) Physiological stress This doesn't happen over time—it's acute Stereotype threat affects neural activity Math (time 1) —>Threat/No Threat—> Math (time 2) Results in the no threat condition, the left prefrontal cortex is activated in the threat condition, ventral anterior cingulate cortex activated this responds to social rejection Women under threat are more likely to switch from math verbal problems stereotypic commercials verbal higher score than math score (in terms of number of problems chosen to solve) non-stereotypic commercials math increases dramatically and verbal slightly decreases (in terms of number of problems chosen to solve)

Case study: IAT

how quickly you can pair and categorize one group with a valence (goodness or badness) to the extent that people can quickly pair something negative with African Americans or something positive with White people, the speed of the response is the degree of implicit association Stroop test hard because not congruent top down vs. bottom up processing we have ingrained concepts going on (color and word) and we're used to them matching when they match, they are stereotype consistent when they do not match, our brain cognitive slows down what is the effect of that on behavior website of the same guy who changes hair and dress that can make us think of different stereotypes

Model of diversity: Sameness

idea differences between people are superficial and mostly irrelevant (we're all the same) psychological decrease the perception of social categories what is diversity diversity is a matter of superficial differences Putin with Russia

Model of diversity: common identity creation

idea differnce between people are real and substantial but should be minimized. Important to create a common overarching identity (may be different by all on the same team) psychological decrease the perception of social categories by emphasizing a superordinate identity what is diversity diversity is a matter of creating common bonds among people even if there are some differences

Model of diversity: Mutual accomodation

idea: differences among people and groups are substantial and must be accommodated whether or not they add value -- institution accepts and adjusts to differences Psychological: recognition of the interests, life experiences and cultural differences among individuals and groups what is diversity? diversity is a matter two way accommodation

Rational aspects of motivation

interdependence, motivation and enemy ship in ghana enemyship — a personal relationship of hatred and malice in which one person desires the downfall of another person Are there cultural differences in who has enemies? Interdependent self: if you have a web of obligations and interdependent relationships — one of the things that that means is that you do not have choice and agency for who you move in and out of your circle — you want to directly see someone's downfall grows out of that idea that you don't have a choice of moving them in and out of your social circle connection is what drives the enemy ship— chances of you truly hating someone is higher when you are stuck with them web of obligations Interdependence, motivation, and enemy ship in Ghana interdependence = inevitable link to others interdependence as descriptive part of life

PICS vs. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)

many of our court cases throughout history is about the sameness model the court ruled that it is unconstitutional to assign students to public schools solely for the purpose of achieving racial diversity - racial balncing is not a compelling state interest social scientists tried to show evidence of the detrimental effects of racial isolation for black students and that meaningful group intergroup contact unlikely without school district intervention usually busing affects the minority groups busing in seattle was affecting the majority group -- busing in white students. not that segregation was the argument - the cost of integration was too high and the supreme court had to make a decision whethre these kids should be continued to be bused to make sure that the school stays integrated? american public schools are segregated -- 96% public schools in new york are segregated in seattle white children were bused in to create racial balance argument was that you need some kind of meaningful intergroup contact you're engaging in categorization from the start - if all students are the same it shouldnt be some sort of mandate that we choose different ethnic/ racial proportions to balance the school decision is routed in the sameness model assumptions

Discrimination

negative behavior directed towards members of certain groups. Unfair treatment of others not based on individuality but based on group categorization treatment discrimination and the law is it intentional? Shifting standards re-defining merit to justify discrimination Jerome Karakul writes "The Chosen" about the development of the Ivy League stigma against Jews (they are sickly, grasping, grade-grubbing, and insular) and thus that they would destroy the school Jews happened to be the smarter students so they decided to change the definition of "merit" to make them worse applications now focused on applicant's personal life hence personal essays, extracurricular activities, ethnicity, letters of recommendation etc. AKA the modern day college application so companies will change their definition of something to discriminate against a particular group

Case study: Blind auditions gender

orchestra when auditioned were behind a screen, the percentage of female new hires for orchestral jobs increased 24-46% when you tell people to not be explicitly bias does not work at all the same logic applies to increasing applicant pool when it's implicit, you can't tell people not to be biased you need an intervention at the moment people make the decision

Case study: Shifting standards for jobs

panel of male and female reviewers who were asked to judge male and female applicants all jobs gender specific jobs like police chief or fire chief so described in a way that men were thought to be good for the jobs criteria set before interview or not as different conditions if you set a strict criteria before interview, might be able to reduce the discrimination regarding shifting standards found regardless of no or set criteria, men are more likely to be interviewed for women, having a set criteria made a difference on willingness to interview (effect on whether they get past the 1st or 2nd round)

Experiment on enemies

participants: 50 residents in palo alto, san fran, 63 in accra, Ghana method: ethnographic series of interviews with people on the street do you have enemies? do you regard having enemies as unusual? are people who have enemies paranoid? is it a fact of life that you have enemies? Measure: coding system to categorize people's interpretation of enemy ship Results: more people in ghana said they had enemies Regard enemies as hidden paranoia or abnormal — more people in the US thought that Yes Enemies as inevitable (yes I have enemies because we are social beings), Ghana said yes Ghana: you should believe that you have enemies even if you have not come across them US: for me its really nonproductive.. i won't entertain or I won't stay engaged with that type of person

Case Study: Subway cartoon Allport

play telephone showed the picture and each person had to describe the picture to the other person by the 3rd person, knife transitioned from black man to the white man by the end, the description of the picture switched and exaggerated black man had the knife, brandishing it and scaring everyone implicit because not asking the stereotypes of black people, but just asked description of the picture

Cross Model of racial identity formation

pre-encounter assimilation immersion-Emersion something terrible could have happened to you could be a positive experience now you become aware of your ethnic identity Internalization Afro-centricity now you think about your own identity to the point where you ignore other identities Internalization multiculturalist inclusion start to incorporate what it means to be a ___ and what it means to be another identity

Case study: Irish, German, and Italian Names

prominent names of sons by ethnic origin of mother goes to hospitals and get the birth names of children 1-18 are the numbers of the most popular name so Michael is the number one most popular names Notice that Michael is the most popular name regardless of the origin of the mom Notice the 18th level, there's significant variation based on the ethnicity of the mom Points of interest Daniel, Ryan, Kevin (Irish moms) Daniel, which at that time was the 50th most popular American names, but is the 3rd most popular name for the Irish Ryan 30th American and 4th Kevin 25th and 6th Daniel and Ryan are Irish names, so parents are engaging in symbol association and transporting the names Kevin is more Irish than American at the time German moms Eric popular German names are used in the US but not in Germany 40 years after WW2 sentiment towards Germany wasn't so positive and even today arguably Italian Moms looking closer to Irish moms than for German moms Anthony is the 2nd most popular name for Italian and 34th for US Joseph 15th and 3rd for Italian Irish names in the US and symbolic associations in IL between 1916-1989, there is a growth in Irish names among Americans that mirrored influx of Irish immigrants evidence of assimilation none of these names are Irish names that are found in Ireland (invented by Irish Americans for the symbolic association to Ireland) Evidence of integration these names have become popular American names Kelly —Irish surname Ryan —Irish surname

Models of diversity

shared understandings and practices of how groups come together or should come together, relate to one another How groups should accommodate one another models of diversity influence individual thought and action depending on the sociocultural context in which the individual is engaging

Cast study: African American Names in the South

table of prominent names of blacks, slave and non slave names there's a truncation of names among names people who belong to groups who are stigmatized in society have truncated names thomas —> tom and william —> will so you're not worthy of the full name, so you're given half the name happens to slaves slave names are overly grandiose unusually or overly prominent, so the name and status doesn't fit the individual you will not see this for freed names particularly with girls, names were given that had ties to animals Bet, Peg, Sary slaves = human property so names like farm animals not for freed though Summary slave owners engages in dehumanization or amused aggredanizement as naming patterns (symbolic legitimization of hierarchy) almost amusing or funny to give someone of low status a high status or weird name happens to dogs a lot Movement from slave to freed status, led African Americans to retain some "familiar" aspects of slave names link between "new world" and "old world"

Distinctiveness theory (McGuire)

theory of self concept meaning how do I see myself and describe myself attend to distinctive features of self what makes us different and different relative to the people around us hair color to eye color to skin color to heigh or weight or where you're from ethnic identity as salient in situation Made up the name--how distinct you are relative to other people Class room study time 1: tell me about yourself, describe what you look like time 2: demographics--Collected demographic information about the students found a distinctive effect atypical (non-US) were more likely to report where they were born as part of self concept at time 1 meaning people from the US aren't going to say they were born in the US because not really distinctive to them atypical girls are more likely to report gender as part of describing themselves approach suggests that ethnic identity becomes relevant when it's distinctive in a particular social context

Capturing the real value of diversity in teams (Katherine Phillips)

what is the affect of diversity on group performance katherine phillips - doing research on diversity in teams for a long time what is the affect of diversity on performance what is the affect of diversity on how it actually feels Homogenous group - ingroup, ingroup, ingroup - asked to do some kind of task doesn't really matter what task is some kind of team task - doesn't really matter what the task is but always in a team - assign them to two different kinds of teams - one type of team is a homogenous team and the other type of team isn't example: one level of diversity was middle level managers, one was CEOs, and one was diverse Reality vs perception: asked them how affective do you think you worked together group that is diverse outperforms homogenous group perceived effectiveness - homogenous groups thought they did better, diverse groups thought they didn't do as well, feel way less confident in their decisions ( diverse group) if you ask people if diversity is working - will always say no