Cumulative Ex Phys

Dry, unpolluted atmospheric air is a mixture composed of ...oxygen, ...carbon dioxide and ...nitrogen.

20.93 .02 79.04

Skeletal muscle at rest can store enough ATP to sustain maximal muscle contraction for approximately

3 sec

The first lactate threshold (LT1) generally occurs between... ; the second lactate threshold (LT2) generally occurs between ...

40-60%80-95%

Under resting conditions, the heart ejects approximately ________ of the blood contained in the ventricles.

50-60%

Under resting conditions, ____________ of the available oxygen is extracted by the myocardium as blood flows through the coronary circulation.

60-70%

The time point at which the aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution to ATP production becomes approximately equal in maximal exercise is

75sec

Normal healthy individuals should be able to exhale at least ...of their forced expiratory volume (FEV) in 1 second. Values below ~... indicate a restriction to airflow.

80% 65-75%

... is composed of alveoli that have no capillary blood supply/aren't well perfused. ... is the conduction zone of the respiratory system where gas exchange cannot occur. ... is the combination of poorly perfused alveoli and conduction zone.

Alveolar Dead Space Anatomical Dead Space Physiological Dead Space

... is likely the most important limiting factor of vo2max

CO

... is the breakdown of stored glycogen. ... is the formation of glycogen from glucose.

Glycogenolysis Glycogenesis

The hormonal system involved in the stress response is called the

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

The most important rate-limiting or regulatory enzyme in the Krebs cycle is

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

which system has... Highest capacity for energy production Highest power for energy production ATP-PC system Intermediate power for energy production

O2 ATP-PC LA system

which of the following are able to bind to hemoglobin?

O2 CO2 H

exercise induced arterial hypocemia is a condition that can cause significant reductions in VO2max and thus impair exercise performance. this phenomenon has been described in elite athletes of both sexes, young and old althetes and untrained females. EIAH is primarily an issue involving...

O2 carrying capacity of the blood

what is the change in maximal cardiac output and VO2 max when exercising in a hot environment vs a thermoneutral environment?

The vo2 max is lower. Q is less at VO2max in hot environments due to blood being dispersed and decreasing SV.

Two variables that can be used to assess the efficiency of internal respiration (oxygen extraction) are

a-v02 difference & SvO2%

indicate the following CV/ respiratory variables changes in response to short term, light to moderate submax aerobic execise Ve Vt PaO2 PvO2 a-vo2diff SaO2% Q SV DBP TPR

abrupt increase, slower exponential increase, plateau increase plateau no change decrease plateau increase plateau no change increase plateau increase plateua no change decrease plateau

Receptors that bind Norepinephrine are called. Receptors that bind Acetylcholine are called

adrenergic cholinergic

fluid balance which is essential for maintenance of blood plasma volume is regulated by

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

both ventilation and respiration are driven by pressure gradients with ventilation being influenced by the difference between... and respiration by the difference between...

atmospheric pressure and thoracic pressure partial pressure O2 in the blood and partial pressure of O2 in tissues

... tests provide direct measurements of physiological variables under strict criteria with precise measurement methods. ... tests provide an assessment of an individual's exercise performance under real-world conditions.

criterion field

when venous return is normal but contractility is decrease, SV will be... dure to...

decrease, increased ESV

when normalized to body size the sex differences in many CV variables

decreased (less differnce between male and females)

when venous return is decrease, SV will also deacrease due to

decreased left ventricular end diastolic volume

as we age the saturation of Hb with O2

decreases 2-3% from age 10-70

heart rate variability is an indicator of autonomic nervous system tine and lack of variability siggest poor ANS tone. mane one reason that variability of resting heart rate is a good thing in healthy individuals

during inhalation more O2 is present, increasing HR so tissues get more O2, during exhalation less O2 is present decreasing HR

During exercise, stroke volume increases because of a(n) increase in ... and a(n) decrease in...

end-diastolic volume end-systolic volume

The first law of thermodynamics states that

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can change forms

The actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine are similar; however, .. is more important in increasing blood flow to skeletal muscles and the heart, while ... is more influential in causing vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure.

epi NE

T/F A highly trained individual will have a greater increase in the hormones involved in fuel utilization (glucagon, insulin, NE, E, and cortisol) during exercise as compared to an untrained (sedentary) individual.

false

T/F Before fatty acids can be converted to Acetyl CoA and enter the Krebs cycle/electron transport system pathways, they must undergo the process of oxidative deamination.

false

T/F Children have a lower respiratory frequency and higher tidal volume than adults.

false

T/F During and after high-intensity aerobic and dynamic resistance exercise in males, testosterone levels are suppressed and remain so for a couple hours into recovery.

false

T/F Eliminating fat from an athlete's diet will improve physiological and performance variables.

false

T/F Heat is dissipated by sweating through evaporative heat loss, while vasodilation of skin arterioles dissipates heat only through radiation heat loss.

false

T/F If a group of individuals of varying fitness levels is presented with a relative submaximal exercise task, those who are more fit will be less challenged and score better than those who are less fit.

false

T/F In normal, healthy, sedentary, or moderately fit individuals, respiration is a major limiting factor in performing exercise, as evidenced by the subjective feeling of breathlessness.

false

T/F Lactic anaerobic metabolism, the glycolytic system, and the LA system are all separate individual metabolic pathways.

false

T/F Muscle fiber damage associated with exhaustive eccentric exercise stimulates glycogen resynthesis in the damaged muscle when carbohydrate ingestion is elevated.

false

T/F Peak oxygen consumption and maximal oxygen consumption are the same thing.

false

T/F Pyruvic acid/pyruvate is the universal or common intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

false

T/F Self-selected stride length during running is inherently inefficient.

false

T/F Sex differences in VO2 max are largely explained by the larger heart size (thus larger cardiac output), higher number of red blood cells, higher hemoglobin levels (thus greater oxygen carrying capacity), and higher maximal HR of males.

false

T/F When an individual encounters a stressor, the anterior pituitary (as a major neural brain structure) coordinates the body's response.

false

T/F if the only thing you knew about and idividual was that his or her resting rate was 40bpm you would confidently be able to say that this is a highly trained individual with a normally functioning condition system of the heart

false

T/F it is impossible for a female to have a higher Vo2 max than male

false

T/F vo2max is a strong indicator of CR endurance in children

false

indicate the appropriate sex and age dfference in thermoregulatory response to heat and cold sex diff in hot sex diff in cold older in hot older in cold compared to adults children are at increased risk of

females sweat less, delayed onset of sweating, higher fat mass, increasing core temp females have better tolerance of cold greater loss of blood palsma volume, impaired heat dissipation produce less heat, blunted physiological behavior response greater risk of hypothermia heat ilness and frostbit

the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the... response and the promary neurotransmitter of the SNS is... the parasypathetic nervous system is responsible for the ... response and the primary NT is ...

fight or flight norepinefrine rest and digest Ach

During exercise, changes in renin, antidiuretic hormone, and aldosterone parallel each other and are highly correlated with changes in norepinephrine to help maintain

fluid balance

_________________ is the only step of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm.

glycolysis

Children and adolescents have ...ventilatory equivalents at all exercise intensities than adults, indicating that they are ..., which indicates...ventilation.

higher hyperventilating wastefull

Match the cardiovascular variable with the phrase that best describes its exercise response to long-term, moderate to heavy submaximal aerobic exercise. CO SV HR SBP DPB MAP TPR RPP

increase plateau (at steady state) increase plateau(at steady state) increase plateau(at steady state) increase plateau(at steady state)- neg drift no change initial increase, plateau at steady state, negative drift-may be slight curvilinear decrease or rapid decrease followed by negative drift isteady state)

during an acute bout of exercise testosteron levels will inccrease, when comparing a higly trained athlete to a sedentary performing the same absolute intensity of exercise, testosterone levels in trained individual will... during execise but will... than those in sedentary

increase, remain lower

tou are treating a patient who had cardiac event about a month ago and has physician orderns not to increase BP beyond a set parpameter. while working on CV endurance, what mode of exercse would be least likely to cause excessive elevation of BP

leg cycle ergometer

When assessing autonomic nervous system function via heart rate variability, ... variability is indicative of low autonomic tone. When assessing parasympathetic response with heart rate recovery following incremental exercise to maximum, a faster recovery of resting heart rate indicates ... parasympathetic response.

low

during incremental to max exercise older adults will demonstrate max HR MAP SBP SV CO VO2 max

lower higher higher lower lower lower

During prolonged, heavy exercise in a hot environment, what happens to the following CV variables? Cardiac output: Stroke volume: Heart rate:

lower in hot than thermoneutral environment lower in hot than thermoneutral environments higher in hot than thermoneutral environments

Heart rate exhibits a positive drift during long-term, moderate to heavy submaximal aerobic exercise as a compensation for ... in an attempt to maintain ...

negative drift of stroke volume cardiac output .

the electrical activity of the heart can be evaluated using an ECG. put the ECG events in order and indicate what electrical even is represented by each variable

p wave- atrial depolarization QRS- depolarization of ventricles T wave- repolarization of ventricles U wave- repolarization of purkinje fibers

Indicate the appropriate response of each variable to Long-term, Moderate-Heavy Exercise: CO DBP HR Ve Vd/Vt PAO2 PvO2 a-vO2diff

rapid increase, plateau no change increases rapidly, plateaus, positive drift Increases rapidly, plateaus, then has a positive drift after ~30 minutes Initial rapid decline, plateaus, may increase slightly after ~ 1 hour of exercise no change Decreases rapidly, plateaus increases rapidly, plateaus, positive drift

indicate the following CV/ respiratory variables changes in response to incremental to max aerobic exercise Ve Vt PaO2 PvO2 a-vo2diff SaO2% Q SV DBP TPR

rectilinear increase with 2 break points positive curvilinear increase stays constant, slight increase after 75%max sharp decrease, levels off decrease sharply levels off before 0 stays constant, slight decrease after 70% max rectilinear increase thought initial increase with plateau at 40-50% rectilinear increase throught curvilinear decrease

during exercise the O2 dissociation curve... due to increased partial pressure of Co2 decreased pH and increased temp

shifts to the right

During maximal STATIC exercise, males demonstrate increases in HR and increases in MAP as compared to females.

similar greater

When performing submaximal exercise with the upper body vs the lower body, at the same VO2, cardiac output is ... during leg exercise compared to arm exercise stroke volume is ... during leg exercise compared to arm exercise mean arterial pressure (MAP) is ... during leg exercise compared to arm exercise

similar greater lower

an athlete is performing a training run on the school track at the same running pace 3 days in a row, if the weather on day 3 is significantly warmer and more humid than it was on day 2 how would you expect the vollowing variables to respond q HR sweat vasodilation SV vo2max numbr of laps

smaller increase greater increase greater greater lower lower less than

agility is an example of

sports related physical fitness

ATP is produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by ..., but by ... in the electron transport chain.

substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation

the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is active during exercise is the... while the ... is primarily active during recovery

sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

The initial rise in heart rate seen with exercise, and the rise of HR in anticipation of exercise, is the result of

the inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system or stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

The first ventilatory threshold (VT1) is thought to indicate ..., while VT2 is thought to indicate ... .

the upper boundary of moderate intensity exercise the line between heavy sustainable exercise and unsustainable exercise

what is heppening in the uncompensable zone with reguard to heat production and heat dissipation

thermoregulation mechanisms are no longer able to keep up with heat production

T/F Adequate mean arterial pressure (MAP) is necessary to ensure perfusion of vital organs; however, excessive pressure can damage the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

true

T/F Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine gland and helps integrate the neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic systems.

true

T/F Adjacent cardiac cells are structurally linked by intercalated discs containing gap junctions which allow electrical activity in one cell to pass to the next cell.

true

T/F Alactic anaerobic metabolism, the phosphagen system, and the ATP-PC system are all different terms for the same process.

true

T/F At physiological pH, 99% of lactic acid is immediately dissociated into lactate anion (La-) and hydrogen ion (H+).

true

T/F At rest, a normal young adult breathes at a frequency of 12-15 times/minute and has a tidal volume of 400-600 mL.

true

T/F During long-term, moderate to heavy submaximal aerobic exercise, approximately 70% of cardiac output is directed to the skeletal muscle; during incremental exercise to maximum, this can approach approximately 88%.

true

T/F Excessive body fat increases the metabolic cost of activity (and hence the heat load) and decreases the dissipation of heat. As a result, overweight or obese individuals are more susceptible to exertional heat illness.

true

T/F Extensive endurance performance cannot be completed above the MLSS, but portions of the event can be.

true

T/F Human thermoregulation is affected by ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed.

true

T/F Minute ventilation responds immediately to exercise with an abrupt increase that is maintained for about 10-20 seconds, followed by a slower 2- to 3-minute exponential rise to the needed steady state (plateau).

true

T/F Muscle cells can both produce and consume lactate at the same time.

true

T/F The plateau seen in the exercise response of many cardiovascular variables indicates that a steady state has been achieved.

true

T/F The pontine respiratory centers ensure that the transitions between inhalation and exhalation are smooth, and fine tune breathing rhythms during exercise.

true

T/F The volume of air in the anatomical dead space can be estimated as 1 mL for each 1 pound of "ideal" body weight.

true

T/F The water that makes up sweat is derived from blood plasma, which is why fluid replacement is so important to cardiovascular function.

true

T/F To accurately describe the response to acute exercise, it is necessary to consider the intensity, duration and modality of the exercise

true

T/F Under normal resting conditions, approximately 25% of the oxygen being transported is dissociated (released) for internal respiration, leaving approximately 75% in reserve.

true

T/F When the rate-limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway is inhibited, every step in that pathway beyond that point is inhibited. Conversely, when the rate-limiting enzyme is stimulated, every step in that pathway beyond that point is also stimulated in an attempt to match ATP energy needs and reserves with production.

true

T/F hormones can have autocrine, paracrine or endocrine functions, meaning they can act on the cell that secretes them, on a nearby cell or enter the bloodstream to impact target cells distant to the cell of secretion

true

T/F mean arterial pressure is influenced by neural stimulation, hormones, flow- mediated stretch of arterioles, metabolic by products and shear stress on vessels

true

T/F the goals of hormonal regulation of the CV system during execise are to enhance cardiac function, distribute blood to active tissues and maintain blood pressure by stabilizing fluid and electrolyte balance

true

... of receptors increases the cell's ability to bring about the hormone-specific cellular responses even if the hormone concentration is low, whereas ... of receptors prevents the target cells from overreacting to persistently high hormonal levels.

up regulation down regulation

___________________ is an acceptable field test to indicate anaerobic alactic power.

verticle jump

which of the following strategies would help decrease the risk of heat illness

wearign light colors and loose fitting clothes aviod direct sun acclimatization hydrating

During aerobic exercise, vasodilation occurs in

working skeletal muscles

Excess intake (more than the RDA) of ______________ can lead to impaired immune function and decreased absorption of iron and copper.

zinc