Cv system
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. preload afterload cardiac output stroke volume
After load
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________. endothelium smooth muscle fibers elastic fibers collagenous fibers
Elastic fibers
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? It increases. It decreases. It remains constant. There is no way to predict.
It decreases
Which of the following is a negative inotrope? Na+ K+ Ca2+ both Na+ and K+
K+
Would stroke volume be expected to be largest in a patient with high or low blood pressure, everything else being equal? High Low
Low
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? medulla oblongata pons mesencephalon (midbrain) cerebrum
Medulla oblongata
You measure a patient's blood pressure at 130/85. Calculate the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure.
Pulse pressure= 45 MAP= 100
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? left atrium left ventricle right atrium right ventricle
Right atrium
Which statement best describes the process of arteriosclerosis? Buildup of plaques in blood vessels, restricting blood flow Stiffening of blood vessels due to loss of elastic fibers
Stiffening of blood vessels due to loss of elastic fibers
The endothelium is found in the ________. tunica interna tunica media tunica externa lumen
Tunica interna
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria? P wave QRS complex T wave atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Atherosclerosis
condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
Which of the following best describes veins? thick walled, small lumens, low pressure thin walled, large lumens, low pressure thin walled, small lumens, high pressure thick walled, large lumens, high pressure
thin walled, large lumens, low pressure
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar
Venoconstriction increases which of the following? blood pressure within the vein blood flow within the vein return of blood to the heart all of the above
All of the above
Describe one cardiac cycle, beginning with both atria and ventricles relaxed.
Blood flows into the right atrium from the body through the superior/inferior vena cava. It is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The heart contracts and pushes the blood up and out through the pulmonary semilunar valves through pulmonary artery to go to the lungs to become oxygenated. Blood is then brought back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. Oxygenated blood is pushed through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, up through the aortic valve into the aorta where it will go out to the arteries in the body to start the cycle again,
Explain why afterload is critical in cardiac function and maintaining heart health.
Afterload is the sum of all forces opposing the blood that is coming out of a ventricle. High blood pressure increases the afterload on the heart. This causes an increase in pressure on the aorta and pulmonary trunk which would oppose the opening of the semilunar valves and limit stroke volume. The limitation of stroke volume increases the strain on the heart, this could weaken heart muscle in the walls thus decreasing contractility of the heart, leading to heart failure if high BP is maintained for prolonged periods of time.
Why do salty snacks make you thirsty, and how do they cause increased blood pressure?
An increase in extracellular sodium can cause and influx of H2O out of the cells. The loss of intracellular water may cause the kidneys to assume that and individual is dehydrated, thus causing the feeling of thirst. High salt intake increases blood pressure by increasing the overall blood volume. Due to the kidneys retaining more water in the body to counteract the ECF flow of H2O the blood volume increases. When blood volume increases the afterload on the heart increases and blood pressure increases. Thirst is triggered by blood osmolarity rather than intracellular water volume.
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? interatrial septum interventricular septum atrioventricular septum
Av septum
If you were to drink a liter of cola, the increased blood pressure due to increased blood volume would be detected by _______. Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors Baroreflexes Farva-receptors
Baroreceptors
A patient arrives in the emergency department with a blood pressure of 70/45, is confused, and complaining of thirst. What is the common cause shared between these observations and how does it cause each?
Dehydration can lead to a drop in blood pressure due to a low blood plasma volume. The kidneys regulate BP by maintaining blood volume, if the patient has a low BP the kidneys are probably not receiving enough H2O to increase blood pressure to normal levels. The confusion can be caused by the decrease in oxygenated blood flow to the brain caused from the low BP.
