Davis History 2020 Exam 3

Bombing of Guernica

(26 April 1937) was an aerial bombing of the Basque town during the Spanish Civil War. It was carried out at the behest of the Spanish nationalist government by its allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, under the code name Operation Rügen. The attack gained infamy because it involved the deliberate targeting of civilians by a military air force.

four things that we contributed to defeat hitler:

1. lend lease to outfit the other countries and ourselves during the war 2. 1942 north africa 3. 1943 invasion of italy to liberate rome 4. 1944 d-day and the liberation of france

Warsaw Uprising

1944 — a heroic and tragic 63-day struggle to liberate World War 2 Warsaw from Nazi/German occupation. Undertaken by the Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), the Polish resistance movement, at the time Allied troops were breaking through the Normandy defenses and the Red Army was standing at the line of the Vistula River. could have been one of the first European capitals liberated; however, various military and political miscalculations, as well as global politics — played among Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) — turned the dice against it.

National Security Act

1947 was a major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on September 18, 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense.

Main Kampf

Adolf Hitler wrote while he was in prison for political crimes. is an autobiography of himself outlining his political ideology and future plans for Germany. Writen in 1925

Bataan Death March

After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese during World War II (1939-45), the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished

The Pacific Campaign (the 3-pronged American strategy)

After the Battle of Midway, the United States launched a counter-offensive strike known as "island-hopping," establishing a line of overlapping island bases, as well as air control. The idea was to capture certain key islands, one after another, until Japan came within range of American bombers. Led by General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of the Allied forces in the Southwest Pacific, and Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet, the first stage of the offensive began with the Navy under Nimitz, and Marine landings on Guadalcanal and nearby islands in the Solomons three ways we defeat japan Stillwell in China: Stillwell sent to China to align with Chinese military to build a road for American to supply Chinese Nimitz at Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima: leader of the pacific fleet of the navy from pearl harbor liberated islands from japan Leyte Gulf: were the rest of the Japanese navy is destroyed Iwo Jima: deadliest battle of the pacific volcanic island where we tried to build an airstrip we didn't trust the Japanese when they wanted to surrender so they literally fought to the death @Iwo Jima is the famous photo of the Americans raising the flag and the famous statue in DC MacArthur Returns to the Philippines leader of the army met up with Nimitz to help defeat Japan

Segregation During WW2

At the start of WWII, many African Americans in particular had mixed feelings about supporting the war effort when their own country did not offer them the freedom America was fighting for overseas. The world's greatest democracy fought the world's greatest racist with a segregated Army. It was worse than that: the Army and the society conspired to degrade African-Americans in every way possible, summed up in the name Jim Crow. One little incident from the home front illustrates the tyranny black Americans lived under during the Second World War.

Benito Mussolini

Born in a poor home, mom was a teacher and he went to a Monk school and was expelled Created his own political party Said they were going to take from the rich and give to the poor Told people what they wanted to hear Anti-communist; was key to their success Both come to power by peaceful power Used violence and preached extreme nationalism Claimed they came from hard working backgrounds

D-Day

During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944 when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France's Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring the Allies had defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.

Manhattan Project

Early in 1939, the world's scientific community discovered that German physicists had learned the secrets of splitting a uranium atom. Fears soon spread over the possibility of Nazi scientists utilizing that energy to produce a bomb capable of unspeakable destruction. Scientists ALBERT EINSTEIN, who fled Nazi persecution, and ENRICO FERMI, who escaped Fascist Italy, were now living in the United States. They agreed that the President must be informed of the dangers of atomic technology in the hands of the Axis powers. Fermi traveled to Washington in March to express his concerns on government officials. But few shared his uneasiness. Early in 1939, the world's scientific community discovered that German physicists had learned the secrets of splitting a uranium atom. Fears soon spread over the possibility of Nazi scientists utilizing that energy to produce a bomb capable of unspeakable destruction. Scientists ALBERT EINSTEIN, who fled Nazi persecution, and ENRICO FERMI, who escaped Fascist Italy, were now living in the United States. They agreed that the President must be informed of the dangers of atomic technology in the hands of the Axis powers. Fermi traveled to Washington in March to express his concerns on government officials. But few shared his uneasiness.

Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism

For many Americans, the most enduring symbol of this "Red Scare" was Republican Senator who spent almost five years trying in vain to expose communists and other left-wing "loyalty risks" in the U.S. government. In the hyper-suspicious atmosphere of the Cold War, insinuations of disloyalty were enough to convince many Americans that their government was packed with traitors and spies. his accusations were so intimidating that few people dared to speak out against him. It was not until he attacked the Army in 1954 that his actions earned him the censure of the U.S. Senate.

The SS

Founded in 1925, the "Schutzstaffel," German for "Protective Echelon," initially served as Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler's (1889-1945) personal bodyguards, and later became one of the most powerful and feared organizations in all of Nazi Germany.

Stalingrad

German Army Destroyed major city but not super important but hitler wanted it because it was named after Stalin winter 1941 really stalls the war: the fuel literally froze hitler refused to divert any trains to help his soldiers fighting in russia height of the german victory, but this is a major turning point russia defeats germany

Munich Conference

Hitler offers the French and British a deal... If they will betray the Czechs, than he will occupy the Sudetenland and that is the last thing he will do

Battle of the Bulge

In December 1944, Adolph Hitler attempted to split the Allied armies in northwest Europe by means of a surprise blitzkrieg thrust through the Ardennes to Antwerp. Caught off-guard, American units fought desperate battles to stem the German advance at St.-Vith, Elsenborn Ridge, Houffalize and Bastogne. As the Germans drove deeper into the Ardennes in an attempt to secure vital bridgeheads, the Allied line took on the appearance of a large bulge, giving rise to the battle's name. Lieutenant General George S. Patton's successful maneuvering of the Third Army to Bastogne proved vital to the Allied defense, leading to the neutralization of the German counteroffensive despite heavy casualties.

The Hollywood Ten

In October 1947, 10 members of the Hollywood film industry publicly denounced the tactics employed by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), an investigative committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, during its probe of alleged communist influence in the American motion picture business. These prominent screenwriters and directors received jail sentences and were banned from working for the major Hollywood studios. Their defiant stands also placed them at center stage in a national debate over the controversial anti-communist crackdown that swept through the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Besides the Hollywood Ten, other members of the film industry with alleged communist ties were later banned from working for the big movie studios. The Hollywood blacklist came to an end in the 1960s.

Nanking Massacre

In late 1937, over a period of six weeks, Imperial Japanese Army forces brutally murdered hundreds of thousands of people-including both soldiers and civilians-in the Chinese city 1. over 20,000 women were systematically raped by Japanese soldiers Japanese murdered Chinese infants some soldiers who didn't partake in these violation of human rights were killed by their generals japan thought that if they made all of their soldiers commit war crimes that were punishable by death this would instill an idea that they could not surrender so this is why the Japanese never surrendered a lot of Americans live in the city so the US sent war ships to the area to protect the Americans not the Chinese us painted a huge flag on it to show they were ally Japanese sank and murdered all on the ship this was a war act against America the response was president Roosevelt starting to prepare for war but the American people and congress were like wtf no war just get out of china the US accepted the Japanese apology without any problem wonderful example of appeasement towards japan

Alger Hiss Trail

In the conclusion to one of the most spectacular trials in U.S. history, former State Department official is convicted of perjury. He was convicted of having perjured himself in regards to testimony about his alleged involvement in a Soviet spy ring before and during World War II. Hiss served nearly four years in jail, but steadfastly protested his innocence during and after his incarceration. Eventually, he was brought to trial. Because the statute of limitations had run out, he was not tried for treason. Instead, he was charged with two counts of perjury—for lying about passing government documents to Chambers and for denying that he had seen Chambers since 1937. In 1949, the first trial for perjury ended in a deadlocked jury. The second trial ended in January 1950 with a guilty verdict on both counts.

Battle of Britain

In the summer and fall of 1940, German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the United Kingdom, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date. A significant turning point of World War II ended when Germany's Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain's air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. Britain's decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces while proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle.

War Relocation Camps

Japanese Americans were moved to these camps because they were seen as a risk to the American people due to their ties with their Japanese heritage

Okinawa

Last and biggest of the Pacific island battles of World War II, the campaign (April 1—June 22, 1945) involved the 287,000 troops of the U.S. Tenth Army against 130,000 soldiers of the Japanese Thirty-second Army. At stake were air bases vital to the projected invasion of Japan. By the end of the 82-day campaign, Japan had lost more than 77,000 soldiers and the Allies had suffered more than 65,000 casualties—including 14,000 dead the Japanese navy and army mounted mass air attacks by planes on one-way "suicide" missions; the Japanese also sent their last big battleship, the Yamato, on a similar mission with a few escorts. The "special attack" kamikaze tactics the Japanese used on these missions, although not especially sophisticated, were so determined that Allied forces perhaps faced their most difficult Pacific campaign. The net result made this a mass bloodletting both on land and at sea, and among both the island's civilian population and the military.

Mutual Assured Destruction

M-A-D: would lead to the destruction of the planet, we cant let the soviets win but we also cant defeat them

Japan's Occupation of Manchuria

Manchuria and Korea japan attacks china and such the UN filed a boycott on japan after they invaded Manchuria the us wasn't in the UN at this point so we were the Number 1 trade parter of japan they didn't care if the UN boycotted them because we were helping they didn't care what happened we were in a position to stop japan butttttt we were passive in boycotting because it was in the year 1931 so we were in the great depression and this was helping our economy get back to a good place japan took this as appeasement and thought we were gucci with them invading other countries

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union surprised the world by signing this, in which the two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years. With Europe on the brink of another major war, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) viewed the pact as a way to keep his nation on peaceful terms with Germany, while giving him time to build up the Soviet military. German chancellor Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) used the pact to make sure Germany was able to invade Poland unopposed. The pact also contained a secret agreement in which the Soviets and Germans agreed how they would later divide up Eastern Europe. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact fell apart in June 1941, when Nazi forces invaded the Soviet Union.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world's first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people; tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure. Three days later, a second B-29 dropped another A-bomb, killing an estimated 40,000 people. Japan's Emperor Hirohito announced his country's unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of "a new and most cruel bomb."

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and China-or even, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. The Korean peninsula is still divided today.

Inchon

On September 15, 1950, during the Korean War (1950-53), U.S. Marines force made a surprise amphibious landing at the strategic port, on the west coast of Korea, about 100 miles south of the 38th parallel and 25 miles from Seoul. The location had been criticized as too risky, but United Nations (U.N.) Supreme Commander Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) insisted on carrying out the bold landing. Afterward, the American-led U.N. force was able to break North Korean supply lines and push inland to recapture Seoul, the South Korean capital that had fallen to the Communists in June. The landing changed the course of the war; however, the conflict later settled into a long, bloody stalemate that did not end until a July 1953 armistice.

The Draft

On September 16, 1940, the United States instituted the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which required all men between the ages of 21 and 45 to register for the draft. This was the first peacetime draft in United States' history. Those who were selected from the draft lottery were required to serve at least one year in the armed forces. Once the U.S. entered WWII, draft terms extended through the duration of the fighting. By the end of the war in 1945, 50 million men between eighteen and forty-five had registered for the draft and 10 million had been inducted in the military.

Adolf Hitler

Provided escape goats and told German people that it was not our problems or our fault, but homosexuals, slobs, and jews fault Drifted into Barbaria and enlisted in German army when WWI came about Wanted to create his own facist movement like Mussolini did "Stormtroopers" with a logo and brown uniforms 1923- Nazi party began Signed the treaty of Versailles Must overturn the treaty Need to create Lebensraum (living space) for superior German race Defeat France Wrote memoirs in jail 'Mein Kampf' Was elected 10 years after he was out of jail "stab in the back" German people weren't accustom to democracy Said they were going to take from the rich and give to the poor Told people what they wanted to hear Anti-communist; was key to their success Both come to power by peaceful power Used violence and preached extreme nationalism Claimed they came from hard working backgrounds

Role of race in the war (German v Slav; American v Japanese; American v German)

Racism in the United States had a tremendous impact on race relations. Shortly after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which resulted in the placement of more than 110,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast into detention camps. The president largely made this move because much like Muslim Americans today, Japanese Americans were viewed with suspicion by the general public. Because Japan attacked the U.S., all people of Japanese origin were regarded as enemies. Hitler spread his beliefs in racial "purity" and in the superiority of the "Germanic race"—what he called an Aryan "master race." He pronounced that his race must remain pure in order to one day take over the world. For Hitler, the ideal "Aryan" was blond, blue-eyed, and tall. When Hitler and the Nazis came to power, these beliefs became the government ideology and were spread in publicly displayed posters, on the radio, in movies, in classrooms, and in newspapers. The Nazis began to put their ideology into practice with the support of German scientists who believed that the human race could be improved by limiting the reproduction of people considered "inferior."

Rationing

Ration stamps became a kind of currency with each family being issued a "War Ration Book." Each stamp authorized a purchase of rationed goods in the quantity and time designated, and the book guaranteed each family its fair share of goods made scarce, thanks to the war. Rationing also was determined by a point system.

Midway Island

Six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States defeated Japan in one of the most decisive naval battles of World War II. Thanks in part to major advances in code breaking, the United States was able to preempt and counter Japan's planned ambush of its few remaining aircraft carriers, inflicting permanent damage on the Japanese Navy. An important turning point in the Pacific campaign, the victory allowed the United States and its allies to move into an offensive position.

Spanish Civil War

Spain 1936 Leader was Francisco Franco Luftwaffe Confront or appease Wanted to appease Hitler (backing off) French was much stronger than the German army

Fall of China

The "fall" of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. The Chinese Communist Party, founded in 1921 in Shanghai, originally existed as a study group working within the confines of the First United Front with the Nationalist Party.

America and the Holocaust

The systematic persecution of German Jewry began with Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee the Third Reich but found few countries willing to accept them. Eventually, under Hitler's leadership, some 6 million Jews were murdered during World War II.

Leyte Gulf

This World War II clash followed the Allied landing at the Philippine island in October 1944. The Japanese sought to converge three naval forces, and successfully diverted the U.S. Third Fleet with a decoy. At the Suriago Strait, the U.S. Seventh Fleet destroyed one of the Japanese forces and forced a second one to withdraw. The third successfully traversed the San Bernadino Straight but also withdrew before attacking the Allied forces. With much of its surface fleet destroyed in the battle, Japan was hamstrung in its ability to move resources from Southeast Asia to the home islands.

Battle of Coral Sea

This four-day World War II skirmish in May 1942 marked the first air-sea battle in history. The Japanese were seeking to control the Sea with an invasion of Port Moresby in southeast New Guinea, but their plans were intercepted by Allied forces. When the Japanese landed in the area, they came under attack from the aircraft carrier planes of the American task force commanded by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher. Although both sides suffered damages to their carriers, the battle left the Japanese without enough planes to cover the ground attack of Port Moresby, resulting in a strategic Allied victory.

Election of 1948

United States presidential election of 1948, American presidential election held on Nov. 2, 1948, in which Democratic Pres. Harry S. Truman defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey. the election omg I don't know: the democratic party broke into three parts truman's proposals *** national healthcare first since lincoln to call for new civil rights laws for equal rights for african americans dixiecrats were southern democrats The Dixiecrat Revolt The Progressive Revolt Republican Overconfidence and Defeat Dewy lost the election because they were shit talking and it didnt work out for them

Women in WW2

WACS: women in the army WAVES: women in the navy WAFS: women in the air force the majority of women in the war served as nurses set up on the back lines of the battle fields. Many women who died during WW2 were killed in german bombings of hospitals

Klaus Fuchs

a German-born British scientist who helped developed the atomic bomb, is arrested in Great Britain for passing top-secret information about the bomb to the Soviet Union. The arrest of Fuchs led authorities to several other individuals involved in a spy ring, culminating with the arrest of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and their subsequent execution.

Luftwaffe

a generic German term for an air force. It was also the official name for the Nazi air force founded in 1935. Led by Hermann Goering, it became the largest and most powerful in Europe by the start of World War Two.

Berlin Airlift

a little pocket in Berlin that was democratic and russia was like tf no this is mine the western germany was divided with a wall and barricade american planes flew over east germany to drop supplies russia didnt like this but they couldn't shoot the planes down that might lead to war some planes had accidents and some diverted but none were shut down after 9 months they realized they couldn't do this forever so russia lifted the barricades showed that america was a reliable help and that they would do whatever it takes for others

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

a married couple convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, are put to death in the electric chair. The execution marked the dramatic finale of the most controversial espionage case of the Cold War. Julius was arrested in July 1950, and Ethel in August of that same year, on the charge of conspiracy to commit espionage. Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

Zoot Suit Riot

a series of conflicts that occurred in June 1943 in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and Mexican American youths, the latter of whom wore outfits that consisted of a broad-shouldered drape jacket, balloon-leg trousers, and, sometimes, a flamboyant hat. Mexican and Mexican American youths who wore these outfits were called zoot-suiters. These individuals referred to themselves as pachucos, a name linked to the Mexican American generation's rebellion against both the Mexican and American cultures.

Marshall Plan

also known as the European Recovery Program, channeled over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of 'restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.' The plan is named for Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947 a high ranking officer who advised the president in the military would give money that would accept a capitalist economy model we would help them out $ for Western Europe, Soviet Tanks Roll into Czechoslovakia russia wasn't cool with Czech so they sent in tanks to prevent them from working

Beer Hall Putsch

also known as the Munich Putsch. Was a failed coup attempt by the Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler to seize power in Munich during 1923.

Containment

american strategy to contain communism; each president had their own theory but used 1. military intervention 2. financial methods 3 diplomatic A Combination of Diplomacy, Economic Aid, and Military Intervention

Truman Doctrine

an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical spread during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947 :547-9 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right wing system of government and social organization

Blitzkrieg

an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory.

Chosin Reservoir

campaign early in the Korean War, part of the Chinese Second Offensive (November-December 1950) to drive the United Nations out of North Korea. campaign was directed mainly against the 1st Marine Division of the U.S. X Corps, which had disembarked in eastern North Korea and moved inland in severe winter weather to a mountainous area near the reservoir. The campaign succeeded in forcing the entire X Corps to evacuate to South Korea, but the Chinese did not achieve their particular objective of isolating and destroying the 1st Marine Division. Instead, in a deliberate retrograde movement that has become one of the most-storied exploits in Marine Corps lore, the Marines turned and fought their way down a narrow vulnerable road through several mountain passes and a bridged chasm until they reached transport ships waiting at the coast.

HUAC The House Un-American Activities Committee

created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties.

Italian Campaign

he U.S. and Great Britain, the leading Allied powers, planned to invade. Beyond their goal of crushing Italian Axis forces, the Allies wanted to draw German troops away from the main Allied advance through Nazi-occupied northern Europe to Berlin, Germany. The Italian Campaign, from July 10, 1943, to May 2, 1945, was a series of Allied beach landings and land battles from Sicily and southern Italy up the Italian mainland toward Nazi Germany. The campaign seared into history the names of such places as Anzio, Salerno and Monte Cassino, as Allied armies severed the German-Italian Axis in fierce fighting and threatened the southern flank of Germany. The Allied advance through Italy produced some of the most bitter, costly fighting of the war, much of it in treacherous mountain terrain.

Allotment Annie

hustled departing soldiers into marriage to collect the twenty dollars a month the US Government automatically allotted to servicemen's wives some took on four, five, and even six husbands

American Neutrality Acs

laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies.

NATO

membership is open to "any other European state in a position to further the principles of this Treaty and to contribute to the security of the North Atlantic area." also has what it calls the Membership Action Plan, which offers aspiring members practical advice and targeted assistance. In turn, aspiring members are expected to meet certain key requirements.

North Africa Campaign

military campaigns of World War II were waged between September 13, 1940, and May 13, 1943. They were strategically important for both the Western Allies and the Axis powers. The Axis powers aimed to deprive the Allies of access to Middle Eastern oil supplies, to secure and increase Axis access to the oil, and to cut off Britain from the material and human resources of its empire in Asia and Africa.

Nye Investigations

officially known as the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, was a United States Senate committee (April 12, 1934-February 24, 1936), chaired by U.S. Senator Gerald Nye (a Republican).

Treaty of Versailles

one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Balloon Bombs and the 555th

part of American smokejumping lore. During World War II, the Japanese sent balloons across the Pacific Ocean with incendiary bombs attached. The idea was that the devices, which typically carried four incendiary bombs and one anti-personnel bomb, would land somewhere in a wooded area, explode, and start a forest fire that would then tie up critical firefighting resources. Moreover, the threat from these devices, they hoped, would cause panic and terror to spread whether or not they started a fire. As part of that program the government trained and dispatched conscientious objectors and the first all-black battalion of paratroopers, Parachute Infantry Battalion, better known as the Triple Nickles, to do battle with the aerial menace. Their training included demolition of unexploded ordinance. The Triple Nickles never fought a bomb-created fire but did participate in 36 missions and made 1,200 jumps.

Dixiecrats

political party organized in the summer of 1948 by conservative white southern Democrats committed to states' rights and the maintenance of segregation and opposed to federal intervention into race, and to a lesser degree, labor relations.Feb 22, 2008

Yalta Conference

post war confrence of the main leaders fate of germany was decided Creation of the United Nations every nation had representation in the assembly the real power was in the security counsel five constant countries that have permanent members Britain, US, Soviet Union, China, and France soviet union promised that the nations they liberated would have free elections and determine their own fate Division of Germany half soviet half free

War Production

profoundly changed American industry. Companies already engaged in defense work expanded. Others, like the automobile industry, were transformed completely. In 1941, more than three million cars were manufactured in the United States. Only 139 more were made during the entire war. Instead, Chrysler made fuselages. General Motors made airplane engines, guns, trucks and tanks. Packard made Rolls-Royce engines for the British air force. And at its vast Willow Run plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan, the Ford Motor Company performed something like a miracle 24-hours a day. The average Ford car had some 15,000 parts. The B-24 Liberator long-range bomber had 1,550,000. One came off the line every 63 minutes.

Loyalty Review Program

set up by President Harry Truman who issued Executive Order 9835 on March 21, 1947, establishing a program to check the loyalty of federal employees and any new applicants seeking employment in the government. was designed to root out any communist infiltration or influence in the U.S. federal government during the Cold War.

Rosie the Riveter

star of a government campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for the munitions industry, became perhaps the most iconic image of working women during the war.

Good Neighbor Policy

the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere. Roosevelt's policy represented an attempt to distance the United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910s and 1920s.

Pearl Harbor

the japanese wanted to destroy our aircraft carries that the US couldn't rebuild fast enough will prevent them from stopping the japanese invasion of china didn't think this would cause war with US but maybe even create peace to sell oil again to Japan japanese general knew if war was declared that they would lose to the US the purpose of the attack of Pearl Harbor wasn't to cause war but to make the US back tf off Prince KANOYA (totes spelled wrong) was the prime minister who didn't want to go to war US wouldn't negotiate with him because we thought the power was all in the generals the replacement general was a snake and pretended to be cool and want peace but actually was stirring up trouble and playing us (but we knew so it was ok) we decoded their code so we knew an attack was coming we just didn't know where we had several clues that we should have seen coming that the attack would be in Pearl Harbor the Japanese consulate in Hawaii was burning all their documents and the FBI knew but couldn't tell the navy to be like yo we bugged those phones a US ship and plane both saw a submarine in pearl harbor but the skipper didn't see anything so he never signaled it in and didn't want to be wrong two radar operators saw some plans on their screen and the HQ didn't have anyone to do anything about it because they thought it was US planes coming from the aircraft carriers most of the ships were stuck because they couldn't get out or go anywhere so many people died and we weren't fully prepared at Pearl Harbor because we only had about a weeks notice that something might happen Pearl Harbor is half an ocean away from Japan so we didn't think they would come this far to attack also a hella amount of Japanese lived in Hawaii so we thought it would come from the civilians if we kept all the planes and boats in groups with each other kinda fun fact I don't know why he told us: japan also bombed hong kong, somewhere else, and pearl harbor and only suffered a few little losses the four biggest and best parts of the navy were out and not destroyed thus we went to war because we still had a few hella good ships December 8 Roosevelt asked congress to declare war all but one voted yes Janet Rankin: only no vote and was elected to congress in 1916 (before women even had the right to vote), also voted no to the WWI declaration of war (lol) she said she voted no because as a women she was not allowed to fight so she didn't want to vote for other people to go fight a few days later hitler declared war on the US December 11, a few days later, we declared war on Germany

Appeasement

the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict, governed Anglo-French foreign policy during the 1930s. It became indelibly associated with Conservative Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Although the roots of appeasement lay primarily in the weakness of post-World War I collective security arrangements, the policy was motivated by several other factors.

Lebensraum

the territory that a state or nation believes is needed for its natural development, especially associated with Nazi Germany.

The Domino Theory

theory prominent from the 1950s to the 1980s, that speculated that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.

Lend-Lease

we will lend weapons and deliver them to britain to make life easier because the british were very desperate this is what ultimately brought the US into the war

Cash and Carry

when war breaks out the us says we can sell to britain or china but they have to pay cash and come pick them up in the US we don't want to get involved so we wont take them anywhere that people are in war

A. Phillip Randolph

(1889-1979) was the most important civil rights leader to emerge from the labor movement. Throughout his long career, he consistently kept the interests of black workers at the forefront of the racial agenda. Whereas W. E. B. Du Bois argued that the problem of the twentieth century was "the color line," he concluded that it was the question of the "common man." He headed the new National Negro Congress, an umbrella movement of mass organizations, but resigned in 1940, believing the group was controlled by communists. Striking out independently, he organized the March on Washington movement in 1941, which succeeded in pressuring President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries. After the war, a similar technique led to President Harry S. Truman's order desegregating the army.

Reasons for mutual distrust between US and Soviet Union

The Soviet Union felt it had good cause to mistrust the west. In 1919 the former World War I allies of Britain, France and the United States joined the "White Russians" to fight off the Bolsheviks following the revolution. (For more information see The American Invasion of Russia). Although this intervention failed and the Red Army of the Bolsheviks secured the power of the new Soviet state, the young USSR government never quite trusted the western democracies after that. The western democracies did not invite the Soviet Union to participate in the World War I peace talks or the League of Nations. The west did not aid the Republicans fighting the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. The west did not invite the Soviets to the Munich Conference which decided the fate of Czechoslovakia in the years leading up to World War II, even though the Soviet Union had a security pact with Czechoslovakia. The west, for its part, never trusted the Soviet Union: The avowed purpose of the International Communist Party to secure world wide communist revolution. There was a great fear of socialism in Europe and America. The Soviets negotiated an agreement with Hitler and annexed eastern Poland. By the end of the war Britain and the United States distrusted the Soviet motives in eastern Europe. This mutual distrust was barely suppressed during World War II when for practical reasons (the common enemy of Hitler's Germany) the western allies and the Soviet Union became uneasy allies. Stalin believed that the western allies were dragging their feet in opening up the "second front" in Europe, so necessary to take the pressure off the struggling Soviet forces in the east. Stalin was open about wanting "friendly governments" in Eastern Europe to protect his country's western frontier from another invasion like the invasion so recently experienced by Germany.