DE Bio (Poole): Chapter 7 (Photosynthesis)
in the pyramid of producers/consumers, producers would have ____ energy units. Primary consumers would have ______. Secondary consumers would have _____. Tertiary consumers would have _____. the rest would be lost as _______
1000, 100, 10, 1, heat energy
how many plants are extensively cultivated as crops for use as food by humans
150
Because glycolysis uses two ATPs to get started, for each molecule of glucose entering the pathway there is a net gain of
2 ATPs
what is the 3 carbon sugar in the dark reaction
2 PGA
2 PGA is also a
3 carbon sugar
cellular respiration produces
36 ATP
what does cellular respiration produce
36 ATP
RuBP is a
5 carbon sugar; carbon dioxide acceptor
how many times is the Calvin cycle repeated
6
What is the photosynthesis equation?
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
the Krebs cycle is a series of ____ reactions
9
there are 3 grains that make up ____% of food for people in the world. They are: _____, _____, and _____
90, wheat, corn, rice
most important energy storing compound
ATP
the main function of cellular respiration is to generate ____ for cellular work
ATP
what does ADP + P make
ATP
carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle requires which products of light reactions
ATP and NADPH
Bradford pear, poinsettias, and grass are examples of
C3 plants
type of plant. carbon dioxide absorbed and quickly becomes 3 carbon sugar, the stomata is open, but when it gets really hot it closes to not let carbon dioxide in or else water will be lost. but glucose production goes down oats, rice
C3 plants
type of plant. carbon dioxide, 4 carbon pathway (compound), Calvin cycle, stomata mostly closed since it is hot, and they want to conserve water. corn, sugar cane
C4 plants
what is the formula for glucose
C6H12O6
what is the formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
type of plant, stomata closed till it is night time. they live in deserts pineapple, some cactus, succulents (thick leaf)
CAM plants
which molecule from the Calvin cycle is used to replenish the five carbon sugar, RuBP, which is used at the beginning of the cycle?
CO2
cycle formed by dark photosynthetic reactions
Calvin
what is the light independent reaction also called
Calvin cycle
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme; the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
Chemiosmosis
what is a photosystem?
Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy
he had an experiment with the candle, plant, and bell jar
Joseph priestley
what is the citric acid cycle also known as?
Krebs cycle
what product of the light dependent reactions is used in the Calvin cycle
NADPH
which molecule has reducing power
NADPH
what are the two products of the light reaction (not including Oxygen)
NADPH2, ATP
which molecule is vital to life on earth and is released during the light reaction
O2
ATP, NADPH, and hydrogen ions are used to convert PGA into
PGAL
what two molecules leave the Calvin cycle and are combined to form glucose?
PGAL
what two things are made in the dark reaction after the 2PGA combines with the NADPH2 (from the light reaction)
PGAL (which turns to glucose), H20
what is the acronym to remember the colors of the rainbow
ROY G BIV
a 5 carbon sugar is called
RuBP
what is recycled in the dark reaction
RuBP
in the dark reaction, the carbon dioxide combines with what?
RuBP (5 carbon sugar)
autotrophs include a. ferns b. camels c. yeasts d. birds
a
of the following, the one not produced during the light reaction is a. C6H12O6 b. hydrogen ions c. O2 d. ATP
a
which of these is produced by the dark reactions? a. PGAL b. oxygen c. water d. ATP
a
energy flows through a food chain from
a producer to one or more consumers
A carbon atom from carbon dioxide is used to change the five- carbon sugar RuBP into ________
a six carbon sugar
cells store energy when
a third phosphate group is bonded to an ADP molecule
during oxidative respiration, pyruvate is first converted to ___ ____ ,which enter the Krebs cycle
acetyl coA
after the water is split in the light reaction, what happens to the 2 hydrogens
added to NADP
Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
free atmospheric oxygen: ______ ex: _______ they grow knees to keep roots above run off water
aerobic, cypress trees
when does the dark reaction occur
after light reaction
in the light reaction, when does oxygen leave
after water splits from the energized chlorophyll
requires an environment without oxygen: _____ example: ______; dies in ___ seconds if exposed to oxygen
anaerobic, AIDS, 7
red pigment name
anthocyanin
order these from simple to complex cells, organs, biosphere, ecosystem, tissues, community, organism, atoms, molecules, populations
atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organism, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere
makes its own food but still has to break it down to release energy (cellular respiration)
autotroph
organisms that can produce its own food
autotroph
CH2O + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP shows that a. the complete oxidation of glucose only yields carbon dioxide and water b. the complete oxidation of glucose yields at least 36 ATP molecules c. without oxygen, photosynthesis cannot take place d. the presence of carbon dioxide is required for cellular respiration to take place
b
which of the equations best represents photosynthesis a) C+O2+H2O = CO2+HOH b) 6CO2+H2O = C6H12O6+6O2 c) 6C+6H2O = C6H12O6 d) C6H12O6 = 6CO2+6H2O
b
which of the following environmental factors does not influence the rate of photosynthesis a. light intensity b. oxygen concentration c. carbon dioxide concentration d. temperature
b
which of these is not produced in the light reactions? a. NADPH b. glucose c. ATP d. oxygen
b
the place on earth where lifeforms exist
biosphere
of the following, which is not needed for the Calvin cycle to occur: a. hydrogen ions b. ATP c. O2 d. CO2
c
amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
calorie
forms simple sugars the synthesis part of photosynthesis uses CO2 this is the ___ cycle
calvin
energy is stored in organic molecules made by linking ____ atoms together
carbon
all organisms get their carbon from
carbon dioxide
what does the dark reaction start with
carbon dioxide
what gas is used in the first step of the Calvin cycle
carbon dioxide
what is the source of the carbon in glucose?
carbon dioxide
6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 _____ _____ and _____ are two compounds needed for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide, water
the first part of the Calvin cycle involves
carbon fixation
orange pigment name
carotene
CH2O + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP summarizes the process known as
cellular respiration
plants convert excess sugar to ____ for storage
cellulose
____ absorbs light energy
chlorophyll
a type of pigment found in green plants is
chlorophyll
absorbs sun's energy
chlorophyll
in July, this is the dominant pigment present in a red maple leaf
chlorophyll
principal pigment of green plants
chlorophyll
army green pigment name
chlorophyll a
lime green pigment name
chlorophyll b
site of photosynthesis
chloroplast
a process which separates the parts of a solution with special paper and a solvent.
chromotography
What is the Krebs cycle also known as?
citric acid cycle
which way does the krebs cycle go (direction)
clockwise
what is not a use for the sugars produced in a plant during photosynthesis
conversion to starch for immediate use in carrying out photosynthesis
what happens to the high energy carrying ATP when this energy is used in a reaction
converts to ADP
where does the Krebs cycle occur
cristae
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
cuticle
what is the waxy coating on plants
cuticle
photosynthesis produces a. carbon dioxide b. alcohol c. water d. glucose
d
the overall effect of the Calvin cycle is that CO2 combines with hydrogen to form a. lipids b. proteins c. cellulose d. simple sugars
d
which is not a fuel used for cellular respiration? a. carbs b. fats c. proteins d. water
d
photosynthetic reactions that can be carried out in the absence of light
dark
why is biofuel a good idea?
easily replaceable, less pollutant
needed, but doesn't die without
facultative
T/F GLYCOLYSIS is an aerobic process that breaks down food molecules to produce energy
false
t/f in the third stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH power the synthesis of organic molecules, using oxygen from water
false
t/f some of the glucose required for cellular respiration in humans is obtained by eating cellulose
false
t/f the rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of hydrogen gas increases
false
T/F APPROXIMATELY 36 molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis
false (4)
T/F when there is no oxygen present, yeast cells break down glucose to form LACTIC ACID and carbon dioxide
false (alcohol)
T/F the LIGHT REACTIONS occur outside the photosynthetic membrane
false (dark reactions)
T/F because they cannot make their own food, AUTOTROPHS rely on the food making ability of green plants
false (heterotrophs)
T/F in the DARK REACTIONS of photosynthesis the energy in sunlight is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH
false (light reaction)
T/F ATP is formed when enzymes move hydrogen ions across a membrane to an area of GREATER concentration
false (lower)
____-____ muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully but also fatigue much more quickly. short bursts of intense activity - sprints
fast twitch
Process that enables cells to produce energy anaerobically
fermentation
some of your cells can work for short periods without oxygen. this anaerobic harvest of food energy is called
fermentation
yeast growing gives off carbon dioxide and alcohol
fermentation
phloem is
food (glucose)
yeast requires _____; as it grows, it gives off ____ and ____
food, carbon dioxide, alcohol
fire needs which three things
fuel, oxygen, hot temperature
has an unusual leaf; separate seed trees; bears fruit (female); used in landscaping, resistant to pollutants
gingko tree
what does cellular respiration start with
glucose
what is the point of photosynthesis
glucose
which of the following is not a part of adenosine diphosphate: glucose, ribose, adenine, two phosphate group
glucose
6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 photosynthesis results in the production of the simple sugar ___ and free _____
glucose, oxygen
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
glycolysis
what happens to the glucose in cellular respiration
glycolysis
what is the only part of cellular respiration that is anaerobic
glycolysis
which process is anaerobic?
glycolysis
word that means glucose breaking
glycolysis
stack in the chloroplast is called
grana
The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore on underside of a leaf
guard cells
humans for example; eat autotrophs, still have to do cellular respiration to break down food to release energy
heterotrophs
when water molecules are split to produce the electrons needed to replace those lost by photosystem 2 during photosynthesis ______ is produced
hydrogen
what happens when a cell's supply of ATP is excessive
it will be stores and an enzyme will be signaled to stop production
Cycle formed by the first set of reactions during respiration
krebs
after glycolysis, what happens in cellular respiration
krebs cycle
if someone was a couch potato and decided to go run a mile, they would be gasping after since their muscles aren't used to it. gasping replaces their oxygen quicker. ____________ would build up in their muscles, which is why they'd be sore
lactic acid
type of fermentation that occurs in muscles during rapid exercise
lactic acid
what is gingko trees great for and why
landscaping because it is resistant to pollutants
6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 in photosynthesis, _____ energy is converted to chemical energy
light
light energy converts to chemical energy the photo part of photosynthesis water molecules split oxygen given off this is the ___ reaction
light
photosynthetic reactions that use the energy of sunlight and convert it to the energy in chemical bonds
light
what does the light reaction start with
light
the Calvin cycle includes
light independent reactions
Kidneys use energy to move molecules and ions in order to keep the blood chemically balanced. This process is an example of cells using energy to _____.
maintain homeostasis
every molecule of carbon dioxide that you exhale was originally formed in one of the ______ of your body's cells
mitochondria
where does cellular respiration take place
mitochondria
cells requiring more energy = more ______ ____ cells generally need more of them
mitochondria, muscle
cactus "leaves" are the ______ most photosynthesis occurs: ______
needles, stem of cacti
does the dark reaction need darkness
no
required
obligate
In respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is
oxygen
Joseph Priestley- bell jar his experiment proved that green plants give off _____
oxygen
in respiration the final electron acceptor is
oxygen
in the process of photosynthesis, the light dependent reactions release ____
oxygen
oxidative respirations follows glycolysis when _____ is available
oxygen
what is already in the thylakoid
phosphates
a ____ is a fixed quantity of light energy
photon
fixed quantity of light; shorter = greater energy
photon
all forms of radiant energy consist of tiny packets of energy called
photons
CO2+H2O+light energy = CH2O +O2 this equation summarizes the overall process of
photosynthesis
process in which plants convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy
photosynthesis
the energy in glucose cannot be released by
photosynthesis
clusters of pigment molecules
photosystem
pigments are organized into harvesting complexes called
photosystems
colored substance that absorbs or reflects light
pigment
light absorbing molecules
pigments
an open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
plasmodesmata
glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that converts a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two-three carbon molecules of
pyretic acid
leaves appear green because the green portion of the light that strikes them is
reflected
what happens in the fall?
shorter days, colder temperatures
what are two reasons that leaves change color in the fall
shorter days, cooler temperature
how many rounds of the Calvin cycle are needed to form one glucose molecule?
six
_____-_____ muscle fibers can contract many times over a long period but don't generate a lot of quick power; long distance, marathons
slow twitch
what two things happens to the energized chlorophyll in the light reaction
splitting of water, ADP + P
place where gases leave the leaf
stomata
the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move
stomata
space in-between grana in chloroplast is called
stroma
the Calvin cycle reactions take place in the
stroma
the Calvin cycle takes place in the
stroma
the dark reaction happens in the
stroma
the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
stroma
briefly explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continuous cycle
the product of photosynthesis begins cellular respiration; the product of cellular respiration helps with photosynthesis
photosynthesis and cellular respiration are said to form a continuous cycle because
the products of one process are the starting materials for the other
what is the ultimate source of energy for all living things on earth
the sun
explain how environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis
they increase/decrease it; if there are poor factors (no sunlight, too cold, too hot), there is less photosynthesis
individual coin in the chloroplast is called
thylakoid
the light reaction happens in the
thylakoid
T/F PHOTOSYSTEMS are clusters of pigment molecules that are able to capture the energy of sunlight
true
T/F a molecule that contains atoms enabling it to reflect light is called a photon
true
T/F about 150 plants are extensively cultivated as crops for use as food by humans
true
T/F photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of cellular respiration
true
t/f electron transport chains help move excited electrons along in photosystem 2 clusters
true
t/f oxidative respiration is an aerobic process
true
t/f yellow and orange plant pigments are called carotenoids
true
t/f almost every oxygen molecule in the air was produced by photosynthesis
true
how many molecules of the three carbon sugar PGA are formed
two
In glycolysis, _____ molecules of ATP are used in the first step, and _____ molecules of ATP are produced in the second step.
two, four
yeast is the only ____ _____
unicellular fungus
an experiment that showed that part of a growing plant's mass comes from water was performed by
van helmont
had an experiment where he took a plant and kept it for 5 years in his lab and only watered it when it was wilting. he concluded that water made plants grow
van helmont
vascular tissue on plants
veins
what is a byproduct of the dark reaction
water
what is the source of O2 produced during photosynthesis
water
xylem is
water
van Helmont had an experiment where he wanted to know what makes plants grow. his conclusion was _____. the two things he was unaware of were: ____ and ____
water, light, carbon dioxide
yellow pigment name
xanthophyll
what are the veins on plants made of
xylem, phloem
veins of leaves are: ____ and _____ and are ____ ____
xylem, phloem, vascular tissue
fermentation requires
yeast
