DE Bio (Poole): Chapter 7 (Photosynthesis)

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in the pyramid of producers/consumers, producers would have ____ energy units. Primary consumers would have ______. Secondary consumers would have _____. Tertiary consumers would have _____. the rest would be lost as _______

1000, 100, 10, 1, heat energy

how many plants are extensively cultivated as crops for use as food by humans

150

Because glycolysis uses two ATPs to get started, for each molecule of glucose entering the pathway there is a net gain of

2 ATPs

what is the 3 carbon sugar in the dark reaction

2 PGA

2 PGA is also a

3 carbon sugar

cellular respiration produces

36 ATP

what does cellular respiration produce

36 ATP

RuBP is a

5 carbon sugar; carbon dioxide acceptor

how many times is the Calvin cycle repeated

6

What is the photosynthesis equation?

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

the Krebs cycle is a series of ____ reactions

9

there are 3 grains that make up ____% of food for people in the world. They are: _____, _____, and _____

90, wheat, corn, rice

most important energy storing compound

ATP

the main function of cellular respiration is to generate ____ for cellular work

ATP

what does ADP + P make

ATP

carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle requires which products of light reactions

ATP and NADPH

Bradford pear, poinsettias, and grass are examples of

C3 plants

type of plant. carbon dioxide absorbed and quickly becomes 3 carbon sugar, the stomata is open, but when it gets really hot it closes to not let carbon dioxide in or else water will be lost. but glucose production goes down oats, rice

C3 plants

type of plant. carbon dioxide, 4 carbon pathway (compound), Calvin cycle, stomata mostly closed since it is hot, and they want to conserve water. corn, sugar cane

C4 plants

what is the formula for glucose

C6H12O6

what is the formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

type of plant, stomata closed till it is night time. they live in deserts pineapple, some cactus, succulents (thick leaf)

CAM plants

which molecule from the Calvin cycle is used to replenish the five carbon sugar, RuBP, which is used at the beginning of the cycle?

CO2

cycle formed by dark photosynthetic reactions

Calvin

what is the light independent reaction also called

Calvin cycle

A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme; the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

Chemiosmosis

what is a photosystem?

Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

he had an experiment with the candle, plant, and bell jar

Joseph priestley

what is the citric acid cycle also known as?

Krebs cycle

what product of the light dependent reactions is used in the Calvin cycle

NADPH

which molecule has reducing power

NADPH

what are the two products of the light reaction (not including Oxygen)

NADPH2, ATP

which molecule is vital to life on earth and is released during the light reaction

O2

ATP, NADPH, and hydrogen ions are used to convert PGA into

PGAL

what two molecules leave the Calvin cycle and are combined to form glucose?

PGAL

what two things are made in the dark reaction after the 2PGA combines with the NADPH2 (from the light reaction)

PGAL (which turns to glucose), H20

what is the acronym to remember the colors of the rainbow

ROY G BIV

a 5 carbon sugar is called

RuBP

what is recycled in the dark reaction

RuBP

in the dark reaction, the carbon dioxide combines with what?

RuBP (5 carbon sugar)

autotrophs include a. ferns b. camels c. yeasts d. birds

a

of the following, the one not produced during the light reaction is a. C6H12O6 b. hydrogen ions c. O2 d. ATP

a

which of these is produced by the dark reactions? a. PGAL b. oxygen c. water d. ATP

a

energy flows through a food chain from

a producer to one or more consumers

A carbon atom from carbon dioxide is used to change the five- carbon sugar RuBP into ________

a six carbon sugar

cells store energy when

a third phosphate group is bonded to an ADP molecule

during oxidative respiration, pyruvate is first converted to ___ ____ ,which enter the Krebs cycle

acetyl coA

after the water is split in the light reaction, what happens to the 2 hydrogens

added to NADP

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

aerobic

free atmospheric oxygen: ______ ex: _______ they grow knees to keep roots above run off water

aerobic, cypress trees

when does the dark reaction occur

after light reaction

in the light reaction, when does oxygen leave

after water splits from the energized chlorophyll

requires an environment without oxygen: _____ example: ______; dies in ___ seconds if exposed to oxygen

anaerobic, AIDS, 7

red pigment name

anthocyanin

order these from simple to complex cells, organs, biosphere, ecosystem, tissues, community, organism, atoms, molecules, populations

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organism, populations, community, ecosystem, biosphere

makes its own food but still has to break it down to release energy (cellular respiration)

autotroph

organisms that can produce its own food

autotroph

CH2O + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP shows that a. the complete oxidation of glucose only yields carbon dioxide and water b. the complete oxidation of glucose yields at least 36 ATP molecules c. without oxygen, photosynthesis cannot take place d. the presence of carbon dioxide is required for cellular respiration to take place

b

which of the equations best represents photosynthesis a) C+O2+H2O = CO2+HOH b) 6CO2+H2O = C6H12O6+6O2 c) 6C+6H2O = C6H12O6 d) C6H12O6 = 6CO2+6H2O

b

which of the following environmental factors does not influence the rate of photosynthesis a. light intensity b. oxygen concentration c. carbon dioxide concentration d. temperature

b

which of these is not produced in the light reactions? a. NADPH b. glucose c. ATP d. oxygen

b

the place on earth where lifeforms exist

biosphere

of the following, which is not needed for the Calvin cycle to occur: a. hydrogen ions b. ATP c. O2 d. CO2

c

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

calorie

forms simple sugars the synthesis part of photosynthesis uses CO2 this is the ___ cycle

calvin

energy is stored in organic molecules made by linking ____ atoms together

carbon

all organisms get their carbon from

carbon dioxide

what does the dark reaction start with

carbon dioxide

what gas is used in the first step of the Calvin cycle

carbon dioxide

what is the source of the carbon in glucose?

carbon dioxide

6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 _____ _____ and _____ are two compounds needed for photosynthesis

carbon dioxide, water

the first part of the Calvin cycle involves

carbon fixation

orange pigment name

carotene

CH2O + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP summarizes the process known as

cellular respiration

plants convert excess sugar to ____ for storage

cellulose

____ absorbs light energy

chlorophyll

a type of pigment found in green plants is

chlorophyll

absorbs sun's energy

chlorophyll

in July, this is the dominant pigment present in a red maple leaf

chlorophyll

principal pigment of green plants

chlorophyll

army green pigment name

chlorophyll a

lime green pigment name

chlorophyll b

site of photosynthesis

chloroplast

a process which separates the parts of a solution with special paper and a solvent.

chromotography

What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

citric acid cycle

which way does the krebs cycle go (direction)

clockwise

what is not a use for the sugars produced in a plant during photosynthesis

conversion to starch for immediate use in carrying out photosynthesis

what happens to the high energy carrying ATP when this energy is used in a reaction

converts to ADP

where does the Krebs cycle occur

cristae

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

cuticle

what is the waxy coating on plants

cuticle

photosynthesis produces a. carbon dioxide b. alcohol c. water d. glucose

d

the overall effect of the Calvin cycle is that CO2 combines with hydrogen to form a. lipids b. proteins c. cellulose d. simple sugars

d

which is not a fuel used for cellular respiration? a. carbs b. fats c. proteins d. water

d

photosynthetic reactions that can be carried out in the absence of light

dark

why is biofuel a good idea?

easily replaceable, less pollutant

needed, but doesn't die without

facultative

T/F GLYCOLYSIS is an aerobic process that breaks down food molecules to produce energy

false

t/f in the third stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH power the synthesis of organic molecules, using oxygen from water

false

t/f some of the glucose required for cellular respiration in humans is obtained by eating cellulose

false

t/f the rate of photosynthesis increases as the concentration of hydrogen gas increases

false

T/F APPROXIMATELY 36 molecules of ATP are formed during glycolysis

false (4)

T/F when there is no oxygen present, yeast cells break down glucose to form LACTIC ACID and carbon dioxide

false (alcohol)

T/F the LIGHT REACTIONS occur outside the photosynthetic membrane

false (dark reactions)

T/F because they cannot make their own food, AUTOTROPHS rely on the food making ability of green plants

false (heterotrophs)

T/F in the DARK REACTIONS of photosynthesis the energy in sunlight is captured and used to make ATP and NADPH

false (light reaction)

T/F ATP is formed when enzymes move hydrogen ions across a membrane to an area of GREATER concentration

false (lower)

____-____ muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully but also fatigue much more quickly. short bursts of intense activity - sprints

fast twitch

Process that enables cells to produce energy anaerobically

fermentation

some of your cells can work for short periods without oxygen. this anaerobic harvest of food energy is called

fermentation

yeast growing gives off carbon dioxide and alcohol

fermentation

phloem is

food (glucose)

yeast requires _____; as it grows, it gives off ____ and ____

food, carbon dioxide, alcohol

fire needs which three things

fuel, oxygen, hot temperature

has an unusual leaf; separate seed trees; bears fruit (female); used in landscaping, resistant to pollutants

gingko tree

what does cellular respiration start with

glucose

what is the point of photosynthesis

glucose

which of the following is not a part of adenosine diphosphate: glucose, ribose, adenine, two phosphate group

glucose

6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 photosynthesis results in the production of the simple sugar ___ and free _____

glucose, oxygen

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

glycolysis

what happens to the glucose in cellular respiration

glycolysis

what is the only part of cellular respiration that is anaerobic

glycolysis

which process is anaerobic?

glycolysis

word that means glucose breaking

glycolysis

stack in the chloroplast is called

grana

The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore on underside of a leaf

guard cells

humans for example; eat autotrophs, still have to do cellular respiration to break down food to release energy

heterotrophs

when water molecules are split to produce the electrons needed to replace those lost by photosystem 2 during photosynthesis ______ is produced

hydrogen

what happens when a cell's supply of ATP is excessive

it will be stores and an enzyme will be signaled to stop production

Cycle formed by the first set of reactions during respiration

krebs

after glycolysis, what happens in cellular respiration

krebs cycle

if someone was a couch potato and decided to go run a mile, they would be gasping after since their muscles aren't used to it. gasping replaces their oxygen quicker. ____________ would build up in their muscles, which is why they'd be sore

lactic acid

type of fermentation that occurs in muscles during rapid exercise

lactic acid

what is gingko trees great for and why

landscaping because it is resistant to pollutants

6CO2+6H2O+light energy = C6H12O6+6O2 in photosynthesis, _____ energy is converted to chemical energy

light

light energy converts to chemical energy the photo part of photosynthesis water molecules split oxygen given off this is the ___ reaction

light

photosynthetic reactions that use the energy of sunlight and convert it to the energy in chemical bonds

light

what does the light reaction start with

light

the Calvin cycle includes

light independent reactions

Kidneys use energy to move molecules and ions in order to keep the blood chemically balanced. This process is an example of cells using energy to _____.

maintain homeostasis

every molecule of carbon dioxide that you exhale was originally formed in one of the ______ of your body's cells

mitochondria

where does cellular respiration take place

mitochondria

cells requiring more energy = more ______ ____ cells generally need more of them

mitochondria, muscle

cactus "leaves" are the ______ most photosynthesis occurs: ______

needles, stem of cacti

does the dark reaction need darkness

no

required

obligate

In respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is

oxygen

Joseph Priestley- bell jar his experiment proved that green plants give off _____

oxygen

in respiration the final electron acceptor is

oxygen

in the process of photosynthesis, the light dependent reactions release ____

oxygen

oxidative respirations follows glycolysis when _____ is available

oxygen

what is already in the thylakoid

phosphates

a ____ is a fixed quantity of light energy

photon

fixed quantity of light; shorter = greater energy

photon

all forms of radiant energy consist of tiny packets of energy called

photons

CO2+H2O+light energy = CH2O +O2 this equation summarizes the overall process of

photosynthesis

process in which plants convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy

photosynthesis

the energy in glucose cannot be released by

photosynthesis

clusters of pigment molecules

photosystem

pigments are organized into harvesting complexes called

photosystems

colored substance that absorbs or reflects light

pigment

light absorbing molecules

pigments

an open channel in a plant cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

plasmodesmata

glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that converts a 6 carbon glucose molecule into two-three carbon molecules of

pyretic acid

leaves appear green because the green portion of the light that strikes them is

reflected

what happens in the fall?

shorter days, colder temperatures

what are two reasons that leaves change color in the fall

shorter days, cooler temperature

how many rounds of the Calvin cycle are needed to form one glucose molecule?

six

_____-_____ muscle fibers can contract many times over a long period but don't generate a lot of quick power; long distance, marathons

slow twitch

what two things happens to the energized chlorophyll in the light reaction

splitting of water, ADP + P

place where gases leave the leaf

stomata

the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

stomata

space in-between grana in chloroplast is called

stroma

the Calvin cycle reactions take place in the

stroma

the Calvin cycle takes place in the

stroma

the dark reaction happens in the

stroma

the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the

stroma

briefly explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continuous cycle

the product of photosynthesis begins cellular respiration; the product of cellular respiration helps with photosynthesis

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are said to form a continuous cycle because

the products of one process are the starting materials for the other

what is the ultimate source of energy for all living things on earth

the sun

explain how environmental factors affect the rate of photosynthesis

they increase/decrease it; if there are poor factors (no sunlight, too cold, too hot), there is less photosynthesis

individual coin in the chloroplast is called

thylakoid

the light reaction happens in the

thylakoid

T/F PHOTOSYSTEMS are clusters of pigment molecules that are able to capture the energy of sunlight

true

T/F a molecule that contains atoms enabling it to reflect light is called a photon

true

T/F about 150 plants are extensively cultivated as crops for use as food by humans

true

T/F photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of cellular respiration

true

t/f electron transport chains help move excited electrons along in photosystem 2 clusters

true

t/f oxidative respiration is an aerobic process

true

t/f yellow and orange plant pigments are called carotenoids

true

t/f almost every oxygen molecule in the air was produced by photosynthesis

true

how many molecules of the three carbon sugar PGA are formed

two

In glycolysis, _____ molecules of ATP are used in the first step, and _____ molecules of ATP are produced in the second step.

two, four

yeast is the only ____ _____

unicellular fungus

an experiment that showed that part of a growing plant's mass comes from water was performed by

van helmont

had an experiment where he took a plant and kept it for 5 years in his lab and only watered it when it was wilting. he concluded that water made plants grow

van helmont

vascular tissue on plants

veins

what is a byproduct of the dark reaction

water

what is the source of O2 produced during photosynthesis

water

xylem is

water

van Helmont had an experiment where he wanted to know what makes plants grow. his conclusion was _____. the two things he was unaware of were: ____ and ____

water, light, carbon dioxide

yellow pigment name

xanthophyll

what are the veins on plants made of

xylem, phloem

veins of leaves are: ____ and _____ and are ____ ____

xylem, phloem, vascular tissue

fermentation requires

yeast


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