DEP Chapter 1

The upper boundary or the oldest age a human has lived to date is ____________ years.

122

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as:

A biological perspective

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-old, 6-year-old, and 10-year olds. This is an example of:

A cross-sectional study

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of:

A distinct way of thinking

Relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development would probably be:

A mistake

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved

Currently ____________ children in the US reside in a higher rate of poverty.

African American and Latino

During Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt, what do infants begin to do?

Assert their independence

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

At conception

Which of Erickson's stages occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood and involves infants realizing their will?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

_____________processes produce change in a individual's physical nature

Biological

When does the first Piagetian stage occur?

Birth to 2 years of age

Which theorist believed that development reflect the influence of five environmental systems?

Brofenbrenner

Which of the following are potential problems with a case study?

Case studies may lack reliable judgment since there is often little input from other professionals and the findings may not be generalizable

Which three of the following are key factors in social cognitive theory?

Cognition, behavior, and environment

Unlike psychoanalytic theories, what do cognitive theories of development emphasize?

Conscious thoughts

___________ research is used to detect if a relationship exists between two or more variables.

Correlational

Which of the following is not a type of bias that is of special concern in studies of life-span development?

Correlational bias

__________ encompassed the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory?

Culture and social interaction

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

Culture, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive

________ research aims to observe and record behavior

Descriptive

Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?

Early childhood

Which psychoanalytic theorist produced the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erickson

_________ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

Which of the following is the only type of research where a researcher can establish cause and effect?

Experimental research

Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False

The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, not biological factors.

False

The use of deception in research is strictly prohibited by the APA ethical guidelines.

False

Deception

For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allows as long as participants are not harmed.

Who are the two main psychoanalytic theorists?

Frued and Erickson

________ refers to the nonbiological characteristics that lead people to identify as males or females.

Gender

Which of the following statements are true about gender?

Gender is one of the most important influences on our identity and relationships and gender refers to the characteristics of being male or female

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Genes inherited from parents, weight gain, cardiovascular decline, hormonal changes of puberty, and brain development

Which of the following is included in studying the life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves?

How we came to be this way? , How we will age? , Who we are?

A recent study revealed that happiness among individuals aged 18 to 88:

Increases with age

During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school year, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?

Industry versus inferiority

Wat developmental period lasts from birth to approximately 18-24 months?

Infancy

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language and symbolic thought. Waylon is in which developmental period?

Infancy

Confidentiality

Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous.

Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

Information processing

Which theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

Information-processing theory

A preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?

Initiative versus guilt

According to Erikson, at which stage do children encounter wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?

Initiative verus guilt

Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?

Integration of the internet into everyday life

Which of the following aspects is related to the life-span perspective of development?

It is lifelong, it is multidimensional, and it is multidirectional

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

It occurs throughout life and it involves growth and change

Two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizing:

Laboratory research

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is false?

Level of education is an aspect of ethnicity

What are two approaches that researchers in life-span development use when studying the relationship of age to some other variables?

Longitudinal and cross-sectional approach

Tamara is one of the 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was 2 years old, again when she was 5, and will be tested every three years until she is 14. Tamera is participating in a

Longitudinal study

Which two of the following facts heighten the concerns over the well-being of older US adults?

Many of America's older population are going to need society's help and the number of older adults in the US is growing dramatically

According to Brofenbrenner, parents who are involved in their children's education and attend parent-teacher conferences are engaged in which environmental system?

Mesosystem

According to Brofenbrenner, home, school, and neighborhood are examples of an adolescent's:

Microsystem

Julie is mastering the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic. She has recently developed more self-control and is very motivate to do well in school. Julie is most likely to be in which of the following developmental periods?

Middle childhood

In what form of observation do researchers observe behavior in real-world settings while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation?

Naturalistic

Melinda is at a museum, watching how parents interact with their children. She counts the number of times specific explanations are given to girls versus boys. This is an example of

Naturalistic observation

Which of the following are possible reasons for the finding that happiness increases as people age?

Older people have better relationships, older people have years of experience in problem-solving, and there is less pressure to achieve for older people

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Organization and adaptation

Informed consent

Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.

Debriefing

Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used one their participation has ended.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Piaget's developmental theory, Information-processing theory, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?

Psychoanalytic

One-and-a-half-year-old Isaac is enjoying banging pots with a wooden spoon. He is learning about the world through sight, sound and motor activities. What Piagetian stage is he in?

Sensorimotor

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized:

Sexual instincts

The father of psychoanalytic theory is:

Sigmond Freud

Vygotsky maintained that development is inseparable from:

Social and cultural activities

Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

Social cognitive theory

___________ status refers to a person's position within society, based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Socioeconomic

Which of the following sociocultural components of life-span development involves a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics?

Socioeconomic status

What is a method of data collection that has uniform procedures for administration and scoring?

Standardized test

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

Standardized testing, interviews, and observations

What does a higher correlation coefficient mean?

The association between the two variables is stronger

In Bronfenbrenner's theory, the relation of family experiences to school experiences form part of which system?

The mesosystem

Which framework outlines how research in life-span development should be conducted?

The scientific method

Jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a:

Theory

What is one criticism of standardized tests?

They assume a person's behavior is consistent

Which is one of the most important factors the researcher must take into account while deciding to conduct a cross-sectional research study or a longitudinal study?

Time available

Which of the following is not a reason for conducting research in life-span development?

To determine whether development is important

An observed correlation cannot be used to conclude that one event causes the second event.

True

Currently, in the US, there are more people over 60 years of age than under 18 years of age.

True

Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

True

The percentage of children living in poverty in the US is much higher than in other industrialized nations.

True

Which of Erickson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust

What happens if two events are strongly correlated?

We can make more effective predictions

Researchers in life-span development have a special concern with studies that focus on the relation of ________ to some other variable.

age

The developmental periods are approximate ________ ranges, and there are also variations in individuals' capabilities.

age

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ____________ and continues ____________.

at conception, through the human life span

Ethological theory stresses _________ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes _________ factors.

biological, environmental

A ________ study is an in-depth look at a single individual

case

A __________ is a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences.

cohort

Teenagers during WWII are bound to differ from teenagers of the 1990s. This fact could produce ______ effects in a research study.

cohort

Life-span development is considered to be a ________________ process that does not end at any particular age.

continuous

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as ______________.

cross-cultural

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the _____ approach.

cross-sectional

Dr. Brandon has to decide what form of research would work best with his research study. Since he hopes to complete his research within 6 months and is panning to asses age groups of participants only once, he chooses the __________ research approach.

cross-sectional

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on _______________ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of ___________.

data

The study of life-span __________________ development includes the journey from conception to death.

development

Life-span ___________ is the pattern or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life.

developmental

The __________ period refers to a time frame in a persons' life that s characterized by certain features.

developmental

Sharon is becoming more self-sufficient and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the _______ period of development.

early childhood

The perspective that does not rigidly beige in any one theoretical perspective by considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as an _____________ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of _____________ adulthood.

emerging

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as __________ adulthood.

emerging

The term _________ comes from the Greek word for "nation"

ethnicity

According to ________, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

An _________ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant, thereby demonstrating case and effect.

experiment

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of _________ bias.

gender

During Erickson's psychosocial stage of _______ versus _________, usually corresponding with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.

industry, inferiority

A ___________ is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

Seven-year-old Alfredo focuses on his social and intellectual skills without and conscious thoughts of sexual interest. Freud would say that Alfredo is in the __________ steps of development.

latency

In the life-span perspective, no age period dominates development, which highlights the view that development is considered to be __________

lifelong

A strategy in which one group of the same individuals is studied over time, usually over several years or more, is known as the _______ approach to developmental research.

longitudinal

According to Bronfenbrenner, the _________ is the environmental system in which the most direct interaction with social agents takes place.

microsystem

The _________ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years.

middle and late childhood

Development involves the interaction of age, body, mind, emotion, and relationships. These are continually changing and affecting each other. The best way to characterize this is that development is

multidimensional

Developmentalists believe that life-span development is __________ because it consists of interactions of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional factors.

multidimensional

Developmental science is __________ because researchers from many fields, including psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists, are interested in studying development through the life span.

multidisciplinary

A __________ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

nonnormative

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a

nonnormative life event

A _________ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group.

normative

Most children in the US start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence would be be described as a ________________

normative age-graded influence

Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a _____________.

normative history-graded influence

A researcher who supports the _________ perspective of human development would point to influences such as family, schools, nutrition, accidents, and media, among others.

nurture

Freud's __________ stage of psychosexual development, in which pleasure is centered on the mouth, extends from birth to 1 1/2 years of age.

oral

Marian Wright Edelman, a children's rights activist, believes that ________ is our society's most important function and needs to be taken more seriously than it has in the past.

parenting and nurturing the next generation of children

Infant mortality rate and the percentage of children living in ______________ provide information for evaluating how well children are doing in a particular society.

poverty

The _________ period of development is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

Older adults are in need of social support such as social _________

relationships, networks, and supports

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is __________ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is as _____________

sexual, social

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ____________ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

A ___________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and Mae predictions.

theory

Erickson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of _________ versus ___________

trust, mistrust