Design terms

Predictability

consistency, reliability, and dependability in a relationship

Prospect and Refuge

A tendency to prefer environments with unobstructed views (prospects) and areas of concealment and retreat (refuges)

Industrialization and Automation have led to the advent of Standardization

Mass production of components at low cost Easy availability of parts for replacement and maintenance Less time and effort required to manufacture Easier to follow codes and standards

Macro Stability

Sustainable development focused on how a large organization, company, National, region, or the entire world establishes large scale behaviors for sustainability (For example, the Kyoto Treaty or the Green New Deal)

Society

a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

Culture + Innovation

The thread behind a lot design innovations has been a change in beliefs Design is linked to a multitude of social processes and is inseparable from economics, politics, and public opinion. Design is part is a system

Silicone

a great alternative to plastic, non-toxic, flexible, waterproof, can be heated to high temp without melting, low temp without losing flexibility

Diagram drawing

a simplified visual explanation of a complex idea

Hierarchy

an ordering of elements that establishes a structure of relative importance by virtue of placement or a change in size, shape, color, etc.

Axonometric Drawing

and orthographic drawing that is rotated to show three sides at once

Public Space

areas that are open to all citizens

Cool Colors

blue, green, purple

Existing Site

buildings, parking, landscaping

Culture + Globalization

by excessively relying on standardization we risk the homogenization of cities and loss of cultural identity

Solid Structure

can be made by, piling up or forming similar materials into a desired shape Held in place by its own weight

Inclusive Concept

capable of addressing the multiple issues of a design problem

Function vs. use

function is what the object or space is supposed to be used for Use is how it it actually used

Connections

gather, separate, privacy, security

Negative Space

the area around and between the shapes or forms (voids)

positive Space

the area taken up by a shape or form (solid forms or shapes)

Climate

the average weather conditions, atmosphere, or environment at a place over a period of years

Topography

the configuration of a surface, including its relief and the locations of natural and manmade features

Experience Concept

the level of engagement, satisfaction, and emotional response that the user derives from a design

Material

the matter from which a thing is or can be made. choices are dependent on what the design needs to do Common ( plastic, textile/fabrics, wood, glass, aluminum, silicone, steel, and reinforced concrete)

Hue

the name of a color

Symmetry

the organization of matching elements on either side of a center line or axis

Function

the particular purpose for which a person or thing is especially fitted or used or for which a thing exists

Orientation

the placement of a structure on a site with regard to local conditions of sunlight, wind, and drainage

Contrast

the placement of divergent elements in relation to each other in such a way that their differences are highlighted

Repetition

the placement of elements sharing same characteristics in close proximity to each other

Pattern

the predictable repetition of elements in a recurrent motif

Legibility

the quality of being clear enough to read or understand

Rhythm

the repetition of lines, shapes, forms or colors in regular intervals creating a harmonious order

Culture

the social behavior and norms found in societies, as well as knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups

Texture

the surface quality of a form or plane (can be physical or visual)

Concept

the underlying logic behind a design. The main idea use to generate a design

Automation

the use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process.

Proximity

things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart

Welding

uses high heat to melt material to join pieces together

Complementary Scheme

using 2 colors opposite each other on the color wheel

Analogous Scheme

using 2-4 colors next each other on the color wheel

Triadic Scheme

using 3 colors equidistant on the color wheel

Split Complementary Scheme

using 3 colors; key color plus color on either side of it's compliment

Aluminum

lightweight, strong, conducts heat

Common Fate

when movement is introduced; when objects are moving together at the same rate, we perceive them as being grouped together

Similarity

when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function

Closure

when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern

Wood joint

wood joinery is the method by which two or more pieces of wood are connected (can involve simple gluing, nailing, or screwing, but not nesiceraly) (the primary purpose of joinery is to hold wood together strong and sec3rely) (can also be a decorative feature

Textile/Fabric

woven fibers created from many different materials to provide a variety of characteristics( cotton, plastic, wool, etc.)

Don Norman

wrote "Design of every day things" Coined terms signifiers, affordances "Norman Doors" - confusing doors

7 principles of Universal Design

1. equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. low physical effort 7. size and space for approach and usep

Balance

A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial.

Shade

A hue produced by adding black

Tone

A hue produced by adding grey

Tint

A hue produced by adding white

Monochromatic scheme

A single color in different values and intensities.

Consumption

Act of consuming or using up

Circulation space

Amount of space needed for passage from one work area to another (space for people to move from point A to point B)

Resilience

An ability to recover from or adjust easily to change or misfortune

System

An assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole

Interpretation

An instance of artistic interpretation in performance or adaptation; clarification, construction, elucidation, explanation, explication, exposition, illumination, illustration

Private Space

Areas that are open to those permitted by law or custom

Design Concept

an idea that underpins a design project. Gives project depth, meaning, and direction

Construction or Production Documents

Finalize the details. Measured and annotated orthogonal drawings (floor plans / sections/ elevations [front and side views] / top views/ detail drawings)

Ecosyteme

Complex of an ecological community and its environment functioning as a unit in nature

Evidence-Based Design (EBD)

Based on research and data related to the people it will be serving. It began in healthcare architecture and interior design but is expanding into designs for schools, office spaces, hotels, restaurants, museums, and prisons and residences Process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes

Design innovations can

Be grounded in tradition and societal norms Reflect the values of a society Propelled by the change in cultural beliefs

Tradition/ Culture

Beliefs or customs instituted and maintained by societies the space we inhabit and the tools we use shape us as individuals and mold our collective identity. Design tells a story and helps us understand the history of a place

Implementation

Construction or fabrication

Energy

Capacity for performing work; usable power (as heat or electricity)

Zero Carbon

Causing or resulting in no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Micro Sustainability

Centers on individual efforts, Behavior modifications and creating Changes in Attitude, which result in an environmentally conscious individual or community

Recycling

Converting waste into reusable material

Tertiary Colors

Created by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color

Visually Descriptive Concept

powerful enough to guide the development of a design

Culture + Equity

Design can: Contribute to inequity OR Lead to a more equitable world Design equitably start by examining systems that unfairly privilege some over others Equitable design dismantles power structures which may be invisible to most

Ergonomics

Design factors intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. adds motions to the physical dimensions

Use environmentally preferable products

Evaluate the environmental prefer- ability of products using lifecycle thinking and lifecycle assessment (LCA) When new materials are used, maximize their recycled content, especially for a post consumer perspective Specify materials harvested on a sustained yield bias such as lumber from third-party certified forests Limit the generation of C&D materials, encourage the separation of Waste Systems, and sure the ReUse and recycling is done in an environmentally acceptable manner during construction, renovation, and demolition processes Eliminate the use of materials that pollute or are toxic during the manufacture, use, or reuse Give preference to locally-produced products and other products with low embodied energy content

Enhance indoor environmental quality

Facilitate quality IEG through good design, construction, renovation and O&M practices Value aesthetic concerns Provide thermal comfort Provide ventilation and maintain acceptable indoor air quality Prevent radon entry, airborne bacteria, mold and other fungi Limit the spread of pathogens You say for materials that have less hazardous ingredients and are low emitting Assure acoustic privacy and comfort Control Distributing odors through containment isolation and product selection Create high-performance luminous environment Provide quality water Be aware of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) Balance IEQ strategies and security requirements

Flexibility vs. adaptability

Flexibility refers to short-term changes Adaptability refers to long-term changes

Frame Structure

Have a skeleton of strong material, which is then filled and covered with other materials, supporting the overall structure Most of the time the inside part of the structure is empty space

Cradle to Cradle Design

Inspired by Nature not only to minimize negative influence but also to leave a positive ecological footprint so that products, processes, buildings and sites will emerge which are safe for humans, healthy for the environment and successful for business

Design Evaluation/ Post-Occupancy Review

Learning from what you made. A quality process for improving buildings' fitness for its purpose

Optimize site potential

Minimize development of open space Control erosion through improved Landscaping practices Reduce, control and treat surface runoff Consider energy implications in site selection and building orientation Reduce heat Islands using landscaping and building design methods Employ environmentally preferable Landscaping practices Minimize habit disturbance Restore the health of degraded sites Design for sustainable transportation Balanced site sustainability with site security / safety Utilize smart growth plans

Rural

Of or relating to the country, country people, or agriculture; bucolic, country, pastoral, rustic, provincial, agrarian.

Conservation

Planned management of natural resources

Design Development

Presentation + Refinement

Cognitive

Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning as contrasted with emotional and volatile processes

Gestalt Principles

Principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.

Schematic Design

Problem solving. development of graphic and written conceptual design solutions for the owner/ client's approval

Historic Preservation

Provide Sustainable Building practices and the guideline for future Urban practices " the greenest building is the one that's already built," Express the relationship between preservation and sustainability

percentile Person

Provides average body dimensions as well as extremes

Minimize non-renewable energy consumption

Reducing heat, Cooling, and lighting loads through climate responsive design and conservation practices Specify efficient HVAC and lighting system Employee renewable or high-efficiency energy sources Optimize building performance and system control strategies Deep energy retrofits Dandelion tea and energy security Cyber security Drive for NetZero buildings, campuses, community

Climate Change

Rise in average surface temperatures on Earth due to human use of fossil fuels

Folding

Shapes a material by bending a sheet of it into the desired form

Structure

Shell structure, frame structures, solid structures

Progressive Disclosure

Sometimes makes sense to disclose information or access a little bit at a time

Design Process

Step 1: Pre-Design/ Programming Step 2: Schematic Design Step 3: Design Development Step 4: Construction or Production Documents Step 5: Implementation Step 6: Design Evaluation/ Post-Occupancy Review

Emotional design

Strives to create products that elicit appropriate emotions, in order to create a positive experience for the user.

Carbon Footprint

The amount of greenhouse gases and specifically carbon dioxide emitted by something (such as a person's activities or a product's manufacture and transport) during a given period

Value

The degree of lightness or darkness of a hue

Saturation

The intensity or purity of a hue

Experiential design

The orchestration of typography, color, imagery, form, technology and, especially, content to create. Environments that communicate

Upcycling

The process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products perceived to be of greater quality, such as artistic value or environmental value; creative reuse

Functionality

The quality of being serviceable, usable, workable, or practical

Biomimicry

The science of applying nature-inspired designs in human engineering and invention to solve human problems

Anthropometric

The study of the shape and size of the human body

Smog

Thick haze caused by the action of sunlight on air polluted by smoke and auto exhaust fumes

Unite

To make into a unit or coherent whole: combine; connect; unite

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

Topics: Sustainable materials Design strategies Building Science Building & project types Design Process Codes & certifications

Optimize operational and maintenance practices

Train building occupants, facility managers, and maintenance staff and sustainability principles and methods Employee environmentally preferable Landscaping practices Purchase resource-efficient and safer cleaning products and maintenance services Automate Energy, Water, waste, temperature, moisture,ventilation monitors and controls Reduce waste throughSource reduction and recycling Support practices that encourage sustainable transportation choices or minimize travel

Protect and conserve water

Use water efficiently Protect water quality Recover non sewage and greywater for on-site use Establish site-based treatment and recycling programs Dry fire hydrant Passive survivability Extreme weather Impact of Wastewater reduction for Combined storm and sanitary systems Reduce electrical power consumption

Achromatic Scheme

Without color, uses only black, white and grays.

Shape

a 2d enclosed two-dimensional area defined by line or a contour edge

Plane

a 3d enclosed two-dimensional area defined by line or a contour edge

Diarthrosis

a freely mobile joint these types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movement. most found in the appendicular skeleton

Mapping

a relationship between controls and their movements or effects Good mapping between controls and their effects results in greater ease of use (Stovetop controls and Keurig coffee maker, desire lines

Perspective Drawing

a representation of a space or an object from the viewpoint of an observer

Opposition

a resistance; a disagreement of lines, shapes, forms and colors

Ecosystem

a system, or a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment

Form

a three-denominational area defined by the intersection of planes in space (in architecture is often perceived as mass)

Digital Models

a three-dimensional representation of a design that is produced in the computer

Orthographic Drawings

a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object made by projecting a single view onto a drawing surface

Sustainable

able to endure manipulations and transformations during the design process without a loss of identity

Economic

affordable

Zone

an area designed as having particular conditions or serving a particular function

Line

an element of design whose length significantly exceeds its width

Gestures/Generative models

are a quick way of generating design ideas, by creating formal representations of a concept

Organic Shape

are free-form, unpredictable and flowing in appearance. They suggest the natural world of animals, plants, sky, sea, etc.

Geometric Shape

are precise edged and mathematically consistent curves. They are pure forms and so consist of circles, squares, spirals, triangles

Presentation Models

are used to demonstrate a design when it is complete, or at least at the end of a design phase

Subtractive Color

color that is perceived in pigment

Additive Colors

color that is projected in light

International Well-Being Institute's WELL Building Standard

combines best practices in design and construction with evidence-based health and wellness interventions. It harnesses the built environment as a vehicle to support human health, wellness and comfort (air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, mind)

Implementation/ Construction Phase

complete the design and put it into use

Materials

cost, transportability, equipment

Additive Secondary Colors

cyan, magenta, yellow

culture + Values

design reflects the values and beliefs of society Design can : Reinforce or remove hierarchies Create barriers or connections Be ridged or adaptable Conceal or reveal Be simple or extravagant Affordable or a luxury Etc. Design stems from the values and beliefs of society

Continuation

elements that are arranged on a line are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or cure

Psychological

emotion, function, comfort, density

Adaptable Concept

flexible enough to accept change

Steel

heavy, high tensile strength, can be made into variety of shapes, susceptible to corrosion(rust) , melts in a fire Corten Steel- rust only up to a certain point, some designers use it because of its beautiful orange color Connections ( fastening and/or welding)

Reinforced concrete

heavy, strong, high thermal mass ( slowly absorbs heat during the day, release it at night) Concrete (high compressive strength) + steel ) high tensile strength) Framework is made out of plywood, liquid concrete mix is pumped into the framework and then it hardens and the framework is removed

Differentiate

hierarchy can clearly signify which entrance is meant for pubic and which entrance is not meant for the public

Opportunity Factors

i.e. beautiful views from property

Constraint Factors

i.e. must be manufactured for $30 each. "Creativity of Constraints" is a theory that suggests that well designed constraints improve creativity

Synarthrosis

immovable joint no mobility

Order

in classification, a group of closely related families

Cognitive studies

include the mental, emotional and volatile processes

Program

is a description and list of a building project's needs. This list is created before the design process begins and it defines the scope of the project.

Human Centered Design

is a design methodology that revolves around the user's lived experience Four Principles Focus upon the people Find the right problem Think of everything as a system Always validate your design decisions

Human Factors Design

is a practical, repeatable approach to arriving at innovative solutions based on understanding of the people for whom it is being designed. Three phases

Public/Private Space

is relative

Spatial Sequence

is a series of spaces that are arranged in a particular order for a particular purpose

System

is a set of things working together as part of mechanism or an interconnecting network (cradle- to cradle lifecycle, water cycle, utilities like water, electrical, gas, and waste disposal

Line Weight

is a term to describe the thickness of a line

Contextualism

is a theory of design wherein modern building types are harmonized with urban forms common to a traditional city

Point

is an element that has position, but no extension. It is a single mark in space with precise, but limited, location

Signifers

is some signal that can be meaningfully interpreted Don Norman also coined this term to be "any mark or sound, any perceivable indicator in a design that communicates appropriate behavior to a person" Especially important when the object is new or unfamiliar The best are intuitive and easily understood without a lot of explanation Common icons, handles, buttons, signs, and tabs

Constructing

is the act of joining pieces together(shaping, welding, fastening)

Fabricating

is the act of taking raw stock materials and turning it into part for use in assembly processes (cutting, casting, extruding, folding, welding)

Universal Design (sometimes also called inclusive design or barrier-free design)

is the design and structure of an environment so that it can be understood excess and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of age or ability Created by architect and industrial designer, and wheelchair user, Ronald Mace 7 principles of Universal Design

Context

is the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs. Includes the surroundings of an event or occurrence related to: Background, Environmental, framework, Setting, Situation. In design it is everything that exists that will affect the design process. In industrial design it refers to the circumstances or setting in which an object is used which add to its meaning, primarily customer satisfaction, function, and usability.

Rendering Models

is the process of adding texture, color, lighting, shading, atmosphere, and other visual effects to a drawing in order to create photo-realistic or non-photo realistic representation of a design

Globalization

is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. Has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology

Organization

is the structure or arrangement of related or connected items ( to help people understand and use designed objects and spaces more effectively and efficiently)

Equity

justice; impartiality

Vista

leads the eye in a clear linear path directly to a single point or place

Inspiration/Programming Phase

learning about people who will benefit from the design

Plastics

lightweight, strong, can be molded into any form, cheap, non-biodegradable. There are many kinds of plastics that are for different uses. Not biodegradable. Connections ( snap joints and pipe and sleeve) Major global issue

Amphiarthrosis

limited mobility joints that have limited mobility

Design Sustainability

not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources thereby supporting long-term ecological balance

Principles of sustainable design

optimize site potential Minimize non-renewable energy consumption Use environmentally preferable products Protect and conserve water Enhance indoor environmental quality Optimize operational and maintenance practices Design for easy assembly, recycling & decomposition Identify & encourage Micro-sustainability & Macro-sustainability efforts

Secondary Colors

orange, green, purple

Subtractive Secondary Colors

orange, green, violet

Ideation/Design Development Phase

organize the data collected, identify opportunities for design (brainstorming), and develop possible solutions

Figure/Ground

people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background

Functionalism

philosophy is based on function with minimal decoration

Prototype Models

physical models of design, or part of a design used to study and communicate the final details of a project

Pre-Design/ Programming

problem seeking and defining. research and decision-making process that identifies the scope of work to be designed.

Sketching

quick freehand drawing that can be used to record and communicate and idea

Additive Primary Colors

red, green, blue

Warm Colors

red, orange, yellow

Primary Colors

red, yellow, blue

Subtractive Primary Colors

red, yellow, blue

Axis

refers to a center line, actual or imagined, that implies direction; usually near or at the center of the design

Form Concept

refers to both the internal structure and external outline of a design, often in the shape of a three-dimensional mass or volume

Function Concept

refers to the intended use of design

Size

refers to the measurable dimensions of an object, an interior, or a building

Affordances

refers to the relationship between a physical object and an interacting agent (person, animal, or robot) Term coined by industrial designer Don Norman Intentional (a chair can be used for sitting, as the designer intended) Unintentional (a chair can be used as a weapon)

Common Region

related to proximity; when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together

Alignment

relates to the condition of the edge or corner of one element being lined up with the edge or corner of another element

Scale

relative size of one thing to the size of another thing

Asymetry

relies on the principle of balance that is intuitive and felt rather than predicted or predetermined

Wood

renewable, sustainable, cost-effective, natural beauty, does not conduct heat different kinds of wood have different properties some are rare and expensive or even embargoed. some are highly renewable, like pine, bamboo, cork

Iteration

repetition of a process in order to generate a sequence of outcomes

View

requires the eye to look left and right, up and down and over distance to take in the visual field- characterized by circuity, obstruction and pause, the result of layering a space, plane, or shape over another

Equity and Equality

sensory, physicality, ability

Extruding

shapes a material by forcing it through a die ( like play doh through the spaghetti maker)

Casting

shapes material by pouring it into a mold while it's molten (metal) or liquids (plaster, resin)

Sections drawings

show a design as though it had been cut in half, revealing the spatial qualities or the inner functions of a building/product

Plan drawings

show a design from a top view as though it had been cut along a horizontal plane, revealing the interior object

Glass joints

silicone joint/ butt joint has a low profile, minimizing and obstructing views Mullion systems commonly use aluminum to frame and hold glass panes in place Spider joints connect glass panes and hold them in place using a point connection Silicone is always used when the glass is touching the glass

Spatial

size, limits, users

Labor

skill level, material familiarity

"Post occupancy review"

survey the people who use the space to find out how well it works for them, what issues they have run into

Local Symmetry

symmetry occurring in one area of a design that may be asymmetrical overall

Ideation

the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas

Industrialization

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

Space

the distance or area around, between and within components of a piece

Variety

the employment of related elements that are differentiated in some aspect or aspects (for example, size, color, texture, etc.)

Transformation

the gradual evolution of an element over time or space

Desire Lines

traces of wear that indicate preferred methods of integration with an object or environment

Glass

transparent, waterproof, can be made into variety of shapes, very versatile material

Access to Site

transportation, roads

contextual product

understands the full story around a human experience, in order to bring users exactly what they want, with minimal interaction

Shell Structure

use a thin, carefully shaped, outer layer of material, to provide their strength and rigidity The shape of a shell structure spreads forces throughout the whole structure Every part of the structure supports only a small part of the load, giving it it's strength. (igloos, egg cartons, turtle)

Utilities

water, sewer, gas, electric, communications