Design terms
Predictability
consistency, reliability, and dependability in a relationship
Prospect and Refuge
A tendency to prefer environments with unobstructed views (prospects) and areas of concealment and retreat (refuges)
Industrialization and Automation have led to the advent of Standardization
Mass production of components at low cost Easy availability of parts for replacement and maintenance Less time and effort required to manufacture Easier to follow codes and standards
Macro Stability
Sustainable development focused on how a large organization, company, National, region, or the entire world establishes large scale behaviors for sustainability (For example, the Kyoto Treaty or the Green New Deal)
Society
a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations
Culture + Innovation
The thread behind a lot design innovations has been a change in beliefs Design is linked to a multitude of social processes and is inseparable from economics, politics, and public opinion. Design is part is a system
Silicone
a great alternative to plastic, non-toxic, flexible, waterproof, can be heated to high temp without melting, low temp without losing flexibility
Diagram drawing
a simplified visual explanation of a complex idea
Hierarchy
an ordering of elements that establishes a structure of relative importance by virtue of placement or a change in size, shape, color, etc.
Axonometric Drawing
and orthographic drawing that is rotated to show three sides at once
Public Space
areas that are open to all citizens
Cool Colors
blue, green, purple
Existing Site
buildings, parking, landscaping
Culture + Globalization
by excessively relying on standardization we risk the homogenization of cities and loss of cultural identity
Solid Structure
can be made by, piling up or forming similar materials into a desired shape Held in place by its own weight
Inclusive Concept
capable of addressing the multiple issues of a design problem
Function vs. use
function is what the object or space is supposed to be used for Use is how it it actually used
Connections
gather, separate, privacy, security
Negative Space
the area around and between the shapes or forms (voids)
positive Space
the area taken up by a shape or form (solid forms or shapes)
Climate
the average weather conditions, atmosphere, or environment at a place over a period of years
Topography
the configuration of a surface, including its relief and the locations of natural and manmade features
Experience Concept
the level of engagement, satisfaction, and emotional response that the user derives from a design
Material
the matter from which a thing is or can be made. choices are dependent on what the design needs to do Common ( plastic, textile/fabrics, wood, glass, aluminum, silicone, steel, and reinforced concrete)
Hue
the name of a color
Symmetry
the organization of matching elements on either side of a center line or axis
Function
the particular purpose for which a person or thing is especially fitted or used or for which a thing exists
Orientation
the placement of a structure on a site with regard to local conditions of sunlight, wind, and drainage
Contrast
the placement of divergent elements in relation to each other in such a way that their differences are highlighted
Repetition
the placement of elements sharing same characteristics in close proximity to each other
Pattern
the predictable repetition of elements in a recurrent motif
Legibility
the quality of being clear enough to read or understand
Rhythm
the repetition of lines, shapes, forms or colors in regular intervals creating a harmonious order
Culture
the social behavior and norms found in societies, as well as knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups
Texture
the surface quality of a form or plane (can be physical or visual)
Concept
the underlying logic behind a design. The main idea use to generate a design
Automation
the use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production process.
Proximity
things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart
Welding
uses high heat to melt material to join pieces together
Complementary Scheme
using 2 colors opposite each other on the color wheel
Analogous Scheme
using 2-4 colors next each other on the color wheel
Triadic Scheme
using 3 colors equidistant on the color wheel
Split Complementary Scheme
using 3 colors; key color plus color on either side of it's compliment
Aluminum
lightweight, strong, conducts heat
Common Fate
when movement is introduced; when objects are moving together at the same rate, we perceive them as being grouped together
Similarity
when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function
Closure
when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern
Wood joint
wood joinery is the method by which two or more pieces of wood are connected (can involve simple gluing, nailing, or screwing, but not nesiceraly) (the primary purpose of joinery is to hold wood together strong and sec3rely) (can also be a decorative feature
Textile/Fabric
woven fibers created from many different materials to provide a variety of characteristics( cotton, plastic, wool, etc.)
Don Norman
wrote "Design of every day things" Coined terms signifiers, affordances "Norman Doors" - confusing doors
7 principles of Universal Design
1. equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. low physical effort 7. size and space for approach and usep
Balance
A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are three types of visual balance: symmetry, asymmetry, and radial.
Shade
A hue produced by adding black
Tone
A hue produced by adding grey
Tint
A hue produced by adding white
Monochromatic scheme
A single color in different values and intensities.
Consumption
Act of consuming or using up
Circulation space
Amount of space needed for passage from one work area to another (space for people to move from point A to point B)
Resilience
An ability to recover from or adjust easily to change or misfortune
System
An assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole
Interpretation
An instance of artistic interpretation in performance or adaptation; clarification, construction, elucidation, explanation, explication, exposition, illumination, illustration
Private Space
Areas that are open to those permitted by law or custom
Design Concept
an idea that underpins a design project. Gives project depth, meaning, and direction
Construction or Production Documents
Finalize the details. Measured and annotated orthogonal drawings (floor plans / sections/ elevations [front and side views] / top views/ detail drawings)
Ecosyteme
Complex of an ecological community and its environment functioning as a unit in nature
Evidence-Based Design (EBD)
Based on research and data related to the people it will be serving. It began in healthcare architecture and interior design but is expanding into designs for schools, office spaces, hotels, restaurants, museums, and prisons and residences Process of basing decisions about the built environment on credible research to achieve the best possible outcomes
Design innovations can
Be grounded in tradition and societal norms Reflect the values of a society Propelled by the change in cultural beliefs
Tradition/ Culture
Beliefs or customs instituted and maintained by societies the space we inhabit and the tools we use shape us as individuals and mold our collective identity. Design tells a story and helps us understand the history of a place
Implementation
Construction or fabrication
Energy
Capacity for performing work; usable power (as heat or electricity)
Zero Carbon
Causing or resulting in no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Micro Sustainability
Centers on individual efforts, Behavior modifications and creating Changes in Attitude, which result in an environmentally conscious individual or community
Recycling
Converting waste into reusable material
Tertiary Colors
Created by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color
Visually Descriptive Concept
powerful enough to guide the development of a design
Culture + Equity
Design can: Contribute to inequity OR Lead to a more equitable world Design equitably start by examining systems that unfairly privilege some over others Equitable design dismantles power structures which may be invisible to most
Ergonomics
Design factors intended to maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort. adds motions to the physical dimensions
Use environmentally preferable products
Evaluate the environmental prefer- ability of products using lifecycle thinking and lifecycle assessment (LCA) When new materials are used, maximize their recycled content, especially for a post consumer perspective Specify materials harvested on a sustained yield bias such as lumber from third-party certified forests Limit the generation of C&D materials, encourage the separation of Waste Systems, and sure the ReUse and recycling is done in an environmentally acceptable manner during construction, renovation, and demolition processes Eliminate the use of materials that pollute or are toxic during the manufacture, use, or reuse Give preference to locally-produced products and other products with low embodied energy content
Enhance indoor environmental quality
Facilitate quality IEG through good design, construction, renovation and O&M practices Value aesthetic concerns Provide thermal comfort Provide ventilation and maintain acceptable indoor air quality Prevent radon entry, airborne bacteria, mold and other fungi Limit the spread of pathogens You say for materials that have less hazardous ingredients and are low emitting Assure acoustic privacy and comfort Control Distributing odors through containment isolation and product selection Create high-performance luminous environment Provide quality water Be aware of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) Balance IEQ strategies and security requirements
Flexibility vs. adaptability
Flexibility refers to short-term changes Adaptability refers to long-term changes
Frame Structure
Have a skeleton of strong material, which is then filled and covered with other materials, supporting the overall structure Most of the time the inside part of the structure is empty space
Cradle to Cradle Design
Inspired by Nature not only to minimize negative influence but also to leave a positive ecological footprint so that products, processes, buildings and sites will emerge which are safe for humans, healthy for the environment and successful for business
Design Evaluation/ Post-Occupancy Review
Learning from what you made. A quality process for improving buildings' fitness for its purpose
Optimize site potential
Minimize development of open space Control erosion through improved Landscaping practices Reduce, control and treat surface runoff Consider energy implications in site selection and building orientation Reduce heat Islands using landscaping and building design methods Employ environmentally preferable Landscaping practices Minimize habit disturbance Restore the health of degraded sites Design for sustainable transportation Balanced site sustainability with site security / safety Utilize smart growth plans
Rural
Of or relating to the country, country people, or agriculture; bucolic, country, pastoral, rustic, provincial, agrarian.
Conservation
Planned management of natural resources
Design Development
Presentation + Refinement
Cognitive
Relating to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning as contrasted with emotional and volatile processes
Gestalt Principles
Principles that describe the brain's organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns.
Schematic Design
Problem solving. development of graphic and written conceptual design solutions for the owner/ client's approval
Historic Preservation
Provide Sustainable Building practices and the guideline for future Urban practices " the greenest building is the one that's already built," Express the relationship between preservation and sustainability
percentile Person
Provides average body dimensions as well as extremes
Minimize non-renewable energy consumption
Reducing heat, Cooling, and lighting loads through climate responsive design and conservation practices Specify efficient HVAC and lighting system Employee renewable or high-efficiency energy sources Optimize building performance and system control strategies Deep energy retrofits Dandelion tea and energy security Cyber security Drive for NetZero buildings, campuses, community
Climate Change
Rise in average surface temperatures on Earth due to human use of fossil fuels
Folding
Shapes a material by bending a sheet of it into the desired form
Structure
Shell structure, frame structures, solid structures
Progressive Disclosure
Sometimes makes sense to disclose information or access a little bit at a time
Design Process
Step 1: Pre-Design/ Programming Step 2: Schematic Design Step 3: Design Development Step 4: Construction or Production Documents Step 5: Implementation Step 6: Design Evaluation/ Post-Occupancy Review
Emotional design
Strives to create products that elicit appropriate emotions, in order to create a positive experience for the user.
Carbon Footprint
The amount of greenhouse gases and specifically carbon dioxide emitted by something (such as a person's activities or a product's manufacture and transport) during a given period
Value
The degree of lightness or darkness of a hue
Saturation
The intensity or purity of a hue
Experiential design
The orchestration of typography, color, imagery, form, technology and, especially, content to create. Environments that communicate
Upcycling
The process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products perceived to be of greater quality, such as artistic value or environmental value; creative reuse
Functionality
The quality of being serviceable, usable, workable, or practical
Biomimicry
The science of applying nature-inspired designs in human engineering and invention to solve human problems
Anthropometric
The study of the shape and size of the human body
Smog
Thick haze caused by the action of sunlight on air polluted by smoke and auto exhaust fumes
Unite
To make into a unit or coherent whole: combine; connect; unite
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
Topics: Sustainable materials Design strategies Building Science Building & project types Design Process Codes & certifications
Optimize operational and maintenance practices
Train building occupants, facility managers, and maintenance staff and sustainability principles and methods Employee environmentally preferable Landscaping practices Purchase resource-efficient and safer cleaning products and maintenance services Automate Energy, Water, waste, temperature, moisture,ventilation monitors and controls Reduce waste throughSource reduction and recycling Support practices that encourage sustainable transportation choices or minimize travel
Protect and conserve water
Use water efficiently Protect water quality Recover non sewage and greywater for on-site use Establish site-based treatment and recycling programs Dry fire hydrant Passive survivability Extreme weather Impact of Wastewater reduction for Combined storm and sanitary systems Reduce electrical power consumption
Achromatic Scheme
Without color, uses only black, white and grays.
Shape
a 2d enclosed two-dimensional area defined by line or a contour edge
Plane
a 3d enclosed two-dimensional area defined by line or a contour edge
Diarthrosis
a freely mobile joint these types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movement. most found in the appendicular skeleton
Mapping
a relationship between controls and their movements or effects Good mapping between controls and their effects results in greater ease of use (Stovetop controls and Keurig coffee maker, desire lines
Perspective Drawing
a representation of a space or an object from the viewpoint of an observer
Opposition
a resistance; a disagreement of lines, shapes, forms and colors
Ecosystem
a system, or a group of interconnected elements, formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment
Form
a three-denominational area defined by the intersection of planes in space (in architecture is often perceived as mass)
Digital Models
a three-dimensional representation of a design that is produced in the computer
Orthographic Drawings
a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object made by projecting a single view onto a drawing surface
Sustainable
able to endure manipulations and transformations during the design process without a loss of identity
Economic
affordable
Zone
an area designed as having particular conditions or serving a particular function
Line
an element of design whose length significantly exceeds its width
Gestures/Generative models
are a quick way of generating design ideas, by creating formal representations of a concept
Organic Shape
are free-form, unpredictable and flowing in appearance. They suggest the natural world of animals, plants, sky, sea, etc.
Geometric Shape
are precise edged and mathematically consistent curves. They are pure forms and so consist of circles, squares, spirals, triangles
Presentation Models
are used to demonstrate a design when it is complete, or at least at the end of a design phase
Subtractive Color
color that is perceived in pigment
Additive Colors
color that is projected in light
International Well-Being Institute's WELL Building Standard
combines best practices in design and construction with evidence-based health and wellness interventions. It harnesses the built environment as a vehicle to support human health, wellness and comfort (air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, mind)
Implementation/ Construction Phase
complete the design and put it into use
Materials
cost, transportability, equipment
Additive Secondary Colors
cyan, magenta, yellow
culture + Values
design reflects the values and beliefs of society Design can : Reinforce or remove hierarchies Create barriers or connections Be ridged or adaptable Conceal or reveal Be simple or extravagant Affordable or a luxury Etc. Design stems from the values and beliefs of society
Continuation
elements that are arranged on a line are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or cure
Psychological
emotion, function, comfort, density
Adaptable Concept
flexible enough to accept change
Steel
heavy, high tensile strength, can be made into variety of shapes, susceptible to corrosion(rust) , melts in a fire Corten Steel- rust only up to a certain point, some designers use it because of its beautiful orange color Connections ( fastening and/or welding)
Reinforced concrete
heavy, strong, high thermal mass ( slowly absorbs heat during the day, release it at night) Concrete (high compressive strength) + steel ) high tensile strength) Framework is made out of plywood, liquid concrete mix is pumped into the framework and then it hardens and the framework is removed
Differentiate
hierarchy can clearly signify which entrance is meant for pubic and which entrance is not meant for the public
Opportunity Factors
i.e. beautiful views from property
Constraint Factors
i.e. must be manufactured for $30 each. "Creativity of Constraints" is a theory that suggests that well designed constraints improve creativity
Synarthrosis
immovable joint no mobility
Order
in classification, a group of closely related families
Cognitive studies
include the mental, emotional and volatile processes
Program
is a description and list of a building project's needs. This list is created before the design process begins and it defines the scope of the project.
Human Centered Design
is a design methodology that revolves around the user's lived experience Four Principles Focus upon the people Find the right problem Think of everything as a system Always validate your design decisions
Human Factors Design
is a practical, repeatable approach to arriving at innovative solutions based on understanding of the people for whom it is being designed. Three phases
Public/Private Space
is relative
Spatial Sequence
is a series of spaces that are arranged in a particular order for a particular purpose
System
is a set of things working together as part of mechanism or an interconnecting network (cradle- to cradle lifecycle, water cycle, utilities like water, electrical, gas, and waste disposal
Line Weight
is a term to describe the thickness of a line
Contextualism
is a theory of design wherein modern building types are harmonized with urban forms common to a traditional city
Point
is an element that has position, but no extension. It is a single mark in space with precise, but limited, location
Signifers
is some signal that can be meaningfully interpreted Don Norman also coined this term to be "any mark or sound, any perceivable indicator in a design that communicates appropriate behavior to a person" Especially important when the object is new or unfamiliar The best are intuitive and easily understood without a lot of explanation Common icons, handles, buttons, signs, and tabs
Constructing
is the act of joining pieces together(shaping, welding, fastening)
Fabricating
is the act of taking raw stock materials and turning it into part for use in assembly processes (cutting, casting, extruding, folding, welding)
Universal Design (sometimes also called inclusive design or barrier-free design)
is the design and structure of an environment so that it can be understood excess and used to the greatest extent possible by all people regardless of age or ability Created by architect and industrial designer, and wheelchair user, Ronald Mace 7 principles of Universal Design
Context
is the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs. Includes the surroundings of an event or occurrence related to: Background, Environmental, framework, Setting, Situation. In design it is everything that exists that will affect the design process. In industrial design it refers to the circumstances or setting in which an object is used which add to its meaning, primarily customer satisfaction, function, and usability.
Rendering Models
is the process of adding texture, color, lighting, shading, atmosphere, and other visual effects to a drawing in order to create photo-realistic or non-photo realistic representation of a design
Globalization
is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. Has accelerated since the 18th century due to advances in transportation and communication technology
Organization
is the structure or arrangement of related or connected items ( to help people understand and use designed objects and spaces more effectively and efficiently)
Equity
justice; impartiality
Vista
leads the eye in a clear linear path directly to a single point or place
Inspiration/Programming Phase
learning about people who will benefit from the design
Plastics
lightweight, strong, can be molded into any form, cheap, non-biodegradable. There are many kinds of plastics that are for different uses. Not biodegradable. Connections ( snap joints and pipe and sleeve) Major global issue
Amphiarthrosis
limited mobility joints that have limited mobility
Design Sustainability
not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources thereby supporting long-term ecological balance
Principles of sustainable design
optimize site potential Minimize non-renewable energy consumption Use environmentally preferable products Protect and conserve water Enhance indoor environmental quality Optimize operational and maintenance practices Design for easy assembly, recycling & decomposition Identify & encourage Micro-sustainability & Macro-sustainability efforts
Secondary Colors
orange, green, purple
Subtractive Secondary Colors
orange, green, violet
Ideation/Design Development Phase
organize the data collected, identify opportunities for design (brainstorming), and develop possible solutions
Figure/Ground
people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background
Functionalism
philosophy is based on function with minimal decoration
Prototype Models
physical models of design, or part of a design used to study and communicate the final details of a project
Pre-Design/ Programming
problem seeking and defining. research and decision-making process that identifies the scope of work to be designed.
Sketching
quick freehand drawing that can be used to record and communicate and idea
Additive Primary Colors
red, green, blue
Warm Colors
red, orange, yellow
Primary Colors
red, yellow, blue
Subtractive Primary Colors
red, yellow, blue
Axis
refers to a center line, actual or imagined, that implies direction; usually near or at the center of the design
Form Concept
refers to both the internal structure and external outline of a design, often in the shape of a three-dimensional mass or volume
Function Concept
refers to the intended use of design
Size
refers to the measurable dimensions of an object, an interior, or a building
Affordances
refers to the relationship between a physical object and an interacting agent (person, animal, or robot) Term coined by industrial designer Don Norman Intentional (a chair can be used for sitting, as the designer intended) Unintentional (a chair can be used as a weapon)
Common Region
related to proximity; when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together
Alignment
relates to the condition of the edge or corner of one element being lined up with the edge or corner of another element
Scale
relative size of one thing to the size of another thing
Asymetry
relies on the principle of balance that is intuitive and felt rather than predicted or predetermined
Wood
renewable, sustainable, cost-effective, natural beauty, does not conduct heat different kinds of wood have different properties some are rare and expensive or even embargoed. some are highly renewable, like pine, bamboo, cork
Iteration
repetition of a process in order to generate a sequence of outcomes
View
requires the eye to look left and right, up and down and over distance to take in the visual field- characterized by circuity, obstruction and pause, the result of layering a space, plane, or shape over another
Equity and Equality
sensory, physicality, ability
Extruding
shapes a material by forcing it through a die ( like play doh through the spaghetti maker)
Casting
shapes material by pouring it into a mold while it's molten (metal) or liquids (plaster, resin)
Sections drawings
show a design as though it had been cut in half, revealing the spatial qualities or the inner functions of a building/product
Plan drawings
show a design from a top view as though it had been cut along a horizontal plane, revealing the interior object
Glass joints
silicone joint/ butt joint has a low profile, minimizing and obstructing views Mullion systems commonly use aluminum to frame and hold glass panes in place Spider joints connect glass panes and hold them in place using a point connection Silicone is always used when the glass is touching the glass
Spatial
size, limits, users
Labor
skill level, material familiarity
"Post occupancy review"
survey the people who use the space to find out how well it works for them, what issues they have run into
Local Symmetry
symmetry occurring in one area of a design that may be asymmetrical overall
Ideation
the creative process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas
Industrialization
the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
Space
the distance or area around, between and within components of a piece
Variety
the employment of related elements that are differentiated in some aspect or aspects (for example, size, color, texture, etc.)
Transformation
the gradual evolution of an element over time or space
Desire Lines
traces of wear that indicate preferred methods of integration with an object or environment
Glass
transparent, waterproof, can be made into variety of shapes, very versatile material
Access to Site
transportation, roads
contextual product
understands the full story around a human experience, in order to bring users exactly what they want, with minimal interaction
Shell Structure
use a thin, carefully shaped, outer layer of material, to provide their strength and rigidity The shape of a shell structure spreads forces throughout the whole structure Every part of the structure supports only a small part of the load, giving it it's strength. (igloos, egg cartons, turtle)
Utilities
water, sewer, gas, electric, communications