Dev ch.7 - test 3

Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna?

Initial-preattachment phase

Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment

Initial-preattachment phase

A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. This may represent

It could represent all of these: attachment, separation anxiety, temperament

The Strange Situation assesses

how the infant responds when the mother leaves the room, how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger, how the infant responds when the mother returns. (all of above)

The fixed-action pattern of attachment is theorized to occur during a critical period of life. This means

if it does not occur during this period, it may never occur.

Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called

imprinting

Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of

imprinting

Self-awareness

appears around 18 months of age

Mothers of securely attached infants

are more likely to be affectionate to their children, respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviors, provide more predictable caregiving. (all above)

Securely attached infants

are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting

Mutism

inability or refusal to speak

Secure attachment can be increased by

increasing the amount of physical contact between mother and child.

Avoidant attachment

indifferent to separations and reunions with attachment figure

Research with Ugandan infants shows

indiscriminate attachment early on. the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 4 months, which grew intense by 7 months of age. fear of strangers developing by about 8-9 months. (all above)

Infants who are securely attached are more likely to

stray from their mothers, using them as a secure base.

With "indiscriminate" attachment

the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers

Infant-father attachment is predicted by

the quality of time the father spends with the infant

Attachment patterns remain stable even if childcare or family conditions change

False

How stable is temperament?

Moderately stable from infancy onward

Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.

Strange Situation

Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called

a fixed-action pattern.

Slow-to-warm-up child

adapts with time

Fear of strangers

begins to develop at 6 to 9 months of age

John Bowlby

believes attachment is essential for infant survival

Erikson stated that the major developmental task of the child between the ages of 2 and 3 is to acquire a sense of autonomy and independence from their parents. One way toddlers do this is by

refusing to comply with parental requests or commands

Emotional regulation refers to

the ways in which young children control their emotions

Social referencing

use caregiver's facial expressions to interpret ambiguous situations

When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys

used the cloth mother as a secure base.

According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?

Absolute-attachment phase

Bridges found that infants have one emotion: diffuse distress

False

Infant attachment involves

perceptual processes in the infant. the caregiving provided. cognitive processes in the infant. (all above)

"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called

personality.

Attachment-in-the-making

preference for familiar figures

Echolalia

repeating what is heard

Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?

Yes

Stranger anxiety

occurs around 6-9 months of age

According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?

A sense of trust

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room. When she returned, he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away. What type of attachment is this?

Ambivalent/resistant attachment

Which of the following appears to be TRUE?

Attachment runs in families, Siblings tend to develop the same kind of attachment relationships with parents, Attachment predicts important outcomes later in life (all of these)

Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he's never met. In terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth's phases is Christopher?

Attachment-in-the-making phase

Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?

Attachment-in-the-making phase

How does experience in daycare affect children's social and emotional development?

Children in daycare are more peer-orientated and play at higher developmental levels

Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her grandmother. Which of Ainsworth's (1978) attachment phases does this best represent?

Clear-cut-attachment phase

Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. Her hypothesis is that infants who have not yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to caregivers. Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr. Martin hold?

Cognitive

Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan?

Difficult

About _____ of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults than children reared at home by their mother.

17%

According to the cognitive perspective, at what age will a child develop specific attachments?

6-7 months

According to ethologists, one component of the FAP of attachment in humans is a baby's smile.

True

Babies who show disorganized/disoriented attachment may move toward their mothers while looking away from them

True

Fear of strangers peaks between 9-12 month of age and again at 18-24 months of age.

True

From a behaviorist perspective, caregivers are conditioned reinforcers

True

Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in motor development during infancy

True

Siblings of the same sex are more likely to form similar attachment relationships with their mother than are girl-boy pairs.

True

The mirror technique is used to assess the development of self-concept among infants.

True

Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his caregivers. He has now been adopted by a loving parent. His adoptive parent wants to know, can Omar's insecure attachment pattern change?

Yes

Goodness of fit

agreement between parental expectations of child and child temperament

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)

also referred to as pervasive developmental disorders

Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as

an emotional tie between one animal or person and another individual.

The involvement of the father with the child

can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes

According to the behavioral view, infants become attached to caregivers because

caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs, thus becoming reinforcers

Separation-individuation

child's increasing sense of becoming separate from and independent of the caregiver

One of the most obvious ways in which parents treat their sons and daughters differently is in their

choice of clothing, room furnishings, and toys.

Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that

contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food

In terms of attachment,

daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behavior, the father plays no role in attachment relationships, the quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent upon the mother. (NONE of the above)

An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother's departure. This child may have

disorganized attachment.

Ambivalent attachment

distressed when attachment figure leaves and ambivalent upon reunion

John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying, smiling, and clinging as

essential to the infant's survival.

Research discussed in the textbook indicates that the statement "children prefer gender-typed toys only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society" is

false

Kochanska (2001) found that for resistantly-attached children, their most powerful and persistent emotion was

fear.

The development of smiling

follows similar patterns cross-culturally

Mallory and Steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. In response to the child's temperament, they become less available and less responsive. As a result, their child becomes more difficult to handle. This is an example of

goodness of fit

Economically disadvantaged mothers

have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare information and social support.

Temperament

individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life

Emotional regulation

infant looks away from an unpleasant stimulus

Izard's theory of emotion assumes that

infants are born with all emotions and they appear along with the child's cognitive development and social experience

Social smile

occurs in response to human voice or face

Self-concept

one's impression of oneself

Contact comfort

pleasure derived from physical contact with another

Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants and secure attachment. The home visitors helped mothers

positively conceptualize their fetuses, accurately interpret infant cues, engage in positive play. (all above)

Attachment can be used as a measure of the

quality of parenting the child receives

Pronoun reversal

refers to self as "you" or "she"

How does placement in daycare affect attachment

regardless of use of daycare,most children are securely attached

An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows

secure attachment

Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that

secure mothers tend to raise secure children

In the United States, most infants, children, and adults can be classified as

securely attached

Michael Lamb (1992) found that when observed in the home or other familiar settings, infants sought out mothers as much as they did fathers. However, when infants were stressed, they tended to

seek out their mother

A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Then, the observing child also stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of

social referencing.

Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime song. This is called

social smiling

A cognitive view of attachment assumes that

some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment

Which is the MOST common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989)?

Easy

"A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components" is the definition of which of the following terms?

Emotion

Jerome is securely attached to his parents. However, his parents undergo a divorce, and Jerome is now being neglected. What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?

It may change because of the change in care he is receiving

Differential emotions theory

Izard's view of emotion

Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?

Maternal mental illness Maternal abusive behavior toward the child Maternal insensitivity to the child (all above)

Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What instrument did he use to assess this?

Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System

Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?

Psychoanalytic

What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?

Resistant children have been found to be more fearful and less joyful

Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?

Freud

One's self-concept is well-formed at birth

False

Parents talk more and are more emotionally expressive with infant sons than they are infant daughters

False

In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants, which of the following was TRUE?

Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies

If you want to make friends with a child who is showing stranger anxiety, which of the following should you do?

Talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child

In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he's alone and ignores his mother when she returns to the room. This form of attachment is

avoidant attachment

When compared to insecurely attached children, those who are securely attached are

better adjusted at school, more cooperative with parents, happier. (all above)

While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up, her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own nose. This means Neisha

is at least 18 months old. recognizes that it is she in the mirror. has begun to develop a self-concept. (all above)

An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions

is likely to become insecurely attached

Self-awareness

makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and envy.

Attachment

may be passed along generationally

Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant

may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.