Dev ch.7 - test 3
Brenna is 2 months old. At a recent family reunion, she was passed around for multiple relatives to hold. Emily showed no particular preference for her mother, father, or any other relative. In which of Ainsworth's phases of attachment is Brenna?
Initial-preattachment phase
Which phase of attachment is characterized by indiscriminate attachment
Initial-preattachment phase
A mother leaves the room and her infant starts to cry. This may represent
It could represent all of these: attachment, separation anxiety, temperament
The Strange Situation assesses
how the infant responds when the mother leaves the room, how the infant responds to the presence of a stranger, how the infant responds when the mother returns. (all of above)
The fixed-action pattern of attachment is theorized to occur during a critical period of life. This means
if it does not occur during this period, it may never occur.
Attachment that occurs during a critical period based upon a specific releasing stimulus is called
imprinting
Konrad Lorenz's goslings (1962; 1981) ran to him when frightened, honked with distress at his departure, and tried to overcome obstacles to be near him. This is an example of
imprinting
Self-awareness
appears around 18 months of age
Mothers of securely attached infants
are more likely to be affectionate to their children, respond more sensitively to their babies' social behaviors, provide more predictable caregiving. (all above)
Securely attached infants
are probably this way because of a combination of genetics and parenting
Mutism
inability or refusal to speak
Secure attachment can be increased by
increasing the amount of physical contact between mother and child.
Avoidant attachment
indifferent to separations and reunions with attachment figure
Research with Ugandan infants shows
indiscriminate attachment early on. the beginning of specific attachment to the mother at 4 months, which grew intense by 7 months of age. fear of strangers developing by about 8-9 months. (all above)
Infants who are securely attached are more likely to
stray from their mothers, using them as a secure base.
With "indiscriminate" attachment
the child shows no preference in attachment between parents or other caregivers
Infant-father attachment is predicted by
the quality of time the father spends with the infant
Attachment patterns remain stable even if childcare or family conditions change
False
How stable is temperament?
Moderately stable from infancy onward
Ainsworth used the __________ to study attachment.
Strange Situation
Any pattern triggered by a species-specific releasing stimulus is called
a fixed-action pattern.
Slow-to-warm-up child
adapts with time
Fear of strangers
begins to develop at 6 to 9 months of age
John Bowlby
believes attachment is essential for infant survival
Erikson stated that the major developmental task of the child between the ages of 2 and 3 is to acquire a sense of autonomy and independence from their parents. One way toddlers do this is by
refusing to comply with parental requests or commands
Emotional regulation refers to
the ways in which young children control their emotions
Social referencing
use caregiver's facial expressions to interpret ambiguous situations
When infant monkeys were alone or had wire surrogate mother for a companion, they were afraid of the "bear monster." But when the cloth mother was present, the infant monkeys
used the cloth mother as a secure base.
According to Ainsworth, which of the following is NOT a phase of attachment?
Absolute-attachment phase
Bridges found that infants have one emotion: diffuse distress
False
Infant attachment involves
perceptual processes in the infant. the caregiving provided. cognitive processes in the infant. (all above)
"An individual's distinctive ways of responding to people and events" is called
personality.
Attachment-in-the-making
preference for familiar figures
Echolalia
repeating what is heard
Can insecurely attached children become more securely attached?
Yes
Stranger anxiety
occurs around 6-9 months of age
According to Erikson, what is MOST critical for a child to develop in the first year of life?
A sense of trust
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Evan showed severe distress when his mother left the room. When she returned, he ran to cling to her and then pushed her away. What type of attachment is this?
Ambivalent/resistant attachment
Which of the following appears to be TRUE?
Attachment runs in families, Siblings tend to develop the same kind of attachment relationships with parents, Attachment predicts important outcomes later in life (all of these)
Christopher is 4 months old. He prefers to be held by his mother or father rather than relatives or people he's never met. In terms of attachment, in which of Ainsworth's phases is Christopher?
Attachment-in-the-making phase
Which phase of attachment is characterized by a preference for familiar faces?
Attachment-in-the-making phase
How does experience in daycare affect children's social and emotional development?
Children in daycare are more peer-orientated and play at higher developmental levels
Makani is 7 months old. She has developed an intense dependence upon her primary caregiver, her grandmother. Which of Ainsworth's (1978) attachment phases does this best represent?
Clear-cut-attachment phase
Dr. Martin is conducting a study of infant attachment. Her hypothesis is that infants who have not yet developed some concept of object permanence will not show specific attachments to caregivers. Which theoretical view of attachment does Dr. Martin hold?
Cognitive
Nathan has irregular sleep and feeding schedules, he responds to frustrations with tantrums and loud crying, and he takes a long time to adjust to new routines. Which temperament classification most accurately describes Nathan?
Difficult
About _____ of children placed in daycare are rated as moderately more aggressive toward peers and adults than children reared at home by their mother.
17%
According to the cognitive perspective, at what age will a child develop specific attachments?
6-7 months
According to ethologists, one component of the FAP of attachment in humans is a baby's smile.
True
Babies who show disorganized/disoriented attachment may move toward their mothers while looking away from them
True
Fear of strangers peaks between 9-12 month of age and again at 18-24 months of age.
True
From a behaviorist perspective, caregivers are conditioned reinforcers
True
Girls tend to advance more rapidly than boys in motor development during infancy
True
Siblings of the same sex are more likely to form similar attachment relationships with their mother than are girl-boy pairs.
True
The mirror technique is used to assess the development of self-concept among infants.
True
Omar spent his first year of life in an orphanage where he was insecurely attached to his caregivers. He has now been adopted by a loving parent. His adoptive parent wants to know, can Omar's insecure attachment pattern change?
Yes
Goodness of fit
agreement between parental expectations of child and child temperament
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)
also referred to as pervasive developmental disorders
Mary Ainsworth defined attachment as
an emotional tie between one animal or person and another individual.
The involvement of the father with the child
can be predicted by the number of diapers the father changes
According to the behavioral view, infants become attached to caregivers because
caregivers feed infants and tend to their physiological needs, thus becoming reinforcers
Separation-individuation
child's increasing sense of becoming separate from and independent of the caregiver
One of the most obvious ways in which parents treat their sons and daughters differently is in their
choice of clothing, room furnishings, and toys.
Research by Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) suggests that
contact comfort may be as important a basic need as the need for food
In terms of attachment,
daughters and sons respond similarly to maternal behavior, the father plays no role in attachment relationships, the quality of the attachment relationship is entirely dependent upon the mother. (NONE of the above)
An infant appears dazed and confused by her mother's departure. This child may have
disorganized attachment.
Ambivalent attachment
distressed when attachment figure leaves and ambivalent upon reunion
John Bowlby viewed infant behaviors such as crying, smiling, and clinging as
essential to the infant's survival.
Research discussed in the textbook indicates that the statement "children prefer gender-typed toys only after they have become aware of the gender roles assigned to them by society" is
false
Kochanska (2001) found that for resistantly-attached children, their most powerful and persistent emotion was
fear.
The development of smiling
follows similar patterns cross-culturally
Mallory and Steve are parents of a difficult temperament infant. In response to the child's temperament, they become less available and less responsive. As a result, their child becomes more difficult to handle. This is an example of
goodness of fit
Economically disadvantaged mothers
have better attachment relationships with their infants when they are provided childcare information and social support.
Temperament
individual differences in styles of reaction that are present early in life
Emotional regulation
infant looks away from an unpleasant stimulus
Izard's theory of emotion assumes that
infants are born with all emotions and they appear along with the child's cognitive development and social experience
Social smile
occurs in response to human voice or face
Self-concept
one's impression of oneself
Contact comfort
pleasure derived from physical contact with another
Home visits to economically disadvantaged families increased maternal involvement with infants and secure attachment. The home visitors helped mothers
positively conceptualize their fetuses, accurately interpret infant cues, engage in positive play. (all above)
Attachment can be used as a measure of the
quality of parenting the child receives
Pronoun reversal
refers to self as "you" or "she"
How does placement in daycare affect attachment
regardless of use of daycare,most children are securely attached
An infant fusses mildly when his mother leaves and seeks comfort from her upon her return. This infant shows
secure attachment
Intergenerational transmission of attachment means that
secure mothers tend to raise secure children
In the United States, most infants, children, and adults can be classified as
securely attached
Michael Lamb (1992) found that when observed in the home or other familiar settings, infants sought out mothers as much as they did fathers. However, when infants were stressed, they tended to
seek out their mother
A child observes another child acting unafraid in the presence of a stranger. Then, the observing child also stops acting afraid of the stranger. This is an example of
social referencing.
Three-month-old Jocelyn smiles in response to the sound of her father singing her a silly bedtime song. This is called
social smiling
A cognitive view of attachment assumes that
some understanding of object permanence is necessary for specific attachment
Which is the MOST common form of temperament, as found in studies by Chess and Thomas (1989)?
Easy
"A state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components" is the definition of which of the following terms?
Emotion
Jerome is securely attached to his parents. However, his parents undergo a divorce, and Jerome is now being neglected. What is likely to happen to his level of attachment?
It may change because of the change in care he is receiving
Differential emotions theory
Izard's view of emotion
Which of the following is/are associated with insecure attachment?
Maternal mental illness Maternal abusive behavior toward the child Maternal insensitivity to the child (all above)
Izard (1987) claimed to have found four infant facial expressions that he believed were associated with the basic emotions of anger/rage, enjoyment/joy, fear/terror, and interest/excitement. What instrument did he use to assess this?
Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Scoring System
Which theoretical view contends that caregivers become "love objects" and form the basis for all later attachments?
Psychoanalytic
What is the relationship between emotional development and patterns of attachment?
Resistant children have been found to be more fearful and less joyful
Harry and Margaret Harlow (1966) conducted a series of experiments to demonstrate that feeding was not as critical to the attachment process as who suggested?
Freud
One's self-concept is well-formed at birth
False
Parents talk more and are more emotionally expressive with infant sons than they are infant daughters
False
In studies of Scottish and Ugandan infants, which of the following was TRUE?
Fear of strangers followed separation anxiety in both studies
If you want to make friends with a child who is showing stranger anxiety, which of the following should you do?
Talk in a friendly manner from a distance, smile, and offer toys to the child
In Ainsworth's Strange Situation, Aluisio plays with his toys without fuss when he's alone and ignores his mother when she returns to the room. This form of attachment is
avoidant attachment
When compared to insecurely attached children, those who are securely attached are
better adjusted at school, more cooperative with parents, happier. (all above)
While Neisha is sleeping, her mother puts a spot of makeup on her nose. When Neisha wakes up, her mother places her in front of a mirror, and Neisha reaches and physically touches her own nose. This means Neisha
is at least 18 months old. recognizes that it is she in the mirror. has begun to develop a self-concept. (all above)
An infant with a difficult temperament who is very active and displays negative emotions
is likely to become insecurely attached
Self-awareness
makes possible the development of self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment and envy.
Attachment
may be passed along generationally
Bowlby suggested that smiling in the infant
may serve as a releasing stimulus for affection from others.
