psychology

The term ____ refers to how accurate or appropriate a claim or conclusion is. On the other hand, how repeatable or consistent a study finding can be is known as ____.How well a variable has been manipulated or measured is referred to as ____.

validity reliability construct validity

Identify the true and false statements about effect size. True or false statement

True Statement(s) A correlation coefficient expresses both the effect size and the direction of the relationship between two variables. Depending on what type of calculation was made, effect size can be represented by different values. False Statement A negative correlation has a weaker effect size than a positive correlation. Standard deviation is the measure of effect size.

Match each idea to the correct ethical principle.

beneficence: Research should result in more benefit than harm. justice: Research should benefit a sample of people that represents the larger population who would ultimately benefit from the results in a real-world setting. autonomy: Participants should not be coerced into doing research. Vulnerable populations such as children or prisoners should receive extra protection.

Match each example to the type of validity it represents.

external validity: Amir wants to make sure that the results of his research will be effective on all cases of schizophrenia. Yao is collecting data in several different states to find out whether location changes the results. internal validity: Claire is conducting an additional study to rule out a potential confound. Patrice has controlled for several variables in her experiment.

Match each definition to the correct type of central tendency.

mode: the most common number in a group mean: the average of all the scores in a group median: the middle score if all the numbers in a group were placed in numeric order

A(n) ______ measure records behaviors or traces of behaviors. A(n) _______ measure records biological information from a living thing. A(n) _______ measure records how people say they feel about themselves.

observational physiological self-report

Match each operationalized variable to the concept it is meant to measure.

persuasiveness:- how convincing an audience rates an argument to be absenteeism:- number of meetings missed per week education:- number of years in school happiness:- amount of time someone smiles per day pain tolerance:- amount of time a hand is held in ice-cold water

Match each example to the type of measure it represents.

physiological measure: blood pressure and fMRI self-report measure how depressed a participant feels and how outgoing someone claims to be observational measure number of kids a child interacts with on the playground and number of times someone checks their phone in a waiting room

Identify each research result as the outcome of either a descriptive or a correlational design.

Descriptive 38 percent of students do not get enough sleep. One out of five people suffer from some type of sleep disorder. Most people prefer water to iced tea. Correlational Increasing frequency of meditation reduces anxiety. Playing Pokémon Go is associated with higher vitality. An increase in wages is not related to increased happiness.

If a researcher is planning to conduct a study with humans, the study must first be approved by the _____. However, if the researcher wants to conduct a study with animals, the study must be approved by the _____.

IRB IACUC

Place the parts of a study in the order in which they should happen to maintain an ethical study, from first to last.

IRB approves study design participants give informed consent study occurs researchers debrief participants

Identify the mean, median, and mode of the following set of numbers. 2 7 2 6 3 5 2 7 2

Mean:4 Mode:2 Median:3

Identify the true and false statements about descriptive research.

True Statement(s) Descriptive research is often based on self-reports. Descriptive results are often presented in frequencies or percentages. False Statement(s) Descriptive studies often help scientists answer the question of why humans behave as they do. Descriptive research typically focuses on how multiple variables interact.

Match each example to the correct study method.

random sampling A research assistant randomly selects students from the registrar list. A digit dialer randomly selects phone numbers for a survey. random assignment A researcher uses a computer program to randomly select which condition each participant will receive in an online study. A scientist flips a coin to determine the experimental condition for participants.

Identifying Good Research Match each example to the type of problem it represents.

reliability problem: Terrance used the same depression measure on a study participant multiple times in a week but received different results each time. Manny has conducted the same experiment multiple times but each time he gets a different result. validity problem: Korben is using a new measure for anxiety but has not tested it to see how well it predicts anxiety disorders. Tanya conducted an experiment on aggression but did not randomly assign participants to conditions.

Luther is conducting a study on whether a new expensive allergy vaccine that was developed to combat grass allergies caused by certain types of sod used on farms has any potentially dangerous long-term side effects. For his experiment, Luther is planning to advertise and recruit participants in urban areas associated with low socioeconomic status and give away new flat-screen TVs to participants to help ease their fear of the side effects' potential danger. His consent form has all the potential side effects listed and fully informs participants of potential dangers.Identify whether Luther's study violates or does not violate each ethical principle.

Violates: justice, autonomy Does Not Violate: beneficence

Match each definition to the correct guiding principle for ethical research with animals.

replacement--the idea that research should find alternatives to using animals. refinement:-- the idea that procedures should minimize animal distress. reduction:-- the idea that procedures should use the smallest possible number of animal subjects.

Which of the following variables can be manipulated, and which must be measured?

Measured Variable: age ethnic background height of children outdoor air temperature Manipulated Variable: amount of medication caloric intake hours spent studying time spent outside

In descriptive and correlational research, the practice of random ___ helps improve _____ validity by making sure that participants adequately represent the population of interest, whereas in experiments, the practice of random ____ helps improve ____ validity by ensuring that participants are fairly distributed between group

Sampling External Assignment Internal

Identify each significance value as statistically significant or not statistically significant.

Statistically Significant .01 Not Statistically Significant .49, .09, .05

Ice cream sales are positively correlated with crime. This correlation may be confusing to explain until you realize that increases in temperature are responsible for this correlation. What is this an example of?

Third-variable problem

Identify the true and false statements about demonstrating causation.

True Statement(s) Unlike correlational studies, carefully planned experiments can eliminate almost all alternative explanations. Random assignment can prevent individual differences from providing alternative explanations for results. False Statement(s) If you have a small sample, it is unlikely that individual differences will be higher in one group compared to another. Both experiments and correlational studies can show causation.

Meredith is conducting a study on the effects of intoxication on decision making in order to expand the body of research on how those who are drunk can make dangerous decisions. She goes to several bars late at night and seeks out those who appear intoxicated. In exchange for $20, Meredith asks people to make a series of simple judgements and then measures their blood alcohol concentration. She reads each participant a full description of the study and has them sign a form to indicate their consent. Following the study, she reads each participant a full debriefing.Identify whether Meredith's study violates or does not violate each ethical principle.

Violates (autonomy) Does Not Violate (beneficence and justice)

Three Kinds of Research Match each example to the correct type of study.

case study: Ahmed is studying someone who developed a unique memory problem after a car accident. A clinician is working closely with a study participant that has dissociative identity disorder. observational: Ramona is electronically tracking which library books are checked out over the course of a semester. Tao is recording how people use a public park. self-report: A professor asks students how satisfied they are with the class. Tarah is asking participants in an online message board to rate their screen time.

Match each r value to the conventional category of effect size that it represents, according to Cohen.

large, .50 -.75 small, .05 -.10 medium, .30

Using Statistics to Analyze Results Match each r value to the conventional category of effect size that it represents, according to Cohen.

large, .50 -.75 small, .05 -.10 medium, .30

The practice of ______ is often used in either simple one-variable studies, also called _______ studies, or studies that look for the association between two variables, also called ________ studies. On the other hand, the practice of ______ is used in _______ studies to prevent individual differences from acting as third variable

random sampling descriptive correlational random assignment experimental

The _____ is a scientific process used to make conclusions about the world. Researchers use an established set of propositions, known as a(n) ______, to make a specific prediction, known as a(n) ______. Finally, scientists collect _______ to see if their ideas are supported.

theory-data cycle theory hypothesis data

Timothy wants to measure the effects of the amount of body spray on perceived attractiveness. He divides his participants into groups and applies no body spray, a small amount of body spray, or a large amount of body spray to each group. He then has other people rate the attractiveness of each participant on a scale of 1 to 5 following a short three-minute interaction.In this example, the variable of amount of body spray has ____ level(s), whereas the variable of attractiveness has ___ level(s).

three five

Identify the true and false statements about how researchers use different study methods in their research.

True Statement(s) Each method has strengths and weaknesses, and none is perfect. Different types of studies can be used to support different parts of a theory. False Statement(s) Scientists typically only use one study method to support a theory.

While a ___ design looks carefully at one variable, a ___ design investigates the association between two variables. These associations of variables are often displayed using a ___.

descriptive correlational scatterplot

Match each description to the correct type of study.

case study an in-depth study on one event or individual self-report. people reporting their thoughts or opinions based on various prompts observational. documenting the behavior of people with little to no interference

A(n) ______ study reports information on one variable, whereas a(n) _______ study typically looks at two variables that are measured rather than manipulated. A(n) ______ includes two variables, one of which is manipulated, and it is the only type of study that can make a causal claim.

descriptive correlational experiment

Yvonne is testing whether certain age groups are better at using a GPS to navigate to a new location. Yvonne gives groups of 18-20-year-olds and 40-45-year-olds a GPS and a location to reach. She measures their proficiency by timing how long it takes participants to get to the location and by recording how many errors they make.In this example, what best defines the dependent variable?

GPS Proficiency

Identify the true and false statements about the how we can best make judgments about human behavior.

True Statement(s) Systematically collecting data helps prevent us from making biased decisions. The problem with making a conclusion based on the experience of one person is that there is no comparison group. False Statement(s) Humans are just as confident in other people's ideas as they are in their own. Human actions often have one cause or reason why they happen.,

Identify the questions as having to do with either validity or reliability.

Validity Does the dependent variable accurately measure the concept? Are there any alternative explanations? Was the independent variable manipulated appropriately? Reliability Are the results consistent over multiple studies?

A researcher had three separate groups of participants drink either one glass of red wine, two glasses of red wine, or no red wine in order to find out whether drinking red wine could reduce stress on a self-reported stress measure.Which choice best defines the independent variable in this example?

Amount of red wine

Identify the conclusions as based on either intuition or experience.

Intuition Maya believes that reading comprehension is the basis for intelligence because most knowledge starts with reading. Farhad knows that emotions come first and that the body reacts afterward because the other way would not make sense. Experience Skyler did not study for her English exam because she did well on the last one without studying. Renaldo's uncle has schizophrenia so Renaldo believes that all other cases are similar to his uncle's.

Identify the examples as either random sampling or biased sampling.

Random Sampling Talia uses a computer program that randomly selects students from the university's overall registrar list and then emails them a questionnaire. Travis randomly selects 15 major universities and then randomly selects 15 students from each of those universities. Biased Sampling Ami randomly selects phone numbers for a telephone survey and then asks those she calls to recruit participants as well. Dr. Lin recruits participants from her psychology class. Tracey posts advertisements for a study and then takes every sixth person that contacts her.

Identify the true and false statements about statistical significance.

True Statement(s) The stronger an effect size is, the more likely it is to be statistically significant. False Statement(s) Small effect sizes are never statistically significant. If a result is statistically significant, it can be taken as fact. If an effect size is not statistically significant, the hypothesis should be abandoned.

Often a study is ___ in order to ensure its reliability. This involves collecting new ___ on the same ___. This process allows researchers to be more confident in their findings and enables them to submit the findings to a ___ to be made public.

replicated data hypothesis journal

Identify the true and false statements about external validity.

True Statement(s) Whether a study is generalizable is determined by how well it reflects its target population. The results of one study may generalize to other populations in future research. False Statement(s) Every study must have strong external validity, or its results will not be considered reliable.

Amara is conducting a study in which she gives two groups of college students the same 15 math problems and alters the amount of time they have to work on the problems (five minutes versus ten minutes). She then measures the percentage they were able to get correct out of the ones they completed. Which of the following elements of Amara's study are variables?

Variable: percentage correct amount of time Not a Variable: math problems college students

Match each primary weakness to the correct type of study.

descriptive (Correct label: can only investigate one variable at a time). correlational (cannot determine the causal direction of a relationship) experimental (some variables cannot be manipulated)

Match each definition to the correct type of validity.

construct validity: how well a variable is operationalized internal validity: whether the relationship between two variables is genuine external validity: whether the results generalize to the population of interest