Dev psych ch 4

The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to

begin to regulate their emotions

Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as Multiple choice question.

Reactivity

What term describes an infant who sees the caregiver as a base from which to explore the environment?

Securely attached

Which of the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences?

Social relationships

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of _________ __________

Social, referincing

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role

Subsytsems

Jack and Jill are brother and sister fraternal twins. Based on research, if both babies are crying, their mother will most likely respond to _____ (Jack/Jill) simply because of the gender.

jill/girls

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and _________

role

Gaia is a happy and cheerful baby. Luis is cranky and cries a lot. The difference between the two babies is best described as a difference in

temperament

According to the epigenetic view, development is influenced by Multiple choice question.

the interchange between genes and the environment.

At what age do some infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique

15-18 months

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?

Pride and empathy

What is the close emotional bond between two people called?

attachment

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

Effortful control

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment?

Freud, Erikson, Bowlby

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

Which of the following statements about fear in infants is true?

It typically appears about 6 months of age and peaks at about 10 months.

A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?

The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

Waiting longer to express anger Ability to distract oneself

Which of the following describes reciprocal socialization?

bidirectional

According to Erikson, shame and doubt arise when

caregivers are impatient and do for toddlers what they are capable of doing themselves.

The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.

direct; indirect

Harlow's baby monkey study demonstrated that ______ is not the crucial element in the attachment process and that ______ is important.

feeding; contact comfort

Which of the following are important factors that shape one's temperament?

gender caregiver's culture

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

imitative and reciprocal

According to Bowlby, an infant's internal working model of attachment

influences the child's subsequent responses to other people.

Researchers have discovered that infants are

more socially sophisticated than previously thought.

Which of the following plays an essential role in an infant's development of trust according to Erikson?

physical comfort

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative

An important aspect of an infant's ability to engage in the social world is the capacity to grasp social knowledge quickly in order to make an appropriate social response. This is influenced by which of the following factors?

processing speed motivation culture

Three-year-old Ryan tells his mother, "Me big!" This best exemplifies Ryan's emerging sense of which of the following?

self awareness

Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing

self recognition

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs in the first ______ of life.

year