Dev Psych Exam 2

American middle-class children display behavior classified as "securely attached" in the "strange situation" about what percent of the time? A) 12 B) 25 C) 65 D) 95

65%

At about what age do the first overt signs of distress at separation from their mothers appear in infants? A) 3 months B) 5 months C) 7 months D) 10 months

7 months

At birth, an average baby weighs about _____________ pounds and is about _____________ inches long A) 5; 21.5 B) 7; 19.5 C) 8; 19 D) 8; 21

7; 19.5

Emma's big sister is anxious for her newborn sister to start crawling. How long will she likely have to wait before Emma achieves this skill? A) 2 months B) 6 months C) 9 months D) 12 months

9 months

Research on the patterns of attachment has been greatly influenced by: A) Freud's drive reduction theory. B) Erikson's psychosocial stage theory. C) Ainsworth's strange situation procedure. D) Bowlby's evolutionary theory.

Ainsworth's strange situation procedure

Which of the following descriptions best describes an infant in the "attachment-in-the-making" phase? A) Jin is playing in the sandbox while his mother is reading a magazine. Every so often they interrupt what they are doing to renew contact with each other. B) Alena has recently started to become wary when people she doesn't know attempt to interact with her. C) Marty becomes visibly distressed when his mother leaves the room. D) Eva is not distressed when left with an unfamiliar caregiver.

Alena has recently started to become wary when people she doesn't know attempt to interact with her.

What statement best summarizes the current research on the understanding of objects and their properties in infancy? A) Most researchers agree that infants have innate knowledge about the properties of objects. B) Most researchers agree that infants do not have innate knowledge about objects and their properties, but that infants have general abilities to pay attention to novelty and intensity. C) Most researchers agree that infants have innate skeletal knowledge about objects, such as biases in learning that lead to the rapid development of object knowledge. D) At present there is no consensus on how much innate knowledge infants have about objects.

At present there is no consensus on how much innate knowledge infants have about objects.

Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys support which ideas about attachment? A) Freud's drive reduction theory B) Erikson's psychosocial stage theory C) Ainsworth's strange situation theory D) Bowlby's evolutionary theory

Bowlby's evolutionary theory

Piaget would be most likely to support which of the following statements about cognitive development? A) Cognitive development is a continuous process. B) Children have the ability to represent the world conceptually from birth. C) Children undergo a radical shift in cognitive abilities at the end of infancy. D) Sensorimotor knowledge emerges out of conceptual understandings.

Children undergo a radical shift in cognitive abilities at the end of infancy.

How are family influences thought to cause differences in attachment relations? A) Difficult conditions are likely to lower parental sensitivity, and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving. B) Parents living in poverty do not generally care about their children. C) Parents experiencing marital difficulties tend to focus more on their marital partner than their child. D) Child temperamental difficulties lead to increased stress for a family.

Difficult conditions are likely to lower parental sensitivity, and children may feel insecure when they experience unpredictable caregiving.

What have studies of Romanian orphans told us about the importance of early experience for brain development? A) The earlier an experience occurs, the more influential it is for later development. B) The later in development an experience occurs, the more important are its effects. C) The experiences of all periods of development contribute equally to developmental outcome. D) During phases of rapid brain growth, brain structures are particularly sensitive to infants' experiences.

During phases of rapid brain growth, brain structures are particularly sensitive to infants' experiences.

Babies are often called "Citizens of the World." What evidence supports this? A) Newborn babies only make those phonological distinctions that are present in their native language. B) Humans never lose the ability to hear differences among phonemes. C) Newborn infants prefer to listen to others speaking foreign languages more than others speaking their own native language. D) During the first 7 months of life, a baby can distinguish phonemes from any of the world's languages.

During the first 7 months of life, a baby can distinguish phonemes from any of the world's languages

Alicia is concerned that swaddling her baby is unsafe. What advice would you give her? A) I would tell Alicia that her concern is valid. Swaddling can lead babies to become very agitated due to their inability to move their arms and legs. B) I would tell Alicia that her concern is valid. Swaddling interferes with babies' reflex responses. C) I would tell Alicia not to be concerned. Swaddling helps babies to organize their behavior and become calmer. D) I would tell Alicia not to be concerned. Swaddling has very little effect on infants' behaviors.

I would tell Alicia not to be concerned. Swaddling helps babies to organize their behavior and become calmer

Which of the following accurately describes research on father-infant attachment? A) Infant-father pairs are more likely to demonstrate insecure patterns of attachment than infant-mother pairs. B) Infant-father attachment relationships depend on fathers' sensitivity to children's needs. C) Regardless of the quality of attachment to fathers, babies turn to mothers for comfort when under stress. D) Attachment to fathers is not established until the second year of a child's life

Infant-father attachment relationships depend on fathers' sensitivity to children's needs.

Which of the following results was obtained in studies investigating infants' behavior on the virtual cliff apparatus? A) Infants in these studies never demonstrated wariness of the apparent drop-off. B) Infants in these studies were afraid to cross over to the "deep" side of the apparatus. C) Infants' wariness was related to their experience with crawling. D) Infants' wariness was related to their experience with walking.

Infants' wariness was related to their experience with crawling.

Research suggests that maternal depression influences parent-child interactions in which of the following ways? A) Mothers who suffer from depression are overly animated with their infants, causing infants to disengage from interactions. B) Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to disengage from interactions. C) Mothers who suffer from depression over-stimulate their infants, causing babies to protest during interactions. D) Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to become extremely agitated during interactions.

Mothers who suffer from depression are relatively unresponsive to their infants, causing babies to become extremely agitated during interactions.

_____________ bear simple and direct relation to the events that elicit them while _____________ require children to think about and evaluate themselves in relation to a social standard. A) Primary circular reactions; secondary circular reactions B) Self-conscious emotions; primary emotions C) Primary circular reactions; tertiary circular reactions D) Primary emotions; self-conscious emotions

Primary emotions; self-conscious emotions

Which of the following is a true statement about cognitive changes during the first year of life? A) Psychologists generally agree upon the ages at which children acquire various cognitive milestones. B) Psychologists generally do not agree that development in the frontal cortex influences a child's ability to understand the world around him. C) Psychologists generally agree that Piaget's reliance on actions as the measure for how much infants understand is valid. D) Psychologists generally do not agree upon the ages at which children acquire various cognitive milestones.

Psychologists generally do not agree upon the ages at which children acquire various cognitive milestones.

_____________ reduces the oversupply of neural connections in the brain as part of the experience-expectant process of development. A) Hormonal activity B) Synaptic pruning C) Experience D) A proper diet

Synaptic pruning

The brain of an adult is approximately four times larger than that of a newborn. What accounts for this tremendous growth? A) The complexity of networks between neurons increases. B) The chemical reaction that occurs when myelin begins to dissolve triggers new nerve cells to develop. C) New neurons form in response to experiences occurring in the first five years of life. D) Nutritional benefits of breast milk and formula cause an increase in the production of neurons.

The complexity of networks between neurons increases

Which of the following is a valid generalization about gross motor skill development? A) The sequence of development of gross motor skills is unpredictable. B) There can be wide age variations in children's development of certain gross motor skills. C) Practice has no influence on the development of gross motor skills. D) Babies who are not yet walking by 1 year of age should be examined by a medical professional.

There can be wide age variations in children's development of certain gross motor skills.

Which is an example of primary intersubjectivity? A) A child turns her gaze toward the door when her mother looks that direction. B) Seeing his mother's look of alarm, a child cries when approached by a large dog. C) A child takes turn smiling at his mother and being smiled at in return. D) A child is upset when she is left with a babysitter while her parents go out.

a child takes turn smiling at his mother and being smiled at in return

According to Harriet Oster, pouting is _____________. A) a component of crying B) a deliberate attempt to maintain social contact C) governed by mirror neurons D) an ontogenetic adaptation that interrupts intense crying

a deliberate attempt to maintain social contact

According to Piaget, from birth to approximately 1 to 4 months, infants learn to control and coordinate the reflexes present at birth. In his view, these initial reflexes: A) add new accommodations to the course of development. B) add nothing new to development. C) are an advanced form of adaptation. D) are forms of classically conditioned behaviors.

add new accommodations to the course of development

At present, the most comprehensive study by the U.S. government on the effects of daycare has found a slight negative relationship between the hours young children spend in day care and: A) attachment relationships. B) social behavior. C) intellectual development. D) All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Baillargeon and her colleagues studied infant reasoning about non-visible objects. These studies relied upon: A) habituation. B) object permanence. C) impossible events. D) All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

According to Bowlby, infants achieve a firm, reciprocal emotional relationship with caregivers, and this relationship helps the infant cope with increasing frequent and lengthy separations. Because of infants' growing symbolic capacities, parent-child attachments begin to serve as _____________ that can guide their interactions with caregivers and others. A) positive reinforcment B) an early from of induction C) an internal working model D) a tertiary circular reaction

an internal working model

With reference to emotions, researchers agree that: A) emotional expressions are innate. B) there are six categories of emotion present at birth. C) as infants grow, their range of emotional expressions is reduced as new intellectual capacities expand. D) as infants grow older, their initial repertoire of emotions expands to include new emotions.

as infants grow older, their initial repertoire of emotions expands to include new emotions

In the absence of their mothers in the "strange situation," which children are as likely to be comforted by a stranger as they would be by their mothers? A) resistant B) avoidant C) securely attached D) No children can be comforted as well by a stranger.

avoidant

According to Thelen (1995), changes in body proportions by about 12 months of age make it easier for a child to: A) play with his or her toes. B) balance on two legs and begin to walk. C) reach for objects while in a squatting posture. D) bend over and pick up objects and return to a standing position without losing balance.

balance on two legs and begin to walk

Which of the following is a true statement about breastfed babies? A) Breastfed children are more likely than formula-fed children to sleep through the night at an early age. B) Breastfed children have an increased likelihood of developing immune-related diseases. C) Breastfed children have an increased likelihood of becoming obese compared to formula-fed babies. D) Breastfed children tend to score higher on tests of cognitive functioning than children who are fed formula.

breastfed children tend to score higher on tests of cognitive functioning than children who are fed formula

The outermost layer of the brain is called the: A) cerebellum. B) cerebral cortex. C) hippocampus. D) brain stem

cerebral cortex

Kipsigi babies in Kenya, who are given training by parents in sitting, standing, and walking: A) reach these milestones at later ages than American children do. B) are advanced in these skills, and also in other motor skills which have not been taught. C) reach these motor milestones at the same ages as American children who have not received training. D) develop these skills earlier than American children, but are not advanced in motor skills which have not been taught.

develop these skills earlier than American children, but are not advanced in motor skills which have not been taught.

Research investigating the continuity of attachment from infancy to adulthood reveals: A) little impact of infant-caregiver attachment patterns on subsequent development. B) developmental benefits of secure attachment that extend throughout the preschool years, but are not apparent in older children. C) developmental benefits of secure attachment that are apparent throughout adolescence. D) evidence that infant-caregiver attachment patterns affect later intelligence, but not social behaviors

developmental benefits of secure attachment that are apparent throughout adolescence.

Which of the following is a sign that infants have become attached to their caretakers? A) distress on separation B) decreasing fear of strangers C) crying when reunited after an absence D) the ability to tolerate lengthy separations

distress on separation

Uncommitted areas of the brain provide infants with the capacity to develop brain circuits that grow and change depending upon the experiences they encounter as they develop. These uncommitted areas permit developmental plasticity, and depend heavily on: A) cultural influences. B) evolutionary influences. C) experience-expectant processes. D) experience-dependent processes.

experience-dependent processes

Caitlyn was born severely visually impaired; as a result the visual areas of her brain failed to develop normally. This is an example of: A) synaptogenesis. B) experience-expectant brain development. C) experience-dependent brain development. D) plasticity.

experience-expectant brain development

Babies find it easier to do which of the following as the bones in the hand and wrist ossify? A) voluntarily control their movements B) stand alone and walk C) coordinate their perceptions and motor behavior D) grasp objects and pick them up

grasp objects and pick them up

Since many infants in the United States sleep on their backs as a measure to prevent SIDS, pediatricians are recommending "tummy time to play" because it: A) aids digestion in the early years. B) is a more comfortable position for young infants. C) helps prevent bed sores on the infant's back and bottom. D) helps the development of locomotion

helps the development of locomotion

Newborns have been found to show a preference for the sound of A) human voices. B) low-pitched tones. C) instrumental music. D) very loud noises to very soft noises.

human voices

In substage 6 of the sensorimotor period, children's play becomes more: A) rigid. B) concrete. C) impulsive. D) imaginative.

imaginative

According to Piaget, sensorimotor development refers to the stage in life during which: A) infants gain knowledge based on their actions in their environment. B) infants gain knowledge based on what they are perceiving at any moment. C) infants gain knowledge through a process of coordinating their actions with their perceptions. D) infants rely on others to provide them with sensory stimulation and opportunities for activity.

infants gain knowledge based on their actions in their environment.

A criticism of traditional Piagetian tasks is that: A) infants may be able to perform successfully on the tasks without having the underlying representational competencies. B) infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks. C) the tasks are only reliable when infants from certain cultural groups are tested. D) the procedures are so complex that other researchers are unable to reproduce Piaget's methods.

infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks

Jay Belsky has reported negative effects of out-of-home care for: A) infants under one year of age who spend any time in out-of-home care. B) infants under one year of age who spend more than 20 hours/week in out-of-home care. C) children under 3 years of age who spend any time in out-of-home care. D) children under 3 years of age who spend less than 20 hours/week in out-of-home care.

infants under one year of age who spend more than 20 hours/week in out-of-home care

The changes in the brain that occur at around 7 to 9 months of age allow the child to: A) move from reflex schemas to primary circular reactions. B) inhibit action, regulate herself, and stop and think. C) hold his head up and turn it from side to side. D) reach and grasp familiar objects.

inhibit action, regulate herself, and stop and think

Infants' ability to integrate information perceived by more than one sensory system is known as: A) crossmodel perception. B) intermodal perception. C) integration. D) coordinated action.

intermodal perception

In newborn infants, rooting: A) refers to the same behavior as nursing. B) must be learned over the first few weeks of life. C) is a reflex that causes the head to turn in the direction of a touch on the cheek. D) is a voluntary behavior the infant uses in order to locate the nipple while feeding.

is a reflex that causes the head to turn in the direction of a touch on the cheek

Baillargeon's studies of infant reactions to possible and impossible events increased our understanding of reasoning about non-visible events because she relied upon: A) motor responses to test reasoning. B) methods that did not require infants to take action. C) primary circular reactions. D) an infant tracking a train through a tunnel.

methods that did not require infants to take action

Research has shown that infants less than one hour old will imitate certain facial actions of others. This behavior is explained as due, in part, to _____________. A) mirror neurons B) early learning abilities C) an emerging sense of self D) deliberate attempts to establish social connections.

mirror neurons

Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using habituation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects: A) most likely develops earlier than 8 weeks of age. B) most likely develops earlier than 8 months of age. C) is highly unstable until their first birthday. D) is most likely the result of specific cultural practices by parents.

most likely develops earlier than 8 months of age.

An infant's smiles are truly social when they: A) occur in response to changes in brain waves. B) are triggered by sights and sounds from outside. C) occur during sleep as well as during waking times. D) occur in response to, and elicit the smiles of, another person.

occur in response to, and elicit the smiles of, another person

Research on the use of babbling by deaf children reveals that: A) there is no difference between deaf and hearing children in the onset and form of babbling. B) the onset of babbling in deaf children is delayed compared to hearing children. C) deaf children "babble" with their hands in the same way that hearing children babble vocally. D) only deaf children exposed to sign language "babble" with their hands.

only deaf children exposed to sign language "babble" with their hands.

"Secure base" is the term that John Bowlby used to describe the: A) physical changes that allow the child to balance while walking on two legs. B) psychological changes that allow the child to think about absent objects. C) social changes that make it easier to the child to show secondary emotions. D) people whose presence provides the security necessary for exploration.

people whose presence provides the security necessary for exploration

The area of the brain thought to be crucial for the appearance of the ability to inhibit impulses is the: A) brain stem. B) hippocampus. C) cerebral cortex. D) prefrontal cortex.

prefrontal cortex

Shanti notices that her week-old infant has several "soft spots" on his skull. When she calls her pediatrician, she is most likely told to: A) bring the baby in for immediate medical attention as such spots are indications of serious developmental concerns. B) relax because these spots are nature's way of allowing the skull to accommodate brain growth. C) relax because these spots will allow for positional skull flattening as her baby ages. D) purchase a helmet-like device to help protect her baby's skull while the bones harden.

relax because these spots are nature's way of allowing the skull to accommodate brain growth

When they perform primary circular reactions, infants: A) repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake. B) perform reflexes elicited by environmental events. C) perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults. D) avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences.

repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake

Brain development during the second year of life: A) does not appreciably affect cortical development. B) results in myelination of connections between different areas of the brain. C) does not include increases in brain weight, which has already reached adult levels. D) results, for the first time, in an imbalance in rates of development among various areas of the brain.

results in myelination of connections between different areas of the brain

According to Piaget, infants between the ages of 4 and 8 months act on the world through: A) their inborn reflexes. B) primary circular reactions. C) secondary circular reactions. D) a well-developed understanding of object permanence.

secondary circular reactions.

When reunited with their mothers in the "strange situation," which type children are fairly easily consoled and soon resume playing? A) detached B) resistant C) avoidant D) securely attached

securely attached

Axons, dendrites, and synapses perform the function of: A) sending and receiving messages within the central nervous system. B) neurotransmitters. C) voluntary motor control, primarily. D) myelination.

sending and receiving messages within the central nervous system

What information do growth charts depict to assist in evaluating a baby's physical growth? A) separate age-specific averages of height and weight for boys and girls B) combined age-specific averages of height and weight for formula-fed and breastfed babies C) variations from averages in height and weight D) All of the answers are correct

separate age-specific averages of height and weight for boys and girls

The distress that babies show when the person to whom they are attached leaves is called: A) stranger wariness. B) drive reduction. C) detachment. D) separation anxiety.

separation anxiety

When presented with a picture of a house cat and a picture of a tiger, Radha looks longer at the picture of the house cat. This suggests that: A) she has seen more house cats in her life than tigers. B) she is able to tell the two pictures apart. C) she has no preference for either house cats or tigers. D) she is aware that tigers are often dangerous.

she is able to tell the two pictures apart

Compared to the first year of life, children's physical growth rate during the second year is: A) slower. B) a little faster. C) about the same. D) about twice as fast.

slower

The process of myelination whereby myelin covers nerve cells, assists in: A) speeding the transmission of neural impulses or signals. B) increasing the surface area of the brain. C) the assimilation of new experiences. D) generalizeability.

speeding the transmission of neural impulses or signals

Frank's son, Harry, is 10 months old. Frank is trying to teach Harry to feed himself and has become frustrated because Harry does not want to do anything other than bang the spoon on the table. What should Frank do? A) focus on teaching Harry the correct way to grasp the spoon B) have Harry practice bringing the spoon to his mouth without spilling C) stop having Harry use a spoon, as his manual dexterity will not improve enough for him to feed himself effectively until age 2 D) not be too concerned that Harry is banging on the table as this is a good start on some of the skills that must become more coordinated for Harry to effectively feed himself

stop having Harry use a spoon, as his manual dexterity will not improve enough for him to feed himself effectively until age 2

After accidentally dropping his spoon on the floor, Rilo looks over his high chair tray and purposefully drops his bowl and then his cup. What substage of the sensorimotor period is Rilo most likely in? A) substage 2 B) substage 3 C) substage 4 D) substage 5

substage 3

At which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period would you expect to first see children engaging in trial-and-error experiments on the world around them? A) substage 3 B) substage 4 C) substage 5 D) substage 6

substage 5

Nursing involves coordination of: A) the rooting and sucking reflexes alone. B) sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant. C) infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers. D) infants' mothers' behaviors, with little contribution from the infants.

sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant

The hallmark of the fourth sensorimotor substage is: A) simple reflexive activity. B) focus on external objects. C) the ability to prolong pleasurable activities. D) the ability to coordinate actions to achieve a goal.

the ability to coordinate actions to achieve a goal.

Studies of children adopted from unstimulating Romanian orphanages clearly showed that: A) the children developed better the longer they remained in the orphanage. B) the children were more likely to recover if they were adopted by 6 months of age. C) the children never fully recovered from this early experience. D) the children were able to fully recover when placed with adoptive families.

the children were more likely to recover if they were adopted by 6 months of age.

What separates the first two substages of the sensorimotor stage from secondary circular reactions? A) the repetition of actions that happen by chance B) deliberate problem solving C) the acquisition of object permanence D) the direction of attention to the external world

the direction of attention to the external world

Yoshi's mother has left him alone with an unfamiliar caregiver, Yoshi seems perfectly content and does not become upset. What phase of attachment is Yoshi likely in? A) the preattachment phase B) the attachment-in-the-making phase C) the clear-cut attachment phase D) the reciprocal relationship phase

the pre-attachment phase

Gender differences in growth rate are first observed during: A) the prenatal period of development. B) the first year of life. C) middle childhood. D) adolescence.

the prenatal period of development

According to Piaget, infants' earliest schemas are: A) the reflexes they have at birth. B) learned through reinforcement or lack of reinforcement. C) sensory in nature, but not presently including a motor component. D) conditioned responses learned during the first few months after birth.

the reflexes they have at birth

During the second year of life: A) the brain stem shows a developmental surge and becomes dominant in behavioral control. B) height shows a developmental surge and proceeds much more rapidly than in the first year. C) the various areas of the brain begin to reach similar levels of development after maturing at very different rates in the first year. D) there are more rapid gains in weight than in the first year.

the various areas of the brain begin to reach similar levels of development after maturing at very different rates in the first year.

Research on facial expressions has found that: A) emotional expression varied from culture to culture. B) the ways in which emotions are facially expressed are universal. C) infants demonstrated vastly different facial expression of emotion as did adults. D) infants had a much more varied range of emotional expressions than adults.

the ways in which emotions are facially expressed are universal

The idea that infants are born with the capacity to express only general positive or negative emotions is consistent with which of the following theories? A) differential emotions theory B) theory of gradual differentiation C) ontogenetic adaptations approach D) emotion regulation theory

theory of gradual differentiation

As long as the environment supports the use of their internal working models of how to behave toward others: A) children will be psychologically well adjusted. B) any changes in children's behavior should be due to heredity factors. C) there should be continuity over time in the way children relate to others. D) the ways in which children relate to others will undergo no changes at all.

there should be continuity over time in the way children relate to others.

Alan Sroufe and his colleagues have reported that when children who are judged to be securely attached at 12 months of age are assessed at age 3, they show all of the following characteristics when compared to other children EXCEPT: A) they are more curious. B) they play effectively with their agemates. C) they show higher intelligence test scores. D) they have better relationships with their teachers.

they show higher intelligence test scores

Which of the following senses is the least well-developed at birth? A) vision B) hearing C) tasting D) smelling

vision

Under what conditions would you most expect a baby to become securely attached to a childcare provider? A) when the child is in care for over 20 hours per week B) when the child's care provider is female C) when the child's parents do not offer sensitive and responsive caregiving D) when the child-caregiver ratio is low

when the child-caregiver ratio is low