Developing World Exam 1

Read well the 12 Realm at the end of the introduction chapter.

The 12 world geographic realms are: Europe, Russia, North America, Middle America, South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa/Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Austral Realm, and Pacific Realm.

South American Community of Nations

The Union of South American Nations is an intergovernmental regional organization that once comprised twelve South American countries; as of 2019, most have withdrawn.

What is the difference between core and peripheral countries?

The countries of the world can be divided into two major world regions: the "core" and the "periphery." The core includes major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet. The periphery has those countries that are not reaping the benefits of global wealth and globalization.

Read well the Koppen- Geiger climatic classification. Make sure you know what the letters A,B,C, D, E, and H from the climatic classification stand for.

•A climates—equatorial and tropical •B climates—dry •C climates—temperate •D climates—cold •E climates—frigid, polar •H climates—highlands

difference between acculturation and transculturation

•Acculturation—one-way incorporation of European culture •Transculturation—two-way exchange of cultural traits

What is "Geography"?

•Geography is both a social and physical science

Where are the major population clusters located?

•South Asia—became world's largest cluster in 2010 Centered on India, Pakistan and Bangladesh •East Asia Centered on China Includes Pacific-facing Asian coastal zone from Korean Peninsula to Vietnam •Europe Europe including western Russia

What is lingua franca?

•common second language used in government, commerce, and higher education

What is a Megalopolis?

•huge urban agglomerations with populations over 10 million

population density

The number of people per unit area

What is the status of Puerto Rico?

The political status of Puerto Rico is that of an unincorporated territory of the United States. As such, the island of Puerto Rico is neither a sovereign nation nor a U.S. state. Because of that ambiguity, the territory, as a polity, lacks certain rights but enjoys certain benefits that other polities have or lack.

What is a maquiladora? Where are they located?

The term given to modern industrial plants in Mexico's U.S. border zone. These foreign- owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials, and then export finished manufactures, mainly to the United States. Import duties have disap- peared under NAFTA, bringing jobs to Mexico and the advantages of low wage rates to the foreign entrepreneurs.

examples of upper-middle income countries

This group consists of 12 following countries: Algeria, Angola, Botswana, Brazil, China, Gabon, Libya, Mauritius, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunisia.

impact of the Europeans in both Middle and South America

Two European influences on the Americas was lots of sicknesses such as small pox and lots of foods such as the banana and and animals such as the horse which grew so rapidly, they became wild to the Americas

What is a "map"?

a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.

Mainland

a large continuous extent of land that includes the greater part of a country or territory, as opposed to offshore islands and detached territories.

Rimland

a region on the edge of the heartland.

population and different ethnic groups in South America.

-422.5 million -Amerindians. ... Asians. ... Blacks. ... Mestizos. ... Mulattoes. ... Whites. ... Zambos: Intermixing between Africans and Amerindians was especially prevalent in Colombia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Brazil, often due to slaves running away (becoming cimarrones: maroons) and being taken in by Amerindian villagers.

Region

-A commonly used term and a geographic con- cept of paramount importance. An area on the Earth's surface marked by specific criteria, which are discussed in the Introduction. -Refined level of spatial classification requiring more specific criteria

What is the difference between absolute and relative location?

-Absolute location—latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates -Relative location—location with reference to other regions

Define "Political and Economic Geography"

-Economic Geography—focuses on spatial aspects of ways people make their living and the patterns of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services -Political geography is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.

What is the difference between a "formal" and a "functional" region?

-Formal regions—display measurable and often visible internal sameness -Functional region—forged by a structured, urban-centered system of interaction with a core and a periphery

What is the difference between the following terms: Latin America, Middle America, Mesoamerica, Anglo America and Central America?

-Latin America is a much broader term, and includes Central America as well as Mexico and all of the countries of South America. -Middle America is a subregion in the middle latitudes of the Americas. It usually comprises Clipperton Island, Mexico, the 7 countries of Central America, and the 13 countries and 19 territories of the West Indies. -The term Mesoamerica is derived from the Greek and means "Middle America." It refers to a geographical and cultural area which extends from central Mexico down through Central America, including the territory which is now made up of the countries of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. -Anglo-America most often refers to a region in the Americas in which English is a main language and British culture and the British Empire have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic and cultural impact. -Central America includes the countries that connect North and South America and are located between Mexico and Colombia

What did you learn about Haiti and Dominican Republic?

-Much of this difference is geographic. The mountains that lie across the island can cut off Haiti's rainfall. The northeast trade winds, and so the rain, blow in the Dominican Republic's favor. Haiti's semiarid climate makes cultivation more challenging. -Even before Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo carved it in blood, the 224-mile border dividing the island of Hispaniola between Haiti and the Dominican Republic was complicated. Tensions between the two countries stemmed back to a 19th century war.

Why is Costa Rica different from the rest of the Central American countries?

-Not many people are leaving Costa Rica. It has the lowest emigration rate in Central America and one of the lowest in Latin America and the Caribbean. And though the unemployment rate is 9.3 percent and about 20 percent of the population lives in poverty, Costa Ricans stay put. -With a marine surface that is ten times bigger than the terrestrial and an immense biodiversity, Costa Rica is the perfect place for diving fanatics. The majority of these places belong to wildlife protected areas around the country, such as the famous Cocos Island National Park, which is also a World Heritage site.

Large vs small map scale

-Small-scale map—ratio between map distance and real-world distance is very small -Operational scale—scale at which social or natural processes operate

Why is Mexico considered to be a failed state?

A failed state is a political body that has disintegrated to a point where basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government no longer function properly. A state can also fail if the government loses its legitimacy even if it is performing its functions properly.

What is the meaning of language families?

A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family.

Plantation

A large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.

land bridge

A narrow isthmian link between two large landmasses. They are temporary features—at least when measured in geologic time—subject to appearance and disappearance as the land or sea level rises and falls.

Mulatto

A person of mixed African (black) and Euro- pean (white) ancestry.

What is a state?

A politically organized territory that is adminis- tered by a sovereign government and is recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state must also contain a permanent resident popula- tion, an organized economy, and a functioning internal circulation system.

tierra caliente (pg42)

A region or zone of hot climate; low-lying tropical land usually below 2000 feet with continuous hot weather.

tierra templada

A region or zone of temperate climate; tropical land of usually from 2000 to 6000 foot elevation in which the temperature is modified by the elevation.

tierra helada

A term used in Latin America to refer to the highest places found within the Andes mountains.

examples of low income countries

Afghanistan. Burkina Faso. Burundi. Central African Republic. Chad. Congo, Dem. Rep. Eritrea. Ethiopia.

examples of lower middle income countries

Algeria. Angola. Bangladesh. Benin. Bhutan. Bolivia. Cabo Verde. Cambodia.

tierra nevada

Also called Tierra Helada, a term used in Latin America to refer to the highest places found within the Andes mountains.

examples of high-income countries

High Income Countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China P.R.:Hong Kong, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States.

What natural hazards do we have in Central America? Example: Hurricane Mitch.

Historically, these volcanic eruptions have wreaked havoc on each of the Central American countries. Hurricanes and the resulting floods affect the lowlands. In December 1998, Hurricane Mitch devastated Central America, especially Honduras and Nicaragua, leaving thousands dead and even more homeless.

What is a Hurricane Alley?

Hurricane Alley is an area of warm water in the Atlantic Ocean stretching from the west coast of northern Africa to the east coast of Central America and Gulf Coast of the Southern United States. Many hurricanes form within this area.

What is the status of the Panama Canal?

In 1979, however, control of the canal passed to the Panama Canal Commission, a joint agency of the United States and the Republic of Panama, and complete control passed to Panama at noon on December 31, 1999

What countries in Central America have suffered from the impact of the civil war?

In this lesson, we looked at the Central American Civil Wars, which were instigated by the Cold War. While the USSR and the West never fought directly, they did wage a number of proxy wars, with some of the most violent being in Central America, in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador.

Who are the Sandinistas?

Its members are called Sandinistas [sandiˈnistas] in both English and Spanish. The party is named after Augusto César Sandino, who led the Nicaraguan resistance against the United States occupation of Nicaragua in the 1930s.

What is a nation?

Legally a term encompassing all the citizens of a state, it also has other connotations. Most definitions now tend to refer to a group of tightly knit people pos- sessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states.

What is NAFTA? How many countries do belong to NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement)?

Legally a term encompassing all the citizens of a state, it also has other connotations. Most definitions now tend to refer to a group of tightly knit people pos- sessing bonds of language, ethnicity, religion, and other shared cultural attributes. Such homogeneity actually prevails within very few states. was a three-country accord negotiated by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States that entered into force in January 1994.

Hacienda

Literally, a large estate in a Spanish-speaking country. Sometimes equated with the plantation, but there are important differences between these two types of agricultural enterprise

Why is Mexico considered to be a state of contrasts?

States of Contrast •North vs. South Income is higher and rural poverty lower in North Economic growth and infrastructure investment are lower in South South—least well educated, productive agriculturally, most isolated •Political consequences Guerrilla war in Chiapas—Zapatista National Liberation Army (ZNLA) 2012 presidential campaign—Enrique Pena Nieto elected

What is the difference between commercial and subsistence agriculture?

Subsistence Agriculture is the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family. Commercial Agriculture is the production of cash crops primarily for sale off the farm.

How many people live in Mexico?

126.2 million (2018)

Define: First, Second and Third World Countries.

1—The bloc of democratic-industrial countries within the American influence sphere, the "First World". 2—The Eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, the "Second World". 3—The remaining three-quarters of the world's population, states not aligned with either bloc were regarded as the "Third World."

Gross National Income (GNI)?

GNI is the total amount of money earned by a nation's people and businesses. It is used to measure and track a nation's wealth from year to year. The number includes the nation's gross domestic product plus the income it receives from overseas sources.

GIS

Geographic Information System (GIS)—programs allow presentation and analysis of spatial data

Realm

Geographic Realms—global neighborhoods possessing particular combinations of environmental, cultural, and organizational properties

What is the difference between "Human" and "Physical Geography"?

Physical geography looks at the natural processes of the Earth, such as climate and plate tectonics. Human geography looks at the impact and behaviour of people and how they relate to the physical world.

Define: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities. (See Glossary)

Primary jobs involve getting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing. Secondary jobs involve making things (manufacturing) e.g. making cars and steel. Tertiaryjobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing. Quaternary jobs involve research and development e.g. IT.

What about "Systematic" and "Regional" Geography?

Regional Geography. There are two basic approaches to the study of world geography. The REGIONAL approach studies the many characteristics of each region (or realm) of the world. ... SYSTEMATIC geography, on the other hand, studies one issue and looks at its spatial variations in all parts of the globe.

What does small islands developing economies mean?

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of developing countries that are small island countries which tend to share similar sustainable developmentchallenges. ... The Barbados Programme of Action was produced in 1994 in order to assist the SIDS in their sustainable development efforts.

What did you learn about Trinidad and Tobago?

Small Island, Big Energy Industry: Trinidad and Tobago is one of the oldest hydrocarbon producers in the world, with commercial production dating as early as 1908. Trinidad and Tobago is also a major petrochemical hub and is the one of the world's largest exporters of ammonia, ethanol and liquefied natural gas.

Map scale

relationship between distance on a map and distance on the ground expressed as a ratio

What do you know about The Treaty of Tordesillas?

-The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly-discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. -On June 7, 1494, the governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in Spain in which it was created. The Treaty of Tordesillas neatly divided the "New World" of the Americas between the two superpowers.

Globalization

-The gradual reduction of regional dif- ferences at the world scale, resulting from increasing international cultural, economic, and political exchanges. -Regions and places become more alike, more homogeneous -Contrasts can become stronger

Climate

-The long-term conditions (over at least 30 years) of aggregate weather over a region, summarized by averages and measures of variability; a synthesis of the succession of weather events we have learned to expect at any given location. -aggregate, total record of weather conditions at a place or a region over an entire period during which records have been kept

Iberian invaders and the independence movement in South America

-a member of one or more peoples anciently inhabiting parts of the peninsula comprising Spain and Portugal -The movements that liberated Spanish South America arose from opposite ends of the continent. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simón Bolívar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. From the south proceeded another powerful force, this one directed by the more circumspect José de San Martín.

What is a megacity? Name examples of megacities in South America.

-a very large city, typically one with a population of over ten million people. -Bogotá (Columbia), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), (Chile), São Paulo (Brazil) and the metropolitan area of Lima-Callao (Peru).

What is a cultural landscape?

-distinctive attributes of a society imprinted on its portion of the world's physical stage -The forms and artifacts sequen- tially placed on the natural landscape by the activities of various human occupants. By this progressive imprinting of the human presence, the physical (natu- ral) landscape is modified into the cultural landscape, forming an interacting unity between the two.

Where is "The Pacific Ring of Fire" located?

-encircle the Pacific Ocean

population distribution

-every dot represents 100,000 people -The way people have arranged themselves in geographic space. One of human geography's most essential expressions because it repre- sents the sum total of the adjustments that a population has made to its natural, cultural, and economic environ- ments. A population distribution map is included in every chapter in this book.

What is "Plate Tectonics"?

-lighter rock continents rest on slabs of heavier rock plates that move by magma circulation cells within the Earth -Collision of tectonic plates causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Mexico: What is the hollow core? Where is the Yucatan Peninsula located?

-part of Mexico's so-called "hollow core" because many residents have left to seek jobs in the Federal District, along the U.S.-Mexican border, or farther north. -Yucatán Peninsula, Spanish Península de Yucatán, a northeastern projection of Central America, lying between the Gulf of Mexico to the west and north and the Caribbean Sea to the east.

Spatial

-relating to or occupying space -Spatial Perspective—spatial patterns are crucial to how we live and how we organize our societies -space on the earths surface and how we organize it

major geographic qualities of Middle America

1. Middle America is a relatively small realm consisting of eight mainland countries from Mexico to Panama and all the islands of the Caribbean Basin to the east. 2. Middle America's mainland constitutes a crucial barrier between Atlantic and Pacific waters. In physiographic terms, this is a land bridge connecting the continental landmasses of North and South America. 3. Middle America's cultural geography is complex. Various African and European influences dominate the Caribbean, whereas Spanish and indigenous traditions survive on the mainland. 4. Middle America is a realm of intense cultural and political fragmentation. The presence of many small, insular, and remote countries poses major challenges to economic development. 5. The realm's northern political boundary is in some respects part of a dynamic borderland and transition zone. 6. In terms of area, population, and economic potential, Mexico leads the realm. 7. Many of the countries in this realm find themselves relatively isolated from the rest of the hemisphere

the major geographic qualities of South America.

1. South America's physiography is dominated by the Andes Mountains in the west and the Amazon Basin in the central north. Much of the remainder is plateau country. 2. Almost half of the realm's area and just under half of its total population are concentrated in one country—Brazil. 3. South America's population remains concentrated along the continent's margins. Most of the interior is sparsely peopled, but sections of it are now undergoing significant development. 4. Interconnections among the states of the realm are improving. Economic integration has become a growing force but is still at an early stage. 5. Regional economic contrasts and disparities remain strong, both in the realm as a whole and within individual countries. 6. Cultural pluralism prevails in almost all of the realm's countries and is often expressed regionally. 7. Rapid urban growth continues to mark much of the South American realm, and urbanization overall is today on a par with the levels of the United States and western Europe. 8. This realm contains abundant natural riches that, although important for exports, tend to create considerable dependency on economic conditions in world market

Name of the English spoken country in Central America.

Belize

Why is Belize considered to be an offshore banking center?

Belize continues to be one of Central America's premier tax havens and destinations for offshore company formations opportunities. The country offers many tax advantages to both businesses and individuals looking to form an offshore company for either personal or commercial use.

Spanish conquest and Independence of Middle American countries

By 1540, most of Central America was colonized by the Spanish under the name Captaincy General of Guatemala. On September 16th, 1810, Mexico declared its independence from Spain, attaining it in 1821. ... Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua became sovereign nations.

Main characteristics of the Central American countries

Central America is a land bridge connecting the North and South American continents, with the Pacific Ocean to its west and the Caribbean Sea to its east. A central mountain chain dominates the interior from Mexico to Panama. The coastal plains of Central America have tropical and humid type A climates.

Which country is the poorest one in the Western Hemisphere? Why?

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of $756 in 2019 and a Human Development Index ranking of 169 out of 189 countries in 2019

What is the meaning of the term "culture"?

Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts.

Mestizo

Derived from the Latin word for mixed, refers to a person of mixed European (white) and Amerindian ancestry.

What does GNP stand for?

Gross National Product

What does GDP stand for?

Gross domestic product

What country is the most populous one in Central America?

Guatemala

Which country is the smallest country (in size) and is the most densely populated one in Central America?

El Salvador

Mental map

Maps that individuals carry around in their minds that reflect their constantly evolving percep- tion of how geographic space (ranging from their every- day activity space to the entire world) is organized around them

Mercosur

Mercosur, Mercosul, or Ñemby Ñemuha, officially Southern Common Market, is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016

Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America. It extends from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica.

Middle America

Middle America is composed of Mexico, Central America.

tierra fria

Mountain locations where high elevation results in a markedly cooler climate than that encountered in the lowlands at a comparable latitude.

Andean Community

The Andean Community is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Mayas and Aztecs

The Aztecs were Nahuatl-speaking people who lived in central Mexico in the 14th to 16th centuries. Their tribute empire spread throughout Mesoamerica. The Maya people lived in southern Mexico and northern Central America — a wide territory that includes the entire Yucatán Peninsula — from as early as 2600 BC.

FTAA

The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), proposed free-trade zone encompassing all of the Americas.

Define the term ladino.

The Ladino people are a mix of mestizo or hispanicized peoples in Latin America, principally in Central America.

Latin American city model

The Latin American City Model combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.

How many islands constitute the "Greater Antilles"?

four Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico

What is weather?

immediate state of the atmosphere in a certain place at a given time

Define the term Pangaea.

supercontinent that broke up and continues to drift apart

What is the meaning of "Hispaniola"?

the Spanish island

Cartography

the making of maps

Define the term "desertification".

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.