Development

A nurse prepares to administer vitamin K to a newborn. Why is vitamin K given specifically to newborns?

A newborn's intestinal tract does not synthesize it for several days after birth. Because the infant's intestine is sterile at birth, it lacks the flora to synthesize vitamin K , which activates coagulation factors and prevents hemorrhage in the newborn

A nurse is assessing a 6-month-old infant's motor skills. Which skills does the nurse expect this infant to exhibit? Select all that apply.

Bears weight on hands when prone Turns from prone to supine position at will Around 6 months of age the infant can lift the head and chest and can bear upper body weight on the hands. Around 5 months of age the infant can turn willfully from the prone to the supine position, although it can happen accidentally before this; around 6 months of age the infant can turn willfully from the supine to the prone position.

A team approach is used to help a 6-year-old boy with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). What behaviors indicate that the interventions have been effective? Select all that apply.

Has an increased attention span in school Is able to wait his turn when in line with others One characteristic of children with ADHD is the inability to remain focused on any activity; an increased attention span in school indicates that the child has improved. Other characteristics of children with ADHD are impulsivity, impatience, and the inability to delay gratification; the ability to wait for one's turn in line indicates that the child has improved

A nurse is assessing the growth and development of a 6-month-old infant. What behavior indicates that the infant has reached the expected level of development?

Holds a bottle without help A six-month-old infant is capable of holding a bottle in his or her hands. Holding a bottle is a basic gross motor skill that develops early during infancy.

A 10-year-old child with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes attends the Center for Diabetic Teaching with the parents. The nurse interviews the child before the class begins. What is the priority concern diabetic children usually have?

How much school might be missed School-age children are most concerned about school—if not for the academics, for the social aspects. School-age children generally live in the present; there is little concern about the future

What is the most appropriate play activity for a preschooler whose hand is immobilized during IV therapy?

Manipulating jigsaw puzzles Manipulating jigsaw pieces is intellectually stimulating and can be done with an IV line in place.

A nurse is caring for depressed older adults. What precipitating factors for depression are most common in the older adult without cognitive problems? Select all that apply.

Multiple losses Declines in health Depression in the older adult is most often associated with the loss of family members and friends (e.g., death, relocation) and declines in mobility, health, and income. A decline in health, particularly when associated with a chronic illness, frequently precipitates depression in older adults.

What are the different patterns of physical development and maturation of neuromuscular functions in a child? Select all that apply

Proximodistal Cephalocaudal Differentiation Proximodistal development refers to near-to-far development in the infant. The infant first gains motor control of the shoulder and then the hands. Additionally, the infant's central nervous system (CNS) develops more rapidly than the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Cephalocaudal is the head-to-tail growth seen in a child. The infant achieves control of the head first, followed by the trunks and extremities. Infants gain control of their hands before they are able to control their feet. Differentiation refers to the development from simple operations to more complex activities and functions. For instance, early embryonal cells develop into an immensely complex organism made up of highly specialized and diversified cells, tissues, and organs.

What are the different stages of cognitive development in an infant as described by Piaget? Select all that apply .

Separation Using symbols Object permanence The first stage of cognitive development is separation, in which infants learn that they are separate from the objects in their environment. Using symbols or mental representation to think of an object without actually experiencing it is the last stage of intellectual development and occurs at 12 months of age. In the object permanence stage the infant understands that the objects exist even after they are outside the visual field.

What should a nurse take into consideration when estimating a preterm newborn's gestational age?

Size of breast tissue and genitalia The breast buds and genitalia develop at a specified time during gestation and are indicators of gestational age

A major developmental milestone of a toddler is the achievement of autonomy. What should the nurse instruct the parents to do to enhance their toddler's need for autonomy?

Teach the child to accept external limits. Appropriate limit-setting and discipline are necessary for children to develop self-control while learning the boundaries of their abilities

A nurse is assessing a 1-year-old infant. What behavior does the nurse expect to observe? Select all that apply.

Tries to ascend stairs Explores away from the parent A 1-year-old child has the physical ability to attempt to climb stairs. A 1-year-old child may still have some stranger anxiety but will begin to wander away from a parent and explore the environment