Developmental Psych Exam 1
What are the 5 steps of the scientific method?
1. Ask a question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Collect the data 4. Analyze the data 5. Report conclusions
What is the psychoanalytic theory?
A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives such as sex and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.
What is the survey method?
A research technique that questions a sample of people to collect information about their attitudes or behaviors
What is a longitudinal study?
A study that collects data from the same people at more than one point in time.
What is fragile X syndrome?
CGG leading cause of ID in men. dysmorphic facial features, withdrawn socially, jargon, perseveration, echolalia, lack of gestures
what is the condition when an entire chromosome is missing?
Down Syndrome
What are multifactorial traits?
Environmentally influenced traits
what are the periods of development in order?
Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, adulthood, and late adulthood
What are the 3 grand theories?
Psychoanalytic, behaviorism, and cognitive
What is the independent variable?
The independent variable is the variable that is changed
What is the germinal period?
The period between conception and implantation of the cell cluster in the uterine wall
What is the chronosystem?
The time period in which the individual was born - and how it affects development.
Why is ethics important?
Understand, evaluate, and classify moral arguments Make decisions Defend conclusions about what is right and wrong
define social construction
a concept created and shaped by society
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
a group of alcohol-related birth defects that include physical and mental problems
What is the sociocultural theory?
a newer theory that holds that development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces
What is a sensitive period?
a particular development occurs more easily but not at a certain time
What is cross-sectional research?
a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
what is cognitive equilibrium?
a state of mental balance
What is operant conditioning?
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
What is classical conditioning?
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Oral, anal, and phallic are the first three stages of _____'s theory of psychosexual development.
a: Erik Erikson b: Sigmund Freud* c:Abraham Maslow d: Jean Piaget
males have what chromosome formation?
a: XX b: XY*
In Piaget's cognitive theory, a state of mental balance is called:
a: accommodation b: assimilation c: cognitive equilibrium* d: formal operations
Dr. Snider, a geneticist, is looking for a slight variation of a particular gene that would cause a certain abnormality. He is looking for an:
a: allele* b: ovum c: autosome d: amino acid
B. F. Skinner is MOST closely associated with _____ conditioning.
a: classical b: operant* c: social d: respondent
When a person uses his or her expertise with computers to design a new application, he or she is demonstrating the cognitive adaptation called:
a: cognitive dissonance b: accomodation* c: assimilation d: cognitive equilibrium
Marisol is using a software program to perform statistical tests on her experimental data to determine whether her hypothesis is supported. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Marisol is:
a: developing a hypothesis b: testing a hypothesis c: drawing conclusions* d: reporting results
Lucille is collecting survey data on adult attachment styles among a sample of college students. With respect to the steps of the scientific method, Lucille is:
a: developing a hypothesis b: testing a hypothesis* c: drawing conclusions d: reporting results
Environmental influences are known in the science of human development as what?
a: developmental factors b: genetic predispositions c: nurture* d: childhood traits
Research on how people change physically, mentally, and socially across the life span is MOST often conducted by _____ psychologists.
a: developmental* b: social c: cognitive d: industrial-organizational
After about the eight-cell stage, cells begin to specialize in a process called:
a: duplication b: division c: differentiation* d: zygote
Which of these prenatal periods is the longest?
a: embryonic b: fetal* c: germinal d: neonatal
In order to determine how clothing preferences change with age, Dr. Zavala interviewed girls ranging from 6 to 12 years of age. This is an example of an:
a: experiment b: cross-sectional* c: correlational d: longitudinal research
_____ is a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants' behavior in a systematic and objective manner in a natural setting or in a laboratory.
a: experimentation b: survey c: longitudinal research d: scientific observation*
Which of the following contains 23 chromosomes?
a: gamete* b: allele c: gene d: amino acid
The basic unit for the transmission of heredity is called:
a: gene* b: chromosome c: DNA d: genome
According to a Freud, an adult who falls in love with a much older person may be fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
a: genital b: phallic* c: anal d: oral
A theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background.
a: humanism* b: psychoanalytic c: cognitive d: behaviorism
Which theory is NOT among the "grand theories" of developmental psychology?
a: humanism* b: psychoanalytic c: behaviorism d: cognitive
how do obesity rates vary across the lifespan?
a: increase steadily across life span b: increase until about age 40, then decrease c: increase until about age 60, then decrease* d: decrease from childhood onward
Erikson's _____ stage occurs at the same time as Freud's oral stage.
a: initiative versus guilt b: trust versus mistrust* c: autonomy versus shame and doubt d: identity versus role confusion
Dr. Vreeland believes that heredity is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. Abshire believes that environmental influences are primarily responsible for personality traits. One might say they are on different sides of the _____ debate.
a: intelligent design vs evolution b: traits vs state c: genes vs development d: heredity vs environment*
_____ twins are created when two ova are fertilized by two sperm at roughly the same time.
a: monozygotic b: identical c; dizygotic* d: cloned
When an infant recognizes that things continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget called:
a: object permanence* b: conservation c: egocentricity d: formal operations
Which of the following is NOT among the three basic research designs used by psychologists?
a: observation b: survey c:meta-analysis* d: experiment
A systematic statement that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older is referred to as a _____ theory.
a: psychoanalytic b: cognitive c: developmental* d: behavioral
A friend tells you she is fascinated by the way the environment affects the expression of genetic potential. You suggest she explore the new field of:
a: replication b: lifespan development c: epigentics* d: genetics
A father wants his son to start helping his mother do the laundry. According to social learning theory, the father should:
a: tell his son that he can't ride his bike unless he helps with the laundry b: promise to buy his son a present if he helps c: help out with the laundry himself* d: explain to his son that his mother needs his help
what is the first step in the scientific method?
a: test the hypothesis b: draw conclusions c: begin with curiosity* d: develop a hypothesis
When there is no relationship between two variables, the correlation coefficient is:
a: zero* b: inverse c: negative d: perfect
factors that influence impact of teratogens?
alcohol, drugs, etc
What is an allele?
an alternative version of a gene
What does plasticity mean?
capacity for change
What are stem cells?
cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form
What is discontinuity?
change can occur rapidly and dramatically
What is the microsystem?
child and immediate environment such as family, and peers
what does an eclectic perspective mean?
choosing what they consider to be the aspects of each theory
what do low birthweight babies experience?
cognitive difficulties, visual, and hearing impairments.
What is the mesosystem?
connections between microsystems
What is the macrosystem?
cultural values, economic policies, etc.
What is prenatal development?
development from conception to birth
Cells begin to specialize, taking different forms and reproducing at various rates, depending on where they are located. This process is known as _____.
differentiation
what is multi-contextual development?
each of us experience several contexts each day, some by choice and some involuntarily each affecting our later thoughts and actions
what does socioeconomic status reflect?
education, occupation, neigborhood, and income
what is additive heredity?
effects add up to influence the phenotype
what is nurture?
environmental influences
what is the longest stage of prenatal development?
fetal stage
what are the four critical elements of lifespan research?
focuses on the how and why, diversity, and change and stability over time
What is experimental research?
gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses
What is genotype and phenotype?
genotype is the genes (Tt) phenotype is the physical trait (tall)
what are the three stages of prenatal development?
germinal, embryonic, fetal
What is a cohort?
group of individuals born at the same time ex: millennials
what is continuity?
growth can be gradual
Define heterozygous
having two different alleles of a gene
Define homozygous
having two identical alleles of a gene
what is apprenticeship in thinking?
how cognition is stimulated in people by more skilled members of society
what is the dynamic systems approach?
human development is ongoing interaction between the body and mind and between the individual and every aspect of the environment
The process by which ova are surgically removed from a woman, mixed with sperm to produce a zygote, and then inserted into the uterus is called _____.
in vitro fertilization
what is nature?
influence of the genes that people inherit
What is assimilation?
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
What is behavior?
learned associations between external stimuli and observable responses
what is an example of a sensitive period?
learning a language
What is the exosystem?
local institutions such as church, and school
What does polygenic mean?
many genes
what are the five levels of ecological systems?
microsystems, exosystems, macrosystems, mesosystems, and chronosystems
what is fetal alcohol effects?
more mild in comparison to fetal alcohol syndrome
what are the five characteristics of the life span?
multi-directional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, multi-disciplinary, and plasticity
what is multi-directional development?
multiple changes in every direction characterizing the life span
what is accomodation?
old ideas are restructured to include or accommodate new experiences
what is an ethnic group?
people that share a distinct culture, language, and identity
what is differential susceptibility?
people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences
What is the zone of proximal development?
pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)
Define differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
what characteristics occur during the fetal stage?
rapid growth and refinement of organ systems and organ systems begin to function
Define duplication
repeats a segment
what is scientific observation?
requires the researcher to record behavior systematically and objectively
what does it mean to study life span development?
seeks to try to understand how and why people change over time
What is a gene?
segment of DNA that codes for a protein
what are the stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
what is epigenetics?
studies the many ways that the environment alters genetic expression
define developmental theory
study of how and why people change as they grow older
What are teratogens?
substances that cause birth defects
what is the difference equals deficit error?
the assumption that people unlike us are inferior
what is multi-disciplinary development?
the idea that development occurs in many different areas such as biosocial, biological, cognitive, and psychosocial development
What is guided participation?
the process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations
Define culture
the system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
what is the social learning theory?
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
What is behaviorism?
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
what happens in the newborns first minutes of life?
they get weighed,measured, and examined umbilical cord is cut,
what is the cognitive development theory?
thoughts and expectations affect attitudes, beliefs, values, emotions, and actions
what is multi-cultural development?
to study people of many cultures
What is the fetal period?
week 9 to birth when the baby turns into a boy or girl
What is the embryonic period?
weeks 3-8 buds become arms and legs etc.
What is a dependent variable?
what is being measured
what is an example of a critical period?
when an embryos legs and feet grow within 24 to 58 days
what is a dominant recessive pattern?
when one allele is more influential than the other
What is a critical period?
when something must occur to ensure normal development or the only time when an abnormality might occur