DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCH FINAL (TCU)

Jenna is a well-liked girl in her high school class. She participates in several clubs and sports. Generally, she is a helpful and cooperative student in her classes. She has a pretty active social life on the weekends too. One night at a party, Jenna's friend Charlotte handed her a cup of spiked punch. Jenna tried to refuse saying that she doesn't drink but Charlotte just kept pushing the cup in her hand while they were walking over to their larger social group. Jenna acquiesces and takes the cup, drinking it throughout the party. Jenna most likely acquiesced in order to ______.

gain approval from high status peers

Tariq has received baseball, basketball, or football equipment for every birthday and holiday since he can remember. His parents expect him to be assertive and competitive during practices and games. They reward him whenever he does well so that he will continue to practice hard. They do not monitor his practice sessions though. They want to build a sense of independence into him. Tariq's parents are most likely ______.

gender socializing

Caleb's parents were always warm and sensitive to his needs throughout his childhood. He enjoys being able to talk with them about whatever is on his mind. As Caleb has entered puberty, he feels like his parents are nagging him more about chores, his homework, and his friends. The nature of Caleb's relationship with his parents will most likely ______.

not change

Aliyah was unsure how to get hot water from the office water dispenser. She had tried pressing one of the two red buttons, but nothing happened. Later, she saw a coworker press both red buttons and hot water poured out. The next time Aliyah wanted hot water for her tea, she got it from the dispenser. This is an example of ______.

observational learning

Describe the plasticity of the brain in adolescence.

While the adolescent brain is especially plastic allowing it the ability to adapt structure and function in response to the environment, it is also especially vulnerable to experience. Many experiences, such as stress/trauma and substance use, can have profound effects on the adolescent developing brain.

What is the relationship between school culture and LGBT victimization?

Within the school setting, supports such as knowledgeable teachers and counselors, vigilance against bullying, and the presence of gay-straight alliance (GSA) student groups aid LGBT students' adjustment. GSAs are an important source of support and education for students, because GSAs help sexual minority students connect with peers, reduce hopelessness, and are associated with lower suicide attempts

How is attachment related to intimacy and autonomy in both parental and peer relationships?

The developmental tasks of establishing autonomy and intimacy are intertwined because adolescents must develop the capacity for mature intimacy in friendships and romantic relationships while simultaneously maintaining close and autonomous relationships with parents

What motive is there for moratorium and identity achievement?

Uncertainty of identity is experienced as discomfort which motivates an individual to explore (moratorium) different aspects of identity and eventually chose (achievement) that identity whether it be vocation, sexuality, politics, and/or religion.

Explain the role the brain plays in risk taking behavior. Provide an example of reward salience.

At 9 to 10 years of age, the prefrontal cortex and limbic system experience a marked shift in levels of serotonin and dopamine, neurotransmitters that are associated with impulsivity, novelty seeking, and reward salience. Risky situations become enticing and experienced as thrills.

Contrast the risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescent girls as opposed to boys.

Depressive symptoms and rates of depression rise in early to middle adolescence as sex differences emerge, with girls reporting depression twice as often as boys

How is "coming out" related to psychological health in an adolescent?

Developmental scientists have come to conclude that disclosing a sexual minority identity can be a positive event that facilitates the development of identity, self-esteem, and psychological health and can often reduce distress, anxiety, and depression

Why is puberty referred to as a "subjective" experience?

Everyone views puberty differently and has had different conversations about it at different times of their lives. Everyone also matures at their own pace so it is a different experience for everyone.

Katie's mother never explains why the rules are the way they are, instead she just forbids certain activities without any discussion. Katie is not allowed to sleep over at her friends, has to come home right after school, and cannot even have friends over to her house. Because of this, Katie is having a hard time in school often feeling very anxious and depressed. She tends to have very low self-esteem. Katie's mother is most likely a(n) ______.

authoritarian parent

Miguel is taking notes in his English class. He is able to both listen to his teacher and recreate the synopsis of the short story the class is working on. He puts his notes into his own words instead of just repeating exactly what the teacher is saying. Miguel is illustrating ______.

divided attention

Benjamin describes himself as an organized and introspective young man. He is generally quiet, shy, and doesn't say much. He really wants to impress Emma on their first date. He has memorized a lot of jokes. During their date, he doesn't stop talking making sure to tell all the jokes he memorized so that Emma will like him. Benjamin is presenting his ______.

false self

Growing up, Jamal lived through Hurricane Katrina. His father was in the military fighting in the Iraq War for much of his early years. These factors helped to shape the ______ context that Jamal grew up in.

home (maybe neighborhood)

Joseph, a 16-year-old boy, is doing a paper on the death penalty. He has to really think about what justice means. Does the death penalty truly serve justice as a punishment? This and other questions along these lines keep presenting themselves in his mind. Joseph is using ______.

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Charlotte has been having a lot of arguments with her mother lately. She storms off angrily anytime her mother even brings up her grades in school. Charlotte thinks that her mother is accusing her of slacking off while her mother is merely asking how things are going in school. Charlotte is having difficulties with ______.

identifying some emotions depicted in facial expressions

Noah has tried to take different classes to see what he is interested in. He has shadowed a few different careers. He just does not seem to be able to find anything that he likes. As a result, he has started retreating from his friends. Most of his friends have declared majors in college as well as started looking for internships. Noah avoids most people these days. He is playing video games most of the day instead of hanging out with his friends or attending classes. He feels like he doesn't have to engage in anything that way. Noah is going through ______.

identity development

Ryan, a 15-year-old boy, is the smallest boy in his high school class. His voice still hasn't dropped much and his musculature has not developed. He wants to play sports but usually does not make the team. He really likes a girl in his English class, but she usually only looks at the much taller and larger boys. He has started to find himself more and more anxious and depressed due to his ______.

late maturation

Priya's culture holds a strong belief in education and success. These values have propelled her to attend college. She believes that to be successful and independent in her culture, she must have a higher education. These values represent the ______ in Priya's experience.

macrosystem

Connor always loved playing video games with his friends. They played remotely and together whenever they could. For the last month, Connor hasn't been playing at all. He comes home from school and goes up to his room to sleep. In fact, his sleep has increased so much it seems that is all he does. He has been losing a lot of weight due to loss of appetite. He has been feeling worthless and cannot seem to concentrate when he is in school. Connor's parents should have him evaluated for ______.

major depressive disorder

Caleb, a 13-year-old boy, is 6'2" tall. He has some well-developed musculature as well as a deep voice. Caleb is still just in middle school but when he meets people, they treat him as if he was older. Sometimes, his teachers talk to him like he should already know the information that they are teaching instead of being in the same position as the other students in the class. Caleb is most likely treated this way because he ______.

matured early

Tanner, a 15-year-old boy, has come out to his parents that he doesn't feel his gender is male. He has always felt as though he were female in gender. He has asked that they call him T. J., while he is considering his gender and refer to him with female pronouns. T. J.'s parents tell her that they understand and will do their best to support her. T. J.'s parents are illustrating ______.

parental support of transgender social transition

Logan and his parents have had many discussions about his gender identity. They have supported him with social gender transitioning, beginning to use female pronouns and changing her given name to Lana. Because of these small changes, Lana's outcome is associated with ______.

positive mental health

Sophia became sexually active at 14-years-old. She has a low socioeconomic status household which puts her more at risk for early sexual initiation. She became depressed and anxious about her early sexual activity. Now that she is 18-years-old, she understands much more about sexuality, relationships, and sexual behavior. She has a long-lasting relationship and is closer now to her mother than ever. Sophia illustrates ______.

positive self-esteem and well-being

Both Landon and Keisha are helpful at school and at home. In fact, they both volunteer at the local animal shelter as well. But Keisha is the only one who gives a portion of her pay from her part-time job to aid the animal shelter in the anonymous collection basket at the door. Landon is most likely participating in ______.

public prosocial behavior, behavior enacted in front of others

Keisha describes herself as outspoken on subjects she has studied but very quiet when she has little knowledge on a topic. She says she is confident in her public speaking ability as long as it is in front of her peers and not adults. Keisha's self-concept shows her use of ______.

self-clarity concept

Faith used to believe that everyone felt the same way as she did about dogs. She thought that everyone loved them. As Faith has entered into early adolescence, she has realized that her aunt does not like dogs because one bit her when she was young. Faith can understand her aunt's perspective about dogs now. Faith is illustrating ______.

social perspective taking

Mohamed has been interacting with social media a lot lately. He has even been finding his news about the world on social media. He has noticed that some of his beliefs are starting to change in agreement with the media he is consuming. Mohamed is experiencing ______.

societal perspective taking

Sophia wants to be accepted at her new high school. A group of girls at school have befriended Sophia, but they are pressuring her to drink with them after school. Sophia makes a spur of the moment decision to go ahead because she feels the need for acceptance. This poor decision is due to the ______.

still-immature condition of the prefrontal cortex

Ann's daughter, Chloe, has just experienced her menarche at age 12. Chloe has normal body weight with a lot of physical activity in her day. Ann remembers that she had her menarche at age 13 while her mother, Chloe's grandmother, experienced hers at age ____.

17

Explain and provide an example of how culture and/or religion can affect a girl's response to menstruation.

A study of 12- to 16-year-old Bangladeshi girls revealed that they generally were not informed about menarche, and over two-thirds reacted with fear. Their mothers also tended to lack an adequate understanding of pubertal processes.

What is the relationship between stress and adolescent brain development?

Adolescents may be uniquely vulnerable to stress because the adolescent brain, especially the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, is particularly sensitive to stress hormones. Exposure to stress hormones is associated with reduced volume, reduced dendritic growth, and atrophy of dendrites and thereby synapses

Explain which areas of the adolescent brain are particularly sensitive to the hormones released during stress.

Adolescents may be uniquely vulnerable to stress because the adolescent brain, especially the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, is particularly sensitive to stress hormones. Exposure to stress hormones is associated with reduced volume, reduced dendritic growth, and atrophy of dendrites and thereby synapses.

Which is an example of a positive attachment in adolescence?

Children who when upset, they are easily soothed by parents, who tend to be sensitive to their need

Explain the differences in brain function for those adolescents who use alcohol moderately as opposed to their peers who do not use alcohol.

Compared with those who do not use alcohol, adolescents who drink alcohol moderately show smaller brain volumes and gray matter density in areas responsible for executive control, including parts of the temporal and parietal lobes, hippocampus, and especially the frontal cortex

What is the relationship between stress and working memory?

For example, some research suggests that the experience of early life stress is associated with impaired inhibition in adolescence

Provide an example of how different contexts interact with one another, contexts influence the individual, and the individual influences a context.

For example, the peer and school contexts often overlap as peer relationships influence interactions at school. Adolescents are not only influenced by their contexts, but they influence their contexts. Adolescents interact with family members and peers, thereby influencing the home and peer contexts and, in turn, influencing their own development.

What impact does a high parent-child relationship have on moral reasoning?

High-quality parent-child relationships predict advanced moral reasoning

What inference can be made about LGBT youth and suicide?

LGBT youth, especially male and bisexual youth, experience an exceptionally high risk for suicide, with three to four times as many attempts as other youth

How is neurological development related to working memory in adolescence?

Neurological maturation leads to improvements in working memory throughout adolescence. Adolescents become better able to determine what is important to attend to, combine new information with information already in working memory, and select and apply strategies for manipulating the information in order to understand it, make decisions, and solve problems.

How is gender typicality related to peer victimization?

One longitudinal study found that low gender typicality in seventh grade was associated with peer victimization, which in turn predicted increased social anxiety and somatic problems (feeling physically ill) in eighth grade

Is gendered behavior related to sexual orientation?

One prospective study of over 4,500 children found that parent reports of gender-typed behavior at ages 4 and 5 predicted adolescents' self-reported sexual orientation at age 15

What impact does prosocial behavior have on academic outcomes and social competence?

Prosocial behavior is positively related to social competence and academic outcomes and may be a protective factor against problem behaviors.

Angela, a 17-year-old, has always had a close relationship with her family. She enjoys her family's traditions and customs. In fact, she made sure to engage with her entire community to understand where the customs originated from. She remembers reading a lot about her heritage. She sought out novels with heroines who were very similar to herself. Because of this process growing up, she is confident in who she is and where she has come from. She volunteers in her community to help other girls understand these traditions. Angela is illustrating ______.

achievement status

Kiesha, an 11-year-old girl, is experiencing rapid physical changes. Her body is changing so fast she has to buy new pants and shoes after only a couple of months. Keisha has most likely begun her ______.

adolescent growth spurt

Luis, a 13-year-old boy, has been experiencing some mental health problems lately. Before puberty, this was not an issue for Luis. His mother recently lost her job, and his family had to relocate to a new place. Luis' sensitivity to stress could be attributed to ______.

adrenarche

Carter, a 13-year-old boy, has been playing competitive soccer for a few years. He is even on a travel team in the off season. He enjoys the physicality of the game and the competition. Lately, Carter has been more aggressive. He has even gotten a few red cards for charging too aggressively during his games. This may be due to the peak of which brain structure?

amygdala

Blake expects to have disagreements with his parents now that he is a teenager. He remembers a lot of confrontations between his older brother and their parents when he was a teenager. Recently, Blake has begun to experiment with alcohol, which he knows his parents would disapprove of, but he believes that these kinds of risks are part of being a teenager. Blake's expectations and beliefs are due to his ______.

conceptions of adolescence

A child who reasoned that Heinz should steal the drug because good people help others is assessing this situation at which of Kohlberg's stages?

conventional moral reasoning

Lee used to see himself as the smartest kid in his class. Now that he is in middle school, he is aware that there are a lot of kids who are just as smart as he is or maybe even smarter. This transition from childhood to adolescence has caused his self-esteem to ______.

decline

Carla has been attending some cultural festivals with her family. She became so interested in one of the customs that she found some books on its origin in the library to read. Every day after school now, she goes to her grandmother's house in order to sit and talk to her about different traditions, customs, and her cultural heritage. Carla is ______.

developing a sense of belonging to her cultural community and exploring her ethnic-racial identity

Jimmy has been playing soccer since he was 4 years old. He loves the game so much that he is always trying to get the other boys to play pickup games in his neighborhood. He watches soccer on TV to try and make himself better at the game. He doesn't really care as much about his schoolwork. In fact, as long as he passes he is just fine with his grades. Jimmy is illustrating ______.

domain-specific self-esteem

Kayla sees a younger student, Jimmy, get pushed up against the lockers at school. Jimmy is visibly shaken and starts to well up with tears as the older boys walk away. Kayla immediately goes over to Jimmy to check on him. She makes sure that he goes to the office by walking him there herself while offering words of comfort to the younger boy. Kayla is illustrating ______.

empathic concern

Rosa is asked to design an experiment for her chemistry class. She needs to be able to create a hypothesis and apply the scientific method. In addition, before she performs the experiment, her teacher wants her to imagine what she believes will be the result of her experiment, based on what they have learned in class. This exemplifies ______.

formal operational reasoning

Explain the varying facets of gender identity beyond self-identification. Provide an example of an individual resolving these facets

gender typicality (the degree to which adolescents feel like a typical member of their gender group), gender contentedness (the degree to which adolescents are happy with their gender group), felt pressure for gender conformity (the degree to which adolescents feel pressure from parents, peers, and self for conformity to gender stereotypes), and intergroup bias (the extent to which adolescents believe that their own gender is superior to the other). through a process of personal reflection and input from others, adolescents judge and make commitments to each facet of gender identity

Ava is just starting high school. Right now she doesn't even want to think about the future. She told her friends that she is just going to sell real estate like her mother. She sees going into an established business with a guaranteed job being the right thing to do. She is convinced she is right no matter what other people say. Ava is in which phase of identity?

identity foreclosed

Kumar is trying to figure out what occupation he wants to pursue. He is also struggling with his political and religious beliefs. These struggles exemplify Erikson's ______ stage of psychosocial development

identity vs role confusion

Aaliyah's parents are never really around. They spend most of their time at work and rarely interact with her. Sometimes, they forget to make sure that the basic necessities are even in the house. She finds herself alone and depressed most days. She has few friends but what she really craves for the love and support of her parents. Aaliyah's parents are most likely ______.

indifferent

Which is an example of Stage 5 behavior according to Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

individuals view laws and rules as flexible and part of the social contract or agreement meant to further human interests (Stage 5)

Kumar is having a hard time in school lately and failed another Algebra exam. When he gets home from school, instead of talking to his mother, he storms upstairs and slams his door. As the day goes on, Kumar makes no effort to talk to his mother. Even when she knocks on his door, he refuses to answer so she just walks away. This illustrates ______.

insecure avoidant

Caleb is often in trouble for conflicts with peers and teachers at school. When he gets home, he just goes to his room. When his father tries to talk with him, they end up screaming at each other even though Caleb really wants to be with his father. Caleb feels like his father is only around to yell at him and then leave but won't really talk to him the way that he wants. This makes Caleb feel like he has no hope of anyone ever understanding him. Caleb is most likely illustrating ______.

insecure resistant attachment

Oliver, a 15-year-old boy, is a sophomore in high school. He, along with most of his peer group, has not engaged in sexual intercourse. In fact, none of his close friends are sexually active. They have all dated and participated in early sexual behaviors but not intercourse. Oliver's experience ______.

is normal with others his age

Aaliyah and her boyfriend broke up 2 months ago. This has seemed to put her into a tailspin. She and her friend, Abby, spent many days talking about the breakup and how awful it is for Aaliyah. Since the breakup, she has not been sleeping well or eating much. She feels guilt for everything that goes wrong even if she wasn't involved at all. She no longer has any energy and is very lethargic. Aaliyah is showing symptoms of ______.

major depressive disorder

Tanya just broke up with her boyfriend. Since she is 16-years-old, her mother knows that this is a very hard emotional time for Tanya. Her mother holds her daughter while she cries, explaining that she knows it hurts now and it is ok to feel the way she does. Tanya is eventually soothed and smiles back at her mother even though she is still hurting. Her mother grabs her purse and tells her that they are going to go to the park to get outside and walk together to talk this through. This illustrates ______.

secure attachment

Kumar knows that he is intelligent and has been able to solve difficult situations since he was a young child. He is confident that he will be able to overcome obstacles in the future due to this ability. He knows that he is a caring individual and can point to many examples of comforting his sister while they were growing up. Kumar's self-concept has most likely achieved ______.

self-concept clarity

Josiah, a 14-year-old boy, is involved with a group at school that frequently picks up trash and cleans local disadvantaged neighborhoods in his community. Most of his close friends also participate in this same group, many of whom live in the neighborhoods that they serve. This kind of prosocial behavior can predict ______.

self-esteem, social competence, social approval from peers and teachers, academic achievement, and high-quality relationships

Mr. Hernandez had explained to the class what behaviors constituted bullying so that everyone understood. He explained that the rules applied to everyone, including him, and that all students and faculty had a duty to uphold these rules for the good of the entire school. Mr. Hernandez used which of Kohlberg's stages to explain the moral reasoning of these rules?

stage 3

Diego likes sports and playing video games. He and his friends sometimes spend all night playing these games online with each other. Sharing these times with his friends makes him feel like he is just like all the other boys at school. Diego is illustrating ______.

gender typicality

Rosa is involved with her friends in an after school program that helps to tutor younger kids in elementary and middle school with their homework. Many of these kids have working parents, so this kind of program helps them stay out of trouble and get help with their homework until their parents get off work. Rosa's prosocial behavior can provide a buffer against ______.

anxiety, depression, aggression, risky behaviors, substance use, delinquency, deviant peers

Jaxon's parents make sure to have a say in everything that he does. They have gone so far as to pick out his after school activities and only allowed friendships with certain people. Sometimes, Jaxon's father resorts to intimidation and uses "Because I said so" as his reasoning for why Jaxon should or should not do something. Jaxon most likely has ______.

authoritarian parenting style

Omar is doing very well in school. He is well-liked and has a good sense of who he is. His parents make sure to ask him about his day and help support the decisions that he is making in preparation for college and his life. When he does bend the rules, like his curfew, his parents explain why the rules are there and enforce them with right amount of punishment. Omar knows that he can discuss the rules and the reasons for them with his parents, so he feels that he has a say in how the household adapts to his increasing autonomy. Omar's parents are most likely ______.

authoritative parents

Ahmed, a 17-year-old-boy, has been driving for a year and a half now having earned his permit when he was 15 ½ and his license at 16-years-old. He drives to and from school every day along with running errands for his mother after school. He does not really think about driving the way he used to when he was first learning. Ahmed is experiencing ______.

automaticity

Connor plays baseball for his high school. They are practicing every day after school so that they can be ready for the season. Some days the girls track team is out practicing at the same time. Even though they are not looking at Connor, he seems to try and make more daring plays on those days than the others. This risky behavior is most likely due to Connor's ______.

brain development

Holly, a 4-year-old girl, insists that she is male. She likes to wear T-shirts and pants and is very physically active. She would rather wrestle around in the dirt than play with dolls. She naturally gravitates toward the boys in her preschool class. She shows no interest in anything that the girls are participating in. Holly's interests and activities align with her ______.

expressed gender

Luis believes that cheating on an exam is the wrong thing to do. He has to raise his grade in English so that he can play on the soccer team in the regional playoffs because the team is depending on him as their only goalie. Since he has gotten behind in his English class, he decides that he will copy a web page he found into his paper to get it turned in on time. In this instance, Luis perceives this particular conflict as a ______.

ethical conflict

Sarah is aware of all the different smells in the arboretum. She can close her eyes and smell the lavender which is different from the roses. By doing this, she can move this information from her sensory memory into her short term and eventually her long term so that she will always remember what lavender smells like. Sarah's awareness of the different smells is the process of ______.

executive function

Alyson, a 13-year-old girl, is an early maturer. Her body development is on the same pace as most of the 16-year-old girls in her neighborhood. After school, her peer group tends to be older girls and boys. The inclusion of a lot of older boys into her peer group puts Alyson at risk for ______.

experiencing adolescent dating abuse

Alison loves her English class. In fact, every time the class has a discussion on the classic novel they are reading, Alison has to blurt out what she thinks. She becomes so excited by the prospect of interpreting the themes and characterizations that she does not think about the consequences of interrupting the teacher. Alison is illustrating ______.

a lack of response inhibition

Rosa, a 12-year-old girl, is rarely allowed to play outside due to her neighborhood crime level. Her mother is just barely able to pay rent and put food on the table for both of them. The food that Rosa eats is not the most nutritious or fresh but she is able to eat more fruit at school. Rosa and her mother have a good relationship but she can still feel her mother's stress due to their situation. Rosa may be at risk for ______.

menarche

Travis knows he is a visual learner. He draws mind maps and pictures to help himself remember the terms that he needs for biology. Travis plans to go into graphic design so he often enjoys dreaming up new ways he can think about art. Travis is illustrating ______.

metacognition

Emily and Jack work together after school at a local fast-food restaurant. While they don't have many classes together, work has made them pretty good friends. Emily has always enjoyed volunteering at her local senior center. She has talked so much about it that Jack has asked whether he can go with her next time. Jack's volunteering is most likely due to ______.

peer pressure

Luna's mother died when she was very young so it has been her and her father for a long time. Now that Luna is 13-years-old, her father expects her to be able to make all her own decisions. Luna ends up following whatever her friends are doing. Her father does have some rules, but whenever Luna breaks them, she is not held accountable. Her father makes sure Luna knows how much he loves her. They tend to spend a lot of time talking to one another. Luna's father is most likely a(n) ______.

permissive parent

Tucker was given the Heinz dilemma to ponder. He decided that he would steal the drug so that his wife would be happy. He explained that when you love someone, you do everything you can to make that person happy and give them what they want. Tucker's reasoning follows along which level of Kohlberg's theory?

postconventional reasoning

Jamal belongs to a club at school with his closest friends. Until now, the club has been mostly about gaming. They enjoy playing video games with one another while offering support and friendship to one another. One of Jamal's friends has suggested that they hold a tournament. He suggests that they get sponsors, sell tickets to watch, and then give all of the proceeds to the boys and girls club in their community to help support gaming for lower income kids. Jamal's friend is helping all of them participate in ______.

prosocial behavior

Kathleen's teacher has asked for her to help tutor Jackson in her fifth period math class. Kathleen is happy to help once she is asked. Whenever anyone, at school or at home, asks for her help, she is always willing to do whatever is needed or asked of her. Kathleen is illustrating ______.

prosocial reasoning

Liam is on a date with a first date with Shoshana. He has been telling her how much he values helping people which is why he is exploring going to medical school one day. He expresses a desire to communicate in a more meaningful way so he is taking some classes at the college which can help him understand himself and communication more fully. Liam's motivation is coming from his ______.

real self

Luis' parents always ask him about his day when they sit down to family dinner. They want to make sure that they know Luis' friends and where he is when he goes out. They discuss and support his decisions as he grows into an adult. Even when he makes mistakes, Luis feels that he is supported and loved by his parents. As far as substance and alcohol abuse, Luis' parents relationship with him will ______.

reduce his risk

Carla's group, in psychology class, has been given the task of coming up with a modern day problem and applying one of the psychological perspectives to solve this problem. They first have to consider many of society's problems and then generate a hypothesis based on one of the perspectives. After they complete that part of the task, they must find a way to systematically test the use of this perspective. Carla's group is using ______.

scientific reasoning

Sophia is sharing her pencils with Josh because he forgot his at home. She does not want to see him get in trouble with the teacher for not being prepared for the test that day. She hopes that if she were in the same situation, Josh or another student, would do the same for her. Sophia's decision is influenced by which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning?

stage 3

Carter is studying Rosa Parks and segregation in history class. As he reads about her stance on segregation and her disobedience of the law, he realizes that she was trying to change an unjust and unethical law. Carter is relating Rosa Parks to which stage of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

stage 5

Kimmy has organized the play clothes into boys clothes and girls clothes. She did the same for the toys. When her friend Beth was playing tag on the playground, she said that those kinds of games are for boys. Kimmy has put the toys, behaviors, and clothing into ______.

stereotype categories

Peter used to be a straight "A" student. He took a lot of pleasure from school and his friends. Lately, he has been getting "F's" and commenting to his friends how nothing matters. He has been listless and very depressed. He has started to drink a lot of alcohol which is uncharacteristic of him. He has been pushing his friends away for several weeks. Suddenly, Peter comes to school very happy. Peter may be at risk for ______.

suicide