Diagnosis Exam 2

•How many different types of executive neurocognition are there? a.4 b.3 c.5 d.2

4

More than 95% of persons diagnosed with BD have a lifetime history of other psychiatric disorders A, True B. False

A, True

Lifetime prevalence rates have rates of schizophrenia are between A. 0.5% and 1% B. 5% and 7% C. 2% and 4% D. 1% and 2%

A. 0.5% and 1%

The youngest age of onset in AN that has been observed in empirical investigation is A. 7 B. 10 C. 15 D. 12

A. 7

Which of the following is not a component of "expressed emotion?" A. Affective flattening. B. Criticism C. Hostility D. Emotional overinvolvement

A. Affective flattening.

An adolescentfemale with AN says to you "I know I'm the skinniest of my friends, but my thighs are huge. I have to say on my diet until they stop touching." This is an example of A. Body image distortion B. Response inhibition C. Emotional suppression D. Interoceptive awareness

A. Body image distortion

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with psychotic symptoms and their treatment? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Glutamate D. Acetylcholine

A. Dopamine

•Which psychotherapy approach has been the best studied treatment of PDD? Choose all that apply a. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) b. Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) c. Mindfulness-based stress reduction d. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A. Interpersonal Therapy (IT) B. Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)

Changes in eating disorder diagnostic criteria from DSM IV TR to DSM-5 were primarily intended to A. Limit the number of people presenting for eating concerns but failing to meet criteria for AN or BN B. Eliminate migration between eating disorder diagnoses C. Increase the number of individuals diagnosed with an eating disorder D. Restrict eating disorder diagnoses to women

A. Limit the number of people presenting for eating concerns but failing to meet criteria for AN or BN

Individuals with purely restricted behaviors have higher rates of A. Obsessive compulsive personality Disorder B. Borderline personality Disorder C. Depression D. Bulimia Nervosa

A. Obsessive compulsive personality Disorder

In which of the following ways do individuals with schizotypal personality disorder differ from individuals with schizophrenia? A. Their unusual ideas and perceptions are not severe or persistent enough to qualify as hallucinations or delusions B. They have always manifested the symptoms of their disorder C. They tend to be more globally impaired than individuals with schizophrenia. D. While they have unusual ideas and sensory experiences, they have no problems with social and occupational functioning.

A. Their unusual ideas and perceptions are not severe or persistent enough to qualify as hallucinations or delusions

Age of onset of mood disorders is getting younger in successive birth cohorts. A. True B. False

A. True

BED has a more equitable gender distribution than BN or AN A. True B. False

A. True

•Antidepressants may be somewhat more efficacious than psychotherapy in treating PDD. a. True b. False

A. True

•SSRIs are currently the most effective treatment for MDD a.True b.False

A. True

You are interviewing a patient in your office. She is a 19 year old female who restricts her caloric intake to 500 cal/day and runs at least 8 miles a day. As a result, she has dropped from a body mass index (BM() of 19 to a BMI of 16 over the last 3 months. She is proud of her weight loss and states that being thin is the most important thing to her. She does not verbally express an intense fear of weight gain, but her behaviors (restriction, exercise) suggest that this is a fear of hers, Using DSM-5 criteria, you would diagnosis her with A. anorexia nervosa B. Feeding and eating disorder NOS C. Avoidant and restrictive food intake Disorder D. Delusional Disorder

A. anorexia nervosa

•Which of the following factors is the least important to consider in assessing for and treating PTSD a.Gender b.Comorbid disorders c.Additional life stressors d.Personality factors e.Social support

A. gender

•Which of the following is a correct pairing of a drug and the symptom it helps to alleviate in BPD? a.SSRIs improve aggression b.Mood stabilizers improve dissociative symptoms c.Lithium improves empathizing d.Antipsychotics improve impulsivity

Antipsychotics improve impulsivity

The primary distinction between bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) is A. Individuals with BED are overweight or obese B. Binge episodes are accompanied by compensatory behaviors in BN, but not in BED C. BN affects only women, whereas BED affects only men D. Onset of BED is later than that of BN

B. Binge episodes are accompanied by compensatory behaviors in BN, but not in BED

The psychological intervention with the most empirical support for the treatment of BN is A. Dialectical Behavioral therapy B. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy C. Exposure and response prevention D. Schema-focused therapy

B. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

AN exclusively affects Caucasian women, most often those of a higher socioeconomic status A. True B. False

B. False

BD is primarily caused by environmental factors, such as stressful family environments A. True B. False

B. False

Genetic risk for eating disorders in girls remains consistent across the lifespan. A. True B. False

B. False

Schizophrenia is purely genetic disorder A. True B. False

B. False

The primary cause of eating disorders is exposure to thin models via the media. A. True B. False

B. False

With medical treatment, most individuals with schizophrenia do not experience do not experience relapse of psychotic symptoms. A. True B. False

B. False

•There is a dose-response relationship such that the more traumatic events one experiences, the more likely one will develop PTSD symptoms a. True b. False

B. False

The treatment of choice for adolescents with AN is A. Interpersonal therapy (IPT) B. Family-based therapy (FBT) C. Ego-oriented individual therapy (EOIT) D. Existential therapy

B. Family-based therapy (FBT)

The term pscyhosis refers to disorders that involve..... A. Multiple personalities B. Impairments in reality testing C. A lack of empathy for other individuals D. Violent Behavior

B. Impairments in reality testing

"Diathesis" in the diathesis-stress model refers to: A. The schizophrenogenic mother B. Inherited factors that determine brain structure and function C. Risk factors like early drug use D. Events preceding the development of a diagnosable psychotic illness

B. Inherited factors that determine brain structure and function

Brain regions most closely associated with the experience of emotions are part of the A. Prefrontal cortex B. Limbic system C. Basal Ganglia D. Temporal Lobe

B. Limbic system

Which of the following is a specific eating syndrome included in the Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) A. Obesity B. Night eating syndrome C. Exercise anorexia D. Diabulimia

B. Night eating syndrome

•Which of the following events has been shown to most likely result in PTSD amongst both men and women? a.War combat b.Rape c.Assault d.Motor-vehicle accident

B. Rape

The neurotransmitter most often studied in relation to AN is A. Epineprhrine B. Serotonin C. Glutamate D. Acetylcholine

B. Serotonin

Which of the following is the best description of the prognosis for individuals with BD-I A. Most people experience extreme dysfunction during manic episodes but are highly productive and successful otherwise. B. The majority of people experience significant impairment in work, social, and family functioning, however some of the individuals are able to function quite well. C. Manic episodes tend to be times of high productivity and achievement, but depressive episodes tend to negate those gains. D. Most people have significant deficits in social and relationship functioning, but better than average work functioning and creativity

B. The majority of people experience significant impairment in work, social, and family functioning, however some of the individuals are able to function quite well.

Which of the following diagnoses precedes the onset of BN in approximately one third of individuals seeking treatment for BN? A. Major Depression B. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder C. Anorexia Nervosa D. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

C. Anorexia Nervosa

_____ is the most commonly comorbid personality disorder among individuals with BN A. Narcissistic Personality Disorder B. Schizoid Personality Disorder C. Borderline personality Disorder D. Antisocial personality Disorder

C. Borderline personality Disorder

Which of the following is not associated with an increased risk for developing psychosis? A. Birth during winter months B. Having a relative with schizophrenia C. Excessive exposure to violent television programs or videogames D. Obstetric complications

C. Excessive exposure to violent television programs or videogames

Which of the following would rule out a diagnosis of BD-II A. Comorbid ADHD symptoms B. Suicidal ideation C. Having been hospitalized for manic symptoms D. Substance Use

C. Having been hospitalized for manic symptoms

Hypomanic episodes differ from manic episodes in that A. fewer symptoms are required to diagnosis a hypomanic episode B. Hypomanic episodes are perceived as enjoyable C. Hypomanic episodes have a shorter duration requirement for the diagnosis. D. Hypomanic episodes are always accompanied by symptoms of depression

C. Hypomanic episodes have a shorter duration requirement for the diagnosis.

Bulimia Nervosa is often not detected and diagnosed until later in the course of illness because A. Clinicians fear the stigma of diagnosis of BN B.The lack of effective treatments for BN make a diagnosis meaningless C. Individuals are reluctant to admit to their disordered behaviors D. Binge eating is seen as an effective coping strategy

C. Individuals are reluctant to admit to their disordered behaviors

Which of the following is not required for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa (AN) in DSM-5? A, intense fear of weight gain B. Caloric restriction C. Weight loss > 10 lbs over 3 months D. Body image disturbance

C. Weight loss > 10 lbs over 3 months

Which class of drug would you expect to most exacerbate psychotic symptoms if administered to an individual with schizophrenia? A. An anxiolytic B. An antidepressant C. A mood stabilizer D. A stimulant

D. A stimulant

Eating disorders are frequently comorbid with which of the following form of psychopathology A. Substance use B. Personality Disorders C. Mood disorders D. All of the above

D. All of the above

•Psychotherapy works with most people who suffer from PTSD and some mediation can provide relief for symptoms. However, treatment can be complicated by the following factors a.Substance abuse and dependence b.Severe depression c.High dropout rates in therapy d.All of the above

D. All of the above

•Which of the following is true of the course of depressive conditions? a. Depressive conditions can have an episodic, remitting course b. Depressive conditions can have a recurrent, chronic course c. Severity of depressive conditions can wax and wane over time d. All of the above

D. All of the above **

Patients with AN show neurocognitive deficits in which of the following areas? A. Attention B. Working memory C. Mental flexibility D. All of them

D. All of them

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom? A. Hallucinations B. Disorganized Speech C. Delusions D. Avolition

D. Avolition

Schizophrenia is usually first diagnosed during which age period? A. Between 25 and 35 years old B. Between 20 and 25 years old C. Between 15 and 30 years old D. Between 20 and 29 years old

D. Between 20 and 29 years old

In order to be classified an objective binge episode (OBE) an eating episode must A. Consist of an objectively large quantity of food B Be comprised exclusively of high-calorie, high-fat foods C. Be accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating D. Both A and C

D. Both A and C

Which of the following was one of the conclusions of the STEP-BD study? A. Only CBT proved successful for treating depressive symptoms associated with BD B. Psychotherapy cannot treat symptoms associated with BD C. With intensive psychotherapeutic treatment, most individuals do not require medication D. CBT, FFT, and IPSRT are relatively equivalent in their long term efficacy for the treatment of BD

D. CBT, FFT, and IPSRT are relatively equivalent in their long term efficacy for the treatment of BD

Which one of the following nuerotransmitters is most associated with increased reward sensitivity. A. Serotonin B. Norepinephrine C. Glutamate D. Dopamine

D. Dopamine

Which of the following treatments has been shown to be effective in addressing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? A. SSRIs B. Insulin shock therapy C. Electroconvulsive therapy D. Dopamine receptor antagonists

D. Dopamine receptor antagonists

Which of the following is one of the main negatives of divalproex sodium (Depakote) treatment as compared with Lithium A. More significant side effects B. No efficacy in controlling manic symptoms C. Cannot be combined with other medication treatments D. Not as effective at preventing relapse

D. Not as effective at preventing relapse

The transdiagnostic model of eating disorders identifies _______ as the core feature common to all eating disorders A. The ideal internalization B. Negative affect C. Obsessionality D. Overevaluation of eating/shape/weight

D. Overevaluation of eating/shape/weight

The research on pharmacological treatments of AN suggest A. Antipsychotics are the preferred treatment B. Antidepressants are the preferred treatment C. Benzodiazepines are the preferred treatment D. There is no medication preferred for the treatment of AN

D. There is no medication preferred for the treatment of AN

•Which of the following brain regions has been implicated in PTSD? a. Amygdala b. Medical prefrontal cortex (mPFC) c. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) d. Hippocampus e. All of the above

E. All of the above

•Which of the following is an example of an executive neurocognitive process? a.Task delegation b.Prepulse inhibition c.Visual Scanning d.Interference control

Interference control

•Which of the following is not a feature of dialectical behavior therapy? a.Weekly psychotherapy sessions b.Interpretation of countertransference c.24-hour therapist availability d.Skills training in a group format

Interpretation of countertransference??

•Which of the following is not a common characteristic of individuals with BPD? a.Antagonism and hostility b.Lack of stable self image c.Trouble with empathy d.Lack of interest in social relationships

Lack of interest in social relationships

•Although DBT is extremely popular treatment, Bateman and Fonagy(2010) developed a new therapeutic approach called: a.Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) b.Schema-focused therapy (SFT) c.Mentalization-based Therapy (MBT) d.Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT)

Mentalization based threapy

•Which of the following is not mentioned as a potential core etiological feature of BPD? a.Psychoticism b.Affective instability c.Disinhibition d.Negative affectivity

Psychoticism

•Which of the following is the least common form of attachment in BPD individuals? a.Anxious b.Dismissive c.Secure d.Fearful

Secure

•A large overlap between BPD and mood disorders has led some to speculate that BPD is more appropriately regarded as a mood disorder variant a.True b.False

True

•What is a commonly held explanation for the increased prevalence of female BPD patients in treatment samples? a.Women tend to have higher levels of impulsivity and thus are more likely to have dangerous BPD symptoms b.Women are more likely to engage in self-harm c.Women are more likely to seek treatment in general d.Men are more likely to meet 4 rather than 5 symptom criteria

Women are more likely to seek treatment in general

•Which of the following is the best example of an "invalidating" response from a parent as per Linehan's biosocial-developmental model? a."You've always been a failure and you'll always be a failure." b."Mommy wont love you if you don't finish your meal." c."You don't love your father, you hate him." d."Everyone out there wants to hurt you."

You don't love your father, you hate him

•Behavioral activation therapy is efficacious in treating depression by a. Decreasing avoidance and increasing the likelihood of experiencing positive reinforcement in the environment b. Cognitive restructuring of enduring negative cognitive patterns c. Electrical stimulation of the subgenual cingulate d. Altering HPA axis reactivity in response to traumatic stress

a. Decreasing avoidance and increasing the likelihood of experiencing positive reinforcement in the environment

•Which of the following make assessment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD) a difficult task? Choose all that apply a. Many methods refer to differences from "normal" or "usual" state, which is often a depressed state for these patients b. Difficult to assess course using current assessment methods (e.g. Structured interviews, rating scales, self-reports) c. There are no rating or self-report scales developed specifically for chronic mood disorders d. Using DSM-5, it is difficult to distinguish between PDD and MDD

a. Many methods refer to differences from "normal" or "usual" state, which is often a depressed state for these patients b. Difficult to assess course using current assessment methods (e.g. Structured interviews, rating scales, self-reports)

•Which of the following is true about the prevalence and global disease burden of MDD? a. The peak age of onset of the first episode of MDD has been decreasing and is currently between 15 and 29 years of age b. Lifetime prevalence rates of MDD are equal for men and for women c. The global disease burden of MDD, including financial costs for treatment, use of social and medical services, impairment at work and absenteeism, and economic costs in society, is expected to decrease d. The prevalence of MDD appears to have decreased among recent birth cohorts and in the population in general.

a. The peak age of onset of the first episode of MDD has been decreasing and is currently between 15 and 29 years of age

•Among Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), MDD is the most prevalent form of depression a. True b. False

a. True

•Chronic depression is associated with more extreme normal-range personality traits a. True b. False

a. True

•Individuals with chronic depression are more likely to have a family history of depression among first-degree relatives, compared to individuals with nonchronic MDD a. True b. False

a. True

•Which of the following is considered to be the "frontline" pharmacological treatment for PTSD? a.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) b.Antidepressants c.Antiadrenergics d.Mood stabilizers

a.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

•Which of the following is not one of the common challenges for clinicians treating BPD clients? a.Symptoms are not seen as distressing by the client b.Client is mistrustful of the clinician c.Client engages in behaviors that threaten the clinician's ability to continue seeing the client d.Client fails to improve unless they receive long-term and intensive therapy

a.Symptoms are not seen as distressing by the client

•Although more time-consuming, diagnostic interviews are considered to be a more valid diagnostic strategy for assessing PTSD than self-report measures alone. a.True b.False

a.True

•Persons with chronic depression have greater comorbidity with anxiety, substance use, and personality disorders than person with nonchronic MDD a.True b.False

a.True

•What is posttraumatic stress disorder... a.Now considered an anxiety disorder is the DSM 5 b. Considered a disorder of nonrecovery from trauma c. Is more likely to occur after a natural disaster than in cases of sexual abuse d. Typically develops with significant delay after a traumatic event occurs

b. Considered a disorder of nonrecovery from trauma

•PDD is more prevalent in males than in females. a. True b. False

b. False

•Negative reinforcement a. Decreases a behavior with the addition of an aversive stimulus b. Increases a behavior with the removal of an aversive stimulus c. Increases a behavior with the addition of a pleasant stimulus d. Decreases a behavior with the removal of a pleasant stimulus

b. Increases a behavior with the removal of an aversive stimulus

•All of the following factors or processes are thought to play a role in the maintenance of PTSD, except a.Avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event b. Retraumatization from retelling the story of the traumatic event c.Negative emotions such as anger, guilt, hopelessness, fear, and anxiety d.Lack of social support

b. Retraumatization from retelling the story of the traumatic event

•In the behavioral model of depression, which of the following is thought to contribute to the etiology and maintenance of depression? a.Deficiencies in norepinephrine (NE) signaling b.A reduction in behaviors that elicit positive reinforcement from the environment and an increase in avoidance behaviors c.Information-processing deficits and enduring negative cognitive patterns d.Explanatory styles for negative events that are external, specific, and temporary

b.A reduction in behaviors that elicit positive reinforcement from the environment and an increase in avoidance behaviors

•HPA axis dysregulation is responsible for a deficiency in central nervous system concentration or receptor function of serotonin and norepinephrine. a.True b.False

b.False

•PTSD has the highest and most diverse rate of comorbid disorders, with the most frequent comorbid disorder being a.Alcohol abuse/dependence b.Major depressive disorder c.Generalized anxiety disorder d.Panic Disorder

b.Major depressive disorder

•Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has the most evidence for successfully treating PTSD. Which of the following therapies fall under this theoretical umbrella i.Prolonged exposure (PE) ii.Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) iii.Emotional-Focused Coping (EFC) iv.Stress Inoculation Therapy (SIT) a.i and ii b.i, ii, and iv c.i, ii, and iii d.ii, iii, and iv

b.i, ii, and iv

•Which of the following statements best describes the gender differences in PTSD a. Men are more likely to carry a diagnosis of PTSD than women, due to their higher rates of overall exposure to lifetime trauma b. Rape is more likely to cause PTSD in women than in men c. Recent studies with war veterans suggest no gender differences in overall number of traumatic events or in the rates of PTSD

c. Recent studies with war veterans suggest no gender differences in overall number of traumatic events or in the rates of PTSD

•Disruptions in cognition and memory are at the core of PTSD pathology. Which of the following are examples of this phenomenon i. Involuntary intrusive memories related to the traumatic event ii. Thought suppression iii. Beliefs about the self as being incompetent iv. Hyperorganized and detailed narratives about the traumatic experience a. i and ii b. i, ii, and iv c. i, ii, and iii d. ii, iii, and iv

c. i, ii, and iii

•The following life events could meet the seriousness requirement of a traumatic disorder.... a.Learning that one's spouse was involved in a motor vehicle accident b.Being robbed at gunpoint c.Exposure to authentic war-time murders during the Holocaust d.Hearing about the details of the murder of one's cousin

c.Exposure to authentic war-time murders during the Holocaust

•The learned helplessness model of depression can be attributed to a. Beck and Ellis b. Linehan and Miller c. Skinner, Ferster, and Lewinsohn d. Seligman and Abramson

d. Seligman and Abramson

•Depression is associated with a. Biased attention toward sad rather than angry, neutral, or happy faces b. Difficulty shifting attention from one task to another c. Self-focused attention accompanied by a repetitive focus on negative emotional causes, symptoms, and consequences d. All of the above

d. all of the above

•Which of the following are examples of cognitive distortions that help depressed individuals maintain their negative cognitive schemas, even in the face of contradictory evidence? a.Arbitrary inference: drawing negative conclusions in the absence of corroborating evidence b.Selective abstraction: concentrating on one detail about a situation and ignoring others, thereby not seeing the whole picture c.All or nothing thinking: viewing things in black-and-white terms, rather than as occurring on a continuum d.All of the above

d.All of the above