Disease Prevention and Control Mini Exam 6

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Which of the following is/are treatment options for cancer? Please select all that apply.

- Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiation - Immunotherapy - Precision medicine - Irradiation - Hormonal therapy

Cells, such as those in our lungs work together to perform a certain task.

TRUE

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin no longer being produced?

Type I

Which of the following is true about prediabetes?

- A condition in which blood glucose levels are elevated, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. - Having this condition increased one's risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. - Reversible if caught and treated early. - Risk factors include being overweight/obesity, 45 years old or older, inactivity, having gestational diabetes, and genetics.

Which of the following is true about insulin resistance?

- A condition in which body cells resist insulin, even though it is present in adequate amounts; blood glucose levels are therefore high - If not treated, it can to prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - Signs of severe IR are the presence of dark skin patches on the neck, elbows, knees, knuckles, or armpits. - Risk factors include being overweight or obesity in the visceral (abdomen) area, 45 years old or older, inactivity, and smoking.

Which of the following is a prevention method for cancer (in general)? Please select all that apply.

- Education about healthy living - Medications - Vaccinations - Screening tests - Treatment for infections that may lead to cancer - Surgery

Which of the following is true about obesity? Please select all that apply.

- It is classified as a disease - Visceral (abdomen) obesity is of most concern, as research has shown that excessive body fat in this area is strongly associated with several chronic disease risk.

Which of the following is an obesity treatment modality? Please select all that applies.

- Weight management programs that emphasize healthy eating, physical activity, and other means to obtain overall wellness. - Intensive behavior and diet therapy - Medications - Bariatric surgery for morbidly obese patients only

What happens when a cell has mutated DNA?

A and B (- it tries to fix the mutation - If a cell cannot fix it's damaged DNA, it will commit cellular suicide)

A BMI measure is limited in assessing disease risk in which of the following populations?

A and B (-Athletes and muscle builders as muscle is heavy and a high BMI in these populations may not necessarily mean a high disease risk (as muscle is not associated with disease risk whereas fat it).-In the elderly as a normal BMI may be underestimating disease risk)

Which of the following is true about cancer cells?

A and B (-they divide without receiving a signal to do so - their cell division continues uncontrollably which can lead to a mass of cells called a tumor)

Which of the following can cause a mutation?

All of the above

Which of the following is a treatment modality for treating lung cancer?

All of the above

Which of the following is true about the nucleus of the cell?

All of the above

Which of the following is true about the process of 'successful' metastasis?

All of the above

Tumors that stay in one place do it affect the surrounding tissues are said to be_____.

Benign

A normal cell divides uncontrollably

FALSE

Al the different types of cells in the body contain different DNA, or different instruction, to perform specific tasks.

FALSE

Pain is not an issue in any of the cancer treatment options.

FALSE

There are a limited, but very complex, number of cancers known.

FALSE

Tumors that invade surrounding tissues, but do not break away from the tumor site are____.

Malignant

Cells from the original tumor can break away and start new cancers at distant locations, a process called_____.

Metastisis

A tumor cell that was resistant to a drug or treatment may metastasize and the new tumor formed at the distant location will be unlikely to respond to the same treatment.

TRUE

All cancers are believed to be the result of changes to the DNA that alter critical genes that ultimately changes the behavior of the affected cells.

TRUE

An alteration in a gene is called a mutation.

TRUE

Angiogenesis is the process in which the tumor makes the body to provide them with nutrients by sending out signals that causes blood vessels to send extensions directly to them.

TRUE

Apoptosis means an orderly sequence of events that leads to cell death; apoptosis does not occur in cancer cells.

TRUE

Body cels have a certain function and life span, depending on where they are located in the body.

TRUE

Cancer can be characterized by abnormal cell growth that becomes invasive.

TRUE

Cancer can result if both copies of the inherited suppressor gene are damaged (or mutated).

TRUE

Cancer is a disease that begins when a single cell escapes from the regulation of its own cell division.

TRUE

Cancer is a long process that begins when one cell becomes damaged or altered in a way that causes it to break free from the normal controls that allow cells to work in harmony.

TRUE

Chemotherapy is a systematic therapeutic modality because it is administered through the circulatory (or blood vessel) system.

TRUE

Chemotherapy will kill any cell that is dividing rapidly. This includes cancer cells, but also blood cells, hair, and cells of the digestive system causing side effects to these parts of the body (such as anemia, hair loss, and nausea/vomiting/loss of appetite/indigestion).

TRUE

Diabetes is a multifactorial disease; a person can't just 'give' themselves or cause diabetes.

TRUE

Diabetes is characterized by a partial or complete lack of insulin, or by the body cells resisting insulin, which results in high blood glucose.

TRUE

Diet and the development of obesity are large drivers of developing diabetes.

TRUE

Due to the high rate in which cancer cells accumulate mutations, a tumor is actually made up of many, slightly different cells that may not have the same sensitivity to the same drug or treatment.

TRUE

Ethnic variations in body composition should be considered when assessing a BMI measure for disease risk.

TRUE

Generally, a BMI of 21-29 is considered to be overweight and a BMI measure over 30 is considered to be obese.

TRUE

Genes known as tumor suppressors instruct the cell to stop dividing.

TRUE

Human body cells, regardless of their function, share the same general structure.

TRUE

Humans have two copies of each type of gene; one that was inherited from mom and the other that was inherited from dad.

TRUE

If a cell is not behaving as it should (due to 'bad' or altered DNA), the body has a process called apoptosis to get rid of these, which is an orderly process that brings about cell death.

TRUE

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to distant locations in the body from the original or primary tumor location.

TRUE

Obesity prevention includes an emphasis on healthy eating, physical activity, limiting screen time that promotes inactivity, stress reduction, and getting adequate sleep.

TRUE

Our organs, skin, muscles and are made of smaller units called cells

TRUE

Proto-oncogenes make products that lead cells to reproduce; mutations in these genes may lead the cell to continue to divide.

TRUE

Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill the cancer cells, and is administered as a (as much as possible) targeted therapeutic modality to prevent giving radiation to normal, healthy cells.

TRUE

Small lung cancers are more responsive to radiotherapy.

TRUE

Surgery for treating lung cancer works well when the cancer is confined, but if the cancer is in an advanced stage or has spread to other parts of the body, it is not a good treatment option.

TRUE

The stage of the lung cancer is usually determined from medical imaging, such as CAT or CT scan, a MRI, or a PET scan.

TRUE

The treatment options for lung cancer depends on the type of lung cancer and the stage of the disease progression.

TRUE

The type of lung cancer is determined typically by a sputum (spit and mucous) sample or a tissue biopsy (a sampling of the actual affected lung tissue).

TRUE

Unregulated cell division leads to a pile of cells that form a lump, or tumor.

TRUE

Waist circumference is measuring abdominal (visceral) fat; hence, it is an important measure to obtain to better assess disease risk beyond a simple BMI.

TRUE

Which of the following is characterizes gestational diabetes?

The baby born to a mom that experienced gestational diabetes during his/her pregnancy is at increased risk of developing childhood obesity and diabetes.

Which type of diabetes is characterized by the body not producing enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels at normal concentrations?

Type II


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