Disease Prevention and Control Mini Exam 6
Which of the following is/are treatment options for cancer? Please select all that apply.
- Surgery - Chemotherapy - Radiation - Immunotherapy - Precision medicine - Irradiation - Hormonal therapy
Cells, such as those in our lungs work together to perform a certain task.
TRUE
Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin no longer being produced?
Type I
Which of the following is true about prediabetes?
- A condition in which blood glucose levels are elevated, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. - Having this condition increased one's risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. - Reversible if caught and treated early. - Risk factors include being overweight/obesity, 45 years old or older, inactivity, having gestational diabetes, and genetics.
Which of the following is true about insulin resistance?
- A condition in which body cells resist insulin, even though it is present in adequate amounts; blood glucose levels are therefore high - If not treated, it can to prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - Signs of severe IR are the presence of dark skin patches on the neck, elbows, knees, knuckles, or armpits. - Risk factors include being overweight or obesity in the visceral (abdomen) area, 45 years old or older, inactivity, and smoking.
Which of the following is a prevention method for cancer (in general)? Please select all that apply.
- Education about healthy living - Medications - Vaccinations - Screening tests - Treatment for infections that may lead to cancer - Surgery
Which of the following is true about obesity? Please select all that apply.
- It is classified as a disease - Visceral (abdomen) obesity is of most concern, as research has shown that excessive body fat in this area is strongly associated with several chronic disease risk.
Which of the following is an obesity treatment modality? Please select all that applies.
- Weight management programs that emphasize healthy eating, physical activity, and other means to obtain overall wellness. - Intensive behavior and diet therapy - Medications - Bariatric surgery for morbidly obese patients only
What happens when a cell has mutated DNA?
A and B (- it tries to fix the mutation - If a cell cannot fix it's damaged DNA, it will commit cellular suicide)
A BMI measure is limited in assessing disease risk in which of the following populations?
A and B (-Athletes and muscle builders as muscle is heavy and a high BMI in these populations may not necessarily mean a high disease risk (as muscle is not associated with disease risk whereas fat it).-In the elderly as a normal BMI may be underestimating disease risk)
Which of the following is true about cancer cells?
A and B (-they divide without receiving a signal to do so - their cell division continues uncontrollably which can lead to a mass of cells called a tumor)
Which of the following can cause a mutation?
All of the above
Which of the following is a treatment modality for treating lung cancer?
All of the above
Which of the following is true about the nucleus of the cell?
All of the above
Which of the following is true about the process of 'successful' metastasis?
All of the above
Tumors that stay in one place do it affect the surrounding tissues are said to be_____.
Benign
A normal cell divides uncontrollably
FALSE
Al the different types of cells in the body contain different DNA, or different instruction, to perform specific tasks.
FALSE
Pain is not an issue in any of the cancer treatment options.
FALSE
There are a limited, but very complex, number of cancers known.
FALSE
Tumors that invade surrounding tissues, but do not break away from the tumor site are____.
Malignant
Cells from the original tumor can break away and start new cancers at distant locations, a process called_____.
Metastisis
A tumor cell that was resistant to a drug or treatment may metastasize and the new tumor formed at the distant location will be unlikely to respond to the same treatment.
TRUE
All cancers are believed to be the result of changes to the DNA that alter critical genes that ultimately changes the behavior of the affected cells.
TRUE
An alteration in a gene is called a mutation.
TRUE
Angiogenesis is the process in which the tumor makes the body to provide them with nutrients by sending out signals that causes blood vessels to send extensions directly to them.
TRUE
Apoptosis means an orderly sequence of events that leads to cell death; apoptosis does not occur in cancer cells.
TRUE
Body cels have a certain function and life span, depending on where they are located in the body.
TRUE
Cancer can be characterized by abnormal cell growth that becomes invasive.
TRUE
Cancer can result if both copies of the inherited suppressor gene are damaged (or mutated).
TRUE
Cancer is a disease that begins when a single cell escapes from the regulation of its own cell division.
TRUE
Cancer is a long process that begins when one cell becomes damaged or altered in a way that causes it to break free from the normal controls that allow cells to work in harmony.
TRUE
Chemotherapy is a systematic therapeutic modality because it is administered through the circulatory (or blood vessel) system.
TRUE
Chemotherapy will kill any cell that is dividing rapidly. This includes cancer cells, but also blood cells, hair, and cells of the digestive system causing side effects to these parts of the body (such as anemia, hair loss, and nausea/vomiting/loss of appetite/indigestion).
TRUE
Diabetes is a multifactorial disease; a person can't just 'give' themselves or cause diabetes.
TRUE
Diabetes is characterized by a partial or complete lack of insulin, or by the body cells resisting insulin, which results in high blood glucose.
TRUE
Diet and the development of obesity are large drivers of developing diabetes.
TRUE
Due to the high rate in which cancer cells accumulate mutations, a tumor is actually made up of many, slightly different cells that may not have the same sensitivity to the same drug or treatment.
TRUE
Ethnic variations in body composition should be considered when assessing a BMI measure for disease risk.
TRUE
Generally, a BMI of 21-29 is considered to be overweight and a BMI measure over 30 is considered to be obese.
TRUE
Genes known as tumor suppressors instruct the cell to stop dividing.
TRUE
Human body cells, regardless of their function, share the same general structure.
TRUE
Humans have two copies of each type of gene; one that was inherited from mom and the other that was inherited from dad.
TRUE
If a cell is not behaving as it should (due to 'bad' or altered DNA), the body has a process called apoptosis to get rid of these, which is an orderly process that brings about cell death.
TRUE
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells to distant locations in the body from the original or primary tumor location.
TRUE
Obesity prevention includes an emphasis on healthy eating, physical activity, limiting screen time that promotes inactivity, stress reduction, and getting adequate sleep.
TRUE
Our organs, skin, muscles and are made of smaller units called cells
TRUE
Proto-oncogenes make products that lead cells to reproduce; mutations in these genes may lead the cell to continue to divide.
TRUE
Radiotherapy uses radiation to kill the cancer cells, and is administered as a (as much as possible) targeted therapeutic modality to prevent giving radiation to normal, healthy cells.
TRUE
Small lung cancers are more responsive to radiotherapy.
TRUE
Surgery for treating lung cancer works well when the cancer is confined, but if the cancer is in an advanced stage or has spread to other parts of the body, it is not a good treatment option.
TRUE
The stage of the lung cancer is usually determined from medical imaging, such as CAT or CT scan, a MRI, or a PET scan.
TRUE
The treatment options for lung cancer depends on the type of lung cancer and the stage of the disease progression.
TRUE
The type of lung cancer is determined typically by a sputum (spit and mucous) sample or a tissue biopsy (a sampling of the actual affected lung tissue).
TRUE
Unregulated cell division leads to a pile of cells that form a lump, or tumor.
TRUE
Waist circumference is measuring abdominal (visceral) fat; hence, it is an important measure to obtain to better assess disease risk beyond a simple BMI.
TRUE
Which of the following is characterizes gestational diabetes?
The baby born to a mom that experienced gestational diabetes during his/her pregnancy is at increased risk of developing childhood obesity and diabetes.
Which type of diabetes is characterized by the body not producing enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels at normal concentrations?
Type II