Dive Training

Regarding Regulators The first stage is the ___ of your regulator. It is a simple device that supplies air to all the other components. It connects to the cylinder valve either by... Either way, an o-ring forms the air-tight seal between the first stage and the ___. The first stage reduces cylinder pressure to an intermediate pressure, which is ___ bar/___ psi above the surrounding pressure.

-"hub" -screwing into it, or with a yoke (clamp system). -cylinder valve -7-10 bar/100-150 psi

BCD Options: (list 4) Page 52

-Buoyancy Capacity -Pockets and D-Rings -Should Quick Release -Colors and Style

Regarding different options for vision impaired:

-Do without -Wear contact lenses -Prescription Mask -"Readers"

Get a snorkel made specifically for divers so it has the features you need. Adjust it to fit comfortably in your mouth with the top at the crown of your head. Optional features and considerations include:

-Flexible Lower Portion -Self-Drain Valve -Splash Guard -Color

The modern BCD has evolved from separate components that function best as a single unit. Its components include: (list 5) Page 52

-Inflatable Bladder -Cylinder Band and Harness/Jacket -LPI (Lower-Pressure Inflator) Monitor -Overpressure/Quick Exhaust Valves -Weight System

Among masks that fit, these features are desirable:

-Low profile -Wide vision field -Silicone color -Frame Color

Regarding fins, optional features and considerations include:

-Material -Split Fins -Vents -Quick-Release Straps -Spring Straps

It may look awkward, but a well-designed sidemount package is highly streamlined, well-balanced and comfortable. It has several benefits that some divers like: (List 4)

-Out of the water, it is often easier to transport two smaller cylinders instead of one larger one. -Since you usually put the cylinders on after entering the water, sidemount is a good option for people with lower-back issues and some types of limited mobility. -You can use two normal sized cylinders for long dives in warm, shallow water. -Two cylinders and regulators are ideal for air supply emergencies.

Buoyancy force is caused by the water displaced (pushed aside) by the object, and is equal to the weight of the water displaced. There are 3 types of buoyancy:

-Positive -Neutral -Negative

Regarding Regulator Options, other considerations and options include: (List 4) Page 55

-Yoke or DIN -Adjustable Second Stage -Dive/Predive Switch -Cold-Water First Stage

There are two basic fin styles:

-adjustable strap -full-foot

Once your gear is suitable, comfortable, and fits, there are four secondary considerations:

-costs and features -serviceability -color and style -accessories

The 3 major body air spaces affected (while diving) are:

-ears -sinuses -mask

Because scuba supplies air at the surrounding pressure, your lungs are at normal volume at depth. When ascending, the air in your lungs (constricts or expands?), but this is not a problem when you breathe normally. Your lungs stay at their normal volume because you release expanding air with each ___.

-expands -exhalation

Primary two considerations in choosing fins are:

-fit -blade size

To be a scuba diver, you need adequate swimming skills. Prior to your second open water dive, you will demonstrate that you can float or tread water without aid for (How long?), and prior to certification, that you can swim (How far?) with no aids, or (How far?) with mask, fins, and snorkel.

-float for 10 minutes -200 metres/yard with no aid -300 metres/yards with mark, fin, and snorkel

Some divers prefer an alternate inflator regulator, which combines a ___ with your ___. If needed, you switch to it and pass your buddy the primary second stage from your mouth. This is usually a part of your BCD when your kit is disassembled.

-second stage with your BCD low-pressure inflator

The three most important considerations when choosing scuba gear are:

-suitability -fit -comfort

You'll learn to use two pieces of equipment to control your buoyancy:

-weight system -Buoyancy Control Device

How much weight you need depends upon:

-your gear -your physical characteristics -whether you're diving in fresh or salt water.

Give the Pressure, Air Volume, and Air Density for each Depth: 0 m/0ft: 10m/33ft: 20m/66ft: 30m/99ft 40m/132ft:

0m/0ft: 1 bar/ata; AV = 1; AD = 1 10m/33ft: 2 bar/ata; AV = 1/2; AD = 2 20m/66ft: 3 bar/ata; AV = 1/3; AD = 3 30m/99ft: 4 bar/ata; AV = 1/4; AD = 4 40m/132ft: 5 bar/ata; AV = 1/5; AD = 5

A depth change of 10 m/33 feet causes a pressure change of: __bar/__ ata

1 bar/ata

Give the depth for each pressure: 1 bar/ata: 2 bar/ata: 3 bar/ata: 4 bar/ata: 5 bar/ata:

1 bar/ata = 0m/0ft 2 bar/ata = 10m/33ft 3 bar/ata = 20m/66ft 4 bar/ata = 30m/99ft 5 bar/ata = 40m/132ft

Your Scuba Kit (Or "Scuba Unit") forms the core of your underwater life support and is actually four equipment systems integrated into a single package:

1. BCD 2. Regulator 3. Cylinder 4. Weight System

Your regulator consists of 5 components:

1. First Stage 2. Second Stage 3. Alternate Air Source 4. Low-Pressure Inflator Hose 5. The SPG/Computer

Besides general maintenance, BCDs have two additional steps. The first is to rinse the inside and outside of the bladder with fresh water. Fill it with (How much volume?) of water, then the rest of the way with air. Slosh the water around, and then drain it through the ____ and through each quick dump (If you can manually activate them. The second consideration is that you store most BCDs (How inflated?). This helps keep the bladder from sticking together inside.

1/3rd with water -LPI exhaust -partially inflated

Underwater, you're under more pressure because water also has weight, which combines with the atmosphere's weight (pressure). Because water is much denser and heavier than air, __ metres/__ feet exerts the same pressure as the whole atmosphere. Therefore, the pressure increases/decreases...

10 metres/33 feet -the pressure increases by one bar/ata for each 10 metres/33 feet you descend (go down). It will decrease one bar/atmosphere for every 10 metres/33 feet you ascend.

Prior to the start of the course, you must be at least __ years old. After certification, they must dive with a parent/guardian or PADI professional to a maximum depth of ____

10 years old 12 metres/40 feet Page 10

As a newly certified PADI Open water diver, I will be trained to dive with a buddy as deep as ____

18 metres/60 feet

If you take 6 litres of air from the surface of 20m/66ft, the volume will be ___ liters The density of air in the previous question would be ___ the density at the surface.

2 liters 3x

It takes about __ times the energy to breathe twice as fast.

4 times the energy

Equalization is the process of: A. Adding air to an air space B. Removing air from an air space C. Reducing the surrounding pressure D. Increasing the surrounding pressure.

A. Adding air to an air space

The ___ (or "octopus") is an extra second stage you use for sharing air with a buddy should the need arise. The most popular alternate air source is a standard second stage on a longer hose. If needed, you pass it to your buddy to share air. Many are brightly colored so a buddy can locate them easily.

Alternate Air Source

To actually change your buoyancy during a dive, you use your ___. Inflating it and deflating it increases and decreases your volume (or ___). This adjusts your buoyancy so you can be positively, negatively, or neutrally buoyant when you want.

BCD (Buoyancy Control Device) -how much water you displace

___ cancels the pull of gravity, allowing you to "fly" and feel "weightless".

Buoyancy

____ means you can wear the item for an hour or more without a significant distraction due to its feel or configuration.

Comfort

A ___ holds a layer of air around your body during the dive.

Dry Suit

You can easily prvent squeezes. Do this by adding air to the air spaces as you descend. This keeps their pressure equal with the outside pressure, so they stay at their normal volume. This is called ___.

Equalization

___ means the equipment is sized and adjusted for you. Many pieces of gear will not function, or function poorly, if they don't fit right.

Fit

Underwater, when I inhale, my buoyancy (Increases? Decreases? Stays the Same?)

Increases Slightly

A balloon fully inflated and sealed at 10 m/33ft would probably ___ during ascent to the surface.

Inflate/Burst

What can happen if you continue to descend with unequalized air?

It can lead to serious injuries.

The ___ hose is the hose that supplies air to your BCD inflator. When diving with a dry suit, you have two. You use the second to add air to the suit as you descend.

Low-Pressure Inflator (LPI)

If an object weighs more than the water it displaces, it sinks. This is ___.

Negative Buoyancy

If an object weighs the same as the water it displaces, it neither floats nor sinks. This is ___.

Neutral Buoyancy

When should you use earplugs when diving?

Never. They create air spaces that you can't equalize (the exceptions are special ear protectors made specifically for diving).

Can water be compressed?

No

If an object weighs less than the water it displaces, it floats. This is ___.

Positive Buoyancy

Salt water has dissolved minerals (salt) in it, so a given volume weighs (more or less?) than fresh water.

Salt water weighs more than fresh water.

Divers have worn scuba cylinders on their back for decades-but there's a "newer" option: You wear at least one, but usually two, cylinders on your sides instead of your back.

Sidemount

Your snorkel goes on the (left or right?) side of the mask strap using its clip, slot or keeper. What is on the other side?

Snorkel will go on the left side. Regulator goes on the right side.

If you don't adjust for increasing pressure compressing a body air space, you can get a ___. This causes discomfort and, if not corrected, can cause injury by pressure imbalance that pushes tissues into an air space. This happens because there is greater pressure outside the air space than inside it.

Squeeze

What happens if you can't equalize?

Stop your descent immediately. Signal your buddy(ies) or instructor. Signal "problem" and point to your ear Ascend slightly until discomfort passes and try again. After you equalize, descend more slowly, equalizing more frequently.

Regarding Regulators The ___ tells you the air pressure remaining in your cylinder so you can manage your air supply.

Submersible Pressure Gauge (SPG)

___ means that the equipment is appropriate for you and the dive. If planning a dive in cool water, your short sleeve wet suit (perfectly suitable for tropical diving), may not be suitable

Suitability

When I descend, my buoyancy tends to (increase or decrease?). When I ascend, my buoyancy tends to (increase or decrease?)

When I ascend, my buoyancy tends to decrease. When I ascend, my buoyancy tends to increase.

Adjustable fins are open at the heel and straps hold them in place. You usually wear wet suit boots with adjustable fins, which provide warmth and foot protection when walking on shore or a boat deck.

Yep

Air Volume and Density change proportionately with pressure. This means if you go from the surface to 10 m/33 feet, you double the pressure to 2 bar/ata (1 air plus 1 water), a given air volumes , and its density doubles. If you go to 20 m/66 feet, the pressure is at 3 bar/ata (1 air plus 2 water). An air volume would be 1/3 the surface volume, and the density would triple.

Yep

Discomfort in the ears as you descend is from an air squeeze. It is caused by pressure pushing your eardrum and surrounding tissues inward. A pulling or sucking sensation on your face is from a mask squeeze. Discomfort in your cheeks, central forehead and along the nose is from a sinus squeeze. Other squeezes are possible but not common

Yep

Full-foot fins enclose the heel and fit like snug shoes or slippers. You usually wear full-foot fins with bare feet or thin fin socks, so they're for warm water use. Full-foot fins have different blade sizes-some are suited to scuba, but others are best for snorkeling only.

Yep

Pony Bottles and Self-Contained Ascent Bottles are small cylinders with their own regulators, so they're completely separate from your main scuba kit. You can use them yourself or share them with another diver. A self-contained ascent bottle has just enough air to reach the surface and usually attaches to your BCD harness. Pony bottles hold more air, but they're bigger. You typically strap them to your main cylinder or clip them to BCD D-rings.

Yep

You'll begin learning to use your BCD during your first confined water dive.

Yep

I want to adjust my mask so the strap rests...

above my ears, over the crown of my head

Regarding Regulators The simplest SPG is a hose with a mechanical gauge that reads the pressure in bar (metric) or psi (Imperial, pounds per square inch). It may have other instruments attached in a console. Your SPG may also be built into your dive computer (called an ____) rather than be a separate instrument. Some air-integrated computers are hoseless and use a transmitter to send air supply information from the first stage to your dive computer.

air-integrated computer

Buoyancy is...

an upward force acting on an object in water, which is why you feel "lighter" in water.

Gas forming in the stomach/intestines during a dive can cause discomfort on ascent if it doesn't pass. You prevent this by...

avoiding gas-producing foods prior to diving, and not swallowing air while diving.

To equalize your mask... This is why you can't use goggles for scuba diving....

blow air into it through your nose as you descend. -they don't enclose your nose, so you can't equalize them

Expanding air can cause serious lung overexpansion (lung rupture) injuries. For this reason, the most important rule in scuba diving is to... Even slight pressure changes, as little as ___, can cause these injuries if you were to ascend while holding your breath.

breathe continuously and never, ever hold your breath. -a metre/2-3 feet

An unequalized mask can cause...

bruising around your eyes. Not serious, but appears dramatic

Reverse blocks can result from using a __ to dive with a cold or allergy. During the dive, this can wear off and the congestion can trap air in the ears and/or sinuses. (Again, don't dive with cold/allergy congestion, even with medications.)

decongestant

If you have a cold or allergy... Can you use cold medications?

don't dive. they can cause congestion that might block normal air flow and may make equalization of body air passages difficult or impossible. It is not recommended to use cold medication because they can wear off during a dive, and cause equalization problems as you ascend. Wait until you're well.

Similarly, a wet suit hood that seals too tightly against an ear can act like an ___. If so, pull the hood away from your ear momentarily.

earplug

The most important considering in choosing a regulator is ___.

ease of breathing

Equalize every metre/few feet, BEFORE you feel discomfort. If you wait until you feel discomfort....

equalization may be difficult or impossible. When you equalize as often as you should, you don't feel discomfort or pain.

Ear injuries include...

fluid accumulating in the middle ear, and eardrum rupture.

When skin diving (breath-hold diving), your lungs compress as you descend, but they are designed to do this. The only possible concerns are...

if you were to descend after exhaling completely, or if you were to breath-hold dive VERY deep (60 m/200 ft or more). These are unlikely for most heroes.

If you feel discomfort in any air space during ascent....

immediately stop or slow your ascent. Descent a metre/few feet to reduce the discomfort and give the trapped air time to work its way out. Ascend more slowly, giving the expanding gas time to exit.

To check for proper fit, you can place most masks gently against your face and...

inhale slightly through your nose. They should stay in place with light suction without pushing or twisting to make a seal.

Prepare your BCD by adjusting it to fit snugly, but not too tightly, ideally while wearing your exposure suit. Your instructor will help you with this. After adjusting the BCD, fully inflate it to be sure it doesn't restrict breathing. If it does... Attach a whistle near the ____ where you can get to it easily, and as necessary, attach hose retainers for regulator components.

it's too tight -LPI (Low Pressure Indicator)

The Most Important Rule in Scuba Diving. Expanding air in your ___ is most important.

lungs

As a prudent precaution, before any inwater training, you'll complete a ___ that screens for conditions that a physician should evaluate.

medical statement

Equalize every ____, before you feel discomfort. When you equalize as often as you should, you don't feel discomfort or pain.

metre/few feet

Because Salt Water weighs more, it causes (more or less) buoyancy

more buoyancy-more upward force

Your weight system holds just enough lead weight to...

offset your positive buoyancy. You need this because most people float, and some of your gear (like a wet suit) also floats.

At sea level the pressure is fairly uniform, and expressed as one ___ or one ___

one bar (metric) or one atmosphere (imperial-abbreviated ata)

If during descent you were to hold your breath, blocking your airway, your lungs would...

over expand. They would be much like a balloon filled and sealed at depth, which expanding air would burst during ascent.

Lung overexpansion injuries are difficult to treat and can cause ___ and ___ by forcing air into the bloodstream and chest cavities. Treatment usually requires ___ in a chamber as soon as possible. However, diving commonly takes place several hours (or more) from a recompression chamber.

paralysis and death -recompression (being put back under pressure)

To equalize your ears and sinuses... It also helps to...

pinch your nose and blow gently against it. This sends air from your throat into your ears and sinuses. -wiggle jaws side to side and/or swallowing

Use just enough weight to allow you to descent, but you shouldn't sink ___.

rapidly

A ____ results when expanding air becomes trapped in a body air space.

reverse block (also called a reverse squeeze)

Regarding Regulators You breathe from the ___. It reduces the first stage intermediate pressure to the pressure around you and delivers air only when you inhale (on demand). It was (One way or two way?) valves that vent your exhalation. The ___ button lets you manually release air from your cylinder.

second stage -one way valves -purge button

Regarding Regulators Your primary consideration when choosing an alternate air source is deciding between: The extra second stage and the alternate inflator regulator are the simplest alternate air sources regarding setup and care because they're part of your regulator and/or BCD. They add the (most or least?) bulk to your kit and you typically select these with your regulator.

simplicity and independence -least

As you go deeper, to avoid overspending energy, take...

slow, deep breaths.

What do you do if you can't equalize?

stop the dive

Increasing pressure may affect other body air spaces as you descend. It's very rare, but an air space can develop in filled teeth and cause discomfort. If this happens...

stop your descent because you can't equalize this air space. See your dentist to correct the air space; regular dentist checkups help avoid this problem.

Increasing pressure compresses the air inside a dry suit, but you learn to equalize this space in the Dive Course. Your lungs are a large air space, but scuba provides air at the surrounding pressure. So you don't need to do anything special to equalize your lungs other than...

to breathe normally and continuously.

Eardrum rupture underwater can cause severe ____, and requires medical treatment.

vertigo (dizziness and loss of balance)