Drug Education Ch.5-8
refers to a major disturbance of normal intellectual and social functioning, which involves loss of contact with reality.
psychosis
Identify an accurate statement about amyl nitrite, which is an inhalant drug.
Inhaling its vapors relaxes the coronary arteries.
Blank______ is the term used to include several symptoms: trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early.
Insomnia
Identify a consequence of the 1963 Community Mental Health Act.
It accelerated the movement of patients out of mental hospitals.
Identify a true statement about lithium, which is used in treating mental disorders.
It acts as a mood-normalizing agent in individuals with bipolar illness.
Identify a true statement about chlordiazepoxide.
It has a longer duration of action than phenobarbital.
Identify an accurate statement about the molecular structure of methamphetamine.
It has a methyl group added to the basic amphetamine structure.
The theory behind administering an intravenous dose of thiopental sodium to patients with mental disorders during the 1920s was that Blank______.
a reduction in inhibitions would enable the patient to express repressed thoughts
The best available treatment for narcolepsy seems to be to keep the patient awake during the day with Blank______.
amphetamines
Identify an advantage of using the antipsychotic drug clozapine for treating mental disorders.
It produces much less pseudoparkinsonism than the other drugs.
Identify a true statement about Rohypnol, or flunitrazepam, which is a depressant drug.
It produces profound intoxication in combination with alcohol.
Identify an accurate statement about Librium, a depressant drug.
It was marketed as a more selective antianxiety agent that produced less drowsiness than barbiturates.
Which of the following is true of cocaine's mechanism of action?
Its behavioral effects likely depend on an interaction of multiple neurotransmitters.
Identify a true statement about tardive dyskinesia, which is a complication of antipsychotic drug treatment.
Its symptoms persist and sometimes increase when medication is stopped.
Which of the following is true of the addictive potential of cocaine?
Most of the cocaine users use the drug without experiencing functional impairments.
Sigmund Freud recommended cocaine as a treatment for Blank______ addiction.
morphine
The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 reduced the sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine to Blank______.
18:1
Under the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, the amount of crack cocaine required to trigger a five-year sentence is at least Blank______ grams.
28
Identify a true statement about the civil rights of patients in mental health facilities in the United States.
A hearing is required before a person is committed to treatment against his or her wishes.
In the context of the features of sleeping pills, which of the following is a principle on which hypnotic drug therapy is based?
A large enough dose is taken to help one get to sleep more quickly.
The physical symptoms of anxiety are often associated with the activation of the Blank______.
ANS
Identify a provision of the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986.
An individual convicted of selling five grams of crack cocaine would be required to serve a minimum sentence of five years in prison.
Identify the countries that are the primary source of illicit cocaine in the United States.
Bolivia Colombia Peru (South America)
Identify the drugs, which were initially developed as anticonvulsants, that are being used as mood stabilizers.
Depakote Tegretol Lamictal
Identify a true statement about the medical model of mental illness.
Diagnosis of a mental disorder is based on a set of symptoms that appear in patients.
Identify the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SSNRIs.
Effexor Cymbalta
True or false: Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is ineffective in treating patients with mental disorders who do not respond to medication.
False
True or false: In the context of depressant drugs, chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolized to formaldehyde, which is the active hypnotic agent.
False
Benzodiazepine receptors are always near receptors for the neurotransmitter Blank______.
GABA, or γ-amino butyric acid
The racial rhetoric establishing a bogus connection between Black cocaine users and depraved acts against white people was a major contributor to the passage of the 1914 Blank______.
Harrison Act
Methaqualone is currently a Schedule Blank______ controlled drug.
I
In 1970, meprobamate became a Schedule Blank______ controlled substance.
IV
______ was the first tricyclic antidepressant.
Imipramine
In the context of Z-drugs, identify a true statement about zolpidem or Ambien.
It has a rapid onset of action.
Identify a true statement about meprobamate as a depressant drug.
It has been largely replaced by benzodiazepines.
In the context of depressant drugs, identify the true statements about chloral hydrate.
It is a gastric irritant. It has a short onset period when taken orally.
Identify a true statement about electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT.
It is a rapid and effective way to reduce symptoms of depression.
Identify an accurate statement about nitrous oxide, which is a gaseous anesthetic.
It is one of the safest anesthetics when used properly.
Identify an accurate statement about Prozac.
It is safer than the tricyclic antidepressants in that it is less likely to lead to overdose deaths.
Identify a true statement about schizophrenia.
It is translated as shattered mind.
Identify a disadvantage of using the antipsychotic drug clozapine for treating mental disorders.
It produces a deadly suppression of white blood cell production.
Identify a true statement about the intravenous use of cocaine.
It produces a rapid and brief effect.
Identify a true statement about paraldehyde, which was used in the treatment of mental disorders.
It produces little respiratory depression.
______ is a sleep disorder in which individuals do not sleep normally at night and in the daytime experience uncontrollable episodes of muscular weakness and falling asleep.
Narcolepsy
Blank______ has an extremely noxious taste and an odor that permeates the breath of the user.
Paraldehyde
Which of the following became the most widely prescribed antidepressant in the 1990s?
Prozac
The evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of amphetamines and Blank______ in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, shows that these medications increase brain catecholamine activity.
Ritalin
is a chronic psychotic condition for which there is no known cause. There is a popular misconception that this condition means "split personality" or refers to individuals exhibiting multiple personalities.
Schizophrenia
Identify a true statement about sedatives and hypnotics.
Sedatives are used to reduce anxiety and to keep people calm and relaxed, whereas hypnotics are used to induce sleep.
Identify a true statement about the antidepressant effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
The antidepressant action exhibits a lag period in which a patient must be treated for about two weeks before improvement is seen.
Identify a true statement about the addictive potential of cocaine.
The majority of cocaine users do not—and will not ever—meet criteria for cocaine use disorder (addiction).
Identify a possible reason for paranoid psychosis in an heavy amphetamine user.
The psychosis results from dopaminergic stimulation.
Identify an advantage of using amphetamines in the treatment of depression.
Their antidepressant effects occur rapidly compared with standard antidepressant medications.
Identify a true statement about monoamine oxidase, or MAO, inhibitors.
They alter the normal metabolism of a dietary amino acid tyramine.
Identify a true statement about valproic acid, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine that are used as mood stabilizers.
They are particularly useful in people who might be susceptible to epileptic seizures.
Identify a true statement about Z-drugs, which is a class of depressant drugs.
They are referred to as nonbenzodiazepines.
Identify a true statement about selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSNRIs).
They have fewer other actions than tricyclic antidepressants.
Identify a true statement about young people who abuse barbiturates.
They tend to take these drugs to alter their consciousness.
As Librium was displaced by the newer, more potent Blank______, people saw increasing reports of its habitual use. Multiple choice question.
Valium
Identify the examples of anxiolytics.
Valium Ativan
Identify a factor that slowed the acceptance of lithium in the United States.
a bad reputation as a potentially lethal drug
Dora, a 21-year-old woman, is afraid of being in shops or theaters. She is also afraid of using public transportation. According to the DSM-V criteria for diagnosing anxiety disorders, she displays the symptoms of Blank______.
agoraphobia
In the context of the side effects of antipsychotics, which of the following is a disorder with high mortality rate that may develop in the early stages of treatment?
agranulocytosis
A great many cases of overdose deaths due to barbiturates is because of the combined effects of Blank______ and a depressant drug.
alcohol
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has several similarities with Blank______ withdrawal.
alcohol
Blank______ has become the most-prescribed hypnotic drug in the United States. Multiple choice question.
ambien
Characteristics of acute cocaine poisoning are similar to that of Blank______ overdose.
amphetamine
Ephedrine, an active ingredient in an herb called ma huang in China, is similar in structure to Blank______.
amphetamine
Which of the following kinds of prescription drugs is used to treat anxiety? Multiple choice question.
antidepresssants
Atypical antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic disorders in children because these antipsychotics Blank______.
are less likely to produce the side effects of pseudoparkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia
Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of Blank______.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
After the success of Librium, it was concluded that benzodiazepines were safer than and were as effective as Blank______.
barbiturates
Identify the depressant drugs used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
benzodiazepines barbiturates
The nonbenzodiazepine drug zolpidem, or Ambien, is considered a more specific hypnotic agent than triazolam because it Blank______.
binds selectively to the GABA-A receptor
In the context of antipsychotics used for treating mental disorders, Henri Laborit, a French surgeon, noted that chlorpromazine did not Blank______.
by itself induce drowsiness or a loss of consciousness
Powder and crack cocaine are qualitatively the same drug because powder cocaine Blank______, which will produce the onset of effects as rapid as smoking crack cocaine.
can be dissolved in water or saline and injected intravenously
Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, reduces the frequency of Blank______ or muscular weakness, which is a common symptom of narcolepsy.
cataplexy
The first benzodiazepine was Blank______, which was sold in low doses for daytime use.
chlordiazepoxide
The most effective drug among the phenothiazines is Blank______.
chlorpromazine
The origin of the earliest civilization in the Americas, the beginning around 5000 B.C. of what was to become the Inca Empire in Peru, has been traced to the use of Blank______.
coca
Identify the products introduced by Angelo Mariani in which he used an extract from the coca leaves.
coca lozenge coca tea
Identify a product developed by Angelo Mariani that made him rich and famous.
coca wine
Coca leaves contain, besides the oils that give them flavor, the active chemical Blank______.
cocaine
In an 1885 lecture before a group of psychiatrists, Sigmund Freud commented on the use of Blank______ as a stimulant.
cocaine
Excessively high levels of lithium in the blood can cause Blank______.
confusion and loss of coordination
Mixing cocaine with simple household chemicals, including baking soda and water, and then drying it resulted in a lump of smokable cocaine known as Blank______.
crack
One reaction to limited amphetamine availability in the 1970s was an increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine, which acquired the name "Blank______."
crank
It is theoretically possible to use any of the barbiturates, the benzodiazepines, or alcohol to halt the withdrawal symptoms from any other depressant because Blank______.
cross dependence
Amyl nitrite is used in emergency medicine as a treatment for Blank______.
cyanide poisoning
In the context of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, which of the following are most likely the characteristic symptoms observed in an individual who has schizophrenia?
delusions disorganized speech catatonic behavior
In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandated a black box warning regarding the use of antipsychotic drugs for behavior management in elderly patients with Blank______.
dementia
During the 1950s and early 1960s, amphetamines were the treatment of choice for Blank______.
depression and fatigue
In the context of the action mechanism of amphetamines, studies on laboratory animals implicate Blank______ in mediating amphetamine-related reinforcement.
dopamine
The ultimate mechanism of antipsychotic action is some response of the nervous system to repeated administration of Blank______ antagonists.
dopamine
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
dopamine and norepinephrine
Barbiturates are grouped according to their Blank______, which also happens to correspond to how quickly they act after being taken by mouth.
duration of action
True or false: According to studies, paranoid psychosis after high-dose IV use of amphetamine is primarily the result of the personality predisposition of a user.
false
True or false: According to the medical model of mental illness, the treatment for a disease is usually provided without understanding the cause.
false
True or false: Indefinite commitment of patients with mental disorders to a hospital was declared constitutional in 1975.
false
True or false: Parents of cocaine-exposed infants must not make too much eye contact with their babies because it overwhelms the child.
false
In the 1910s, a great proportion of the psychotic patients were suffering from Blank______, which is a syphilitic infection of the nervous system.
general paresis
Identify a consequence of consuming foods with a high tyramine content while taking monoamine oxidase, or MAO, inhibitors.
high blood pressure
Amphetamines are used to treat symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder because they Blank______.
improve concentration in hyperactive people
Identify a consequence of limited amphetamine availability due to tightened controls on legally manufactured amphetamines during the 1970s.
increase in the number of illicit laboratories making methamphetamine
It appears that humans in the Andes first settled down and formed communities around places where calcified lime could be mined. This was because the psychoactive effects of drugs can be made stronger by adding some calcified lime that helps Blank______.
increase the extraction of cocaine
Identify an impact of consuming cocaine repeatedly and at increasingly high doses.
increased irritability
A consequence of using cocaine during pregnancy is that it Blank______.
increases the risk for spontaneous abortion
Two major groups of Blank______ are the gaseous anesthetics and the nitrites, as well as volatile solvents.
inhalants
Cocaine is still used in surgery for the laryngeal and esophageal regions because it Blank______.
is absorbed well into mucous membranes
The view that anxiety Blank______ fits well with the medical model of mental illness.
is an internal state that causes mental disorders characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance
When news of Rohypnol being used as a date-rape drug emerged, the manufacturer changed the formulation of the drug so that Blank______.
it produces a characteristic color when dissolved in a drink
Identify the harmful effects caused by inhaling solvents.
kidney damage irritation of the respiratory tract severe headaches
When Blank______, the first benzodiazepine, was in its heyday, relatively little habitual use was reported.
librium
As a treatment for general paresis, which is a syphilitic infection of the nervous system, Blank______ was introduced in 1917.
malaria therapy
Since Blank______ was not seen as a major problem in the United States, acceptance of lithium took a while.
mania
Identify the major side effects of antipsychotics that involve the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway.
muscular rigidity facial tics Tremors of the hand
stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters
narcolepsy
In the 1920s, wealthier patients with mental disorders could afford a course of Blank______, in which barbiturates and other depressants were used to induce sleep for as long as a week or more.
narcosis therapy
Most antidepressants work by increasing the availability of either Blank______ at their respective synapses.
norepinephrine or serotonin
The first tricyclic antidepressants were discovered to interfere with the reuptake into the terminal of the neurotransmitters Blank______.
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
During the 1960s, physicians used injectable amphetamines to treat Blank______.
obesity
During the 1960s, hospital emergency rooms sometimes used methamphetamine in the liquid form to stimulate respiration in patients suffering from Blank______.
overdose of sleeping pills
In severe cases, chronic toxicity of cocaine can result in a full-blown Blank______, in which an individual loses touch with reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.
paranoid psychosis
Which of the following is a conventional antipsychotic drug?
perphenazine
In the 1960s, Japan handled the problem of methaqualone abuse by Blank______.
placing very strict restrictions on the prescribing of methaqualone
For a time, gamma hydroxybutyric acid, or GHB, was sold as a dietary supplement and taken mostly in fairly low doses by athletes and bodybuilders because it appears to Blank______.
play a role in general cellular metabolism
In the United States, Dr. W. S. Halsted, who was later referred to as the father of modern surgery, experimented with the ability of cocaine to Blank______.
produce local anesthesia
Identify a consequence of acute cocaine poisoning.
respiratory arrest
The typical cause of death associated with overdose of barbiturates is Blank______.
respiratory depression
According to studies, use of amphetamines and methylphenidate helps in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, by Blank______.
reversing catecholamine-associated deficits
Identify a consequence of abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsant medications.
seizures
Identify the neurotransmitters whose reuptake is blocked by cocaine.
serotonin norepinephrine dopamine
Identify an effect of high-dose exposure to fumes of substances containing volatile solvents. Multiple choice question.
slurred speech
According to research on the effects of amphetamines, students use amphetamines in order to Blank______.
stay awake and study longer
Ephedrine is often called a sympathomimetic drug because it Blank______.
stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
Amphetamines increase the activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by Blank______.
stimulating the release of these neurotransmitters
The term ______ means late-appearing abnormal movements and refers primarily to rhythmic, repetitive sucking and smacking movements of the lips and thrusting of the tongue in and out.
tardive dyskinesia
The 1914 Harrison Act led to a decline in cocaine use by Blank______.
taxing and regulating the production, importation, and distribution of coca products
The method of smoking cocaine by converting cocaine hydrochloride into freebase can be very dangerous because Blank______.
the combination of fire and ether fumes is extremely explosive
The idea behind the 1963 Community Mental Health Act was to provide Blank______.
treatment to patients with mental disorders closer to home in a more natural environment
In the context of the physiological problems caused by depressant drugs, the major concern is their tendency to Blank______.
true
True or false: In response to concerns about cocaine, President Ronald Reagan issued a proclamation designating October 1986 as Crack/Cocaine Awareness Month, and Congress passed the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1986.
true
True or false: Today, amphetamines are still used in the treatment of depression but mostly as an adjunctive therapy.
true
The effects of short-acting barbiturates last for Blank______.
two to three hours
Paraldehyde would probably be in great use today because of its effectiveness as a central nervous system, or CNS, depressant Blank______. Multiple choice question.
with little respiratory depression and a wide safety margin
Blank______ is a prescription drug used in the treatment of narcolepsy that contains gamma hydroxybutyric acid or GHB.
xyrem
Because the generic names of the most recent additions to the class of depressant drugs are hard to pronounce, they are often informally referred to as Blank______.
z-drugs
Among the Z-drugs, Blank______ quickly became the most widely prescribed hypnotic drug on the market.
zolpidem