Drug use as a social problem

According to the scientific data collected on the potential of a substance to cause dependence, it can be concluded that

some substances are more addictive than others

The 1960s experiments on drug use by monkeys concluded that

the drugs themselves positively reinforce the drug-taking behavior

______ dependence on a drug is defined by the presence of a withdrawal syndrome in the user.

physical

According to early medical models, dependence was characterized by the

presence of withdrawal symptoms

How does a regular drug user overcome his or her body's tolerance toward a particular drug to experience the desired effect of the drug?

increasing the dose of the drug

Identify a route of drug administration that puts users primarily at a higher risk of contracting dangerous viral diseases like HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.

injection

Psychological dependence can be defined in terms of

observable behaviors

Examination of the lives of alcohol-dependent individuals reveals that alcohol dependence

often exists within a dysfunctional family

________dependence on drugs is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use.

psychological

The animal research in the 1960s that led to the positive reinforcement model implied that ______ is critical to the development of frequent patterns of drug-using behavior.

psychological dependence

Before adopting a disease model for dependency based on the experiences of the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), psychiatrists had commonly assumed that alcohol use disorder was

secondary to another disorder

what is withdrawal syndrome?

A consistent set of symptoms that appears after discontinuing use of a drug

Identify an accurate statement about attributing cause of dependence to a substance. Multiple choice question. Dependence does not depend on any other factor apart from the very use of a substance. A substance itself is the entire cause of a dependence problem. A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem. Dependence is influenced by many factors excluding the very use of a substance.

A substance itself cannot be seen as the entire cause of a dependence problem.

Identify the diseases that are at an increased risk of transmission due to needle-sharing activities of intravenous drug users.

Aids and hepatitus

True or false: All drugs have reinforcing properties.

False

what is physical dependence

a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence

substance that is most commonly linked with criminal or violent behavior.

alcohol

what are the main concerns that motivated the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs.

crime, addiction and toxicity

what is the biopsychosocial perspective?

dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of these factors

Peele and others argued that substance use disorders should not be classified as diseases because they

do not have many of the characteristics of classic medical diseases

More than half of all federal prisoners are convicted on

drug charges

The basis for laws concerning drug use and drug users was the belief that

drug use causes crime

According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria for the diagnosis of substance use disorders, symptoms should appear within a period of three months.

false According to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria for the diagnosis of substance use disorders, symptoms should appear within a period of three months.

psychological dependence of a user on a drug is indicated by

frequent use of the drug, craving for the drug, and a tendency to relapse after quitting its use.

About one-fourth of those convicted of drug crimes reported that they had sold drugs to

get money for drugs

In the 1960s, scientists held that only ______ produced true addiction.

heroin

In the experiments conducted in the 1960s, monkeys and rats were connected to an apparatus so that pressing a lever would inject morphine into their body through

intravenous tubes

A criticism of the research work focused on explaining dependence through dopamine levels is that this model

is too simple

what is chronic toxicity?

long-term effects from repeated use of a drug

what is a sensation seeking scale?

measures a person's preference for variety, risk, and various physical sensations.

According to the founders of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), alcohol use disorder

needed to be recognized and treated as a primary problem

What is acute toxicity?

the short-term effects of a single dose of a drug

The phenomenon, seen with many drugs, in which repeated exposure to the same dose of the drug results in a lesser effect is known as

tolerance

Drugs are said to be Blank______ when they produce effects that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences.

toxic

According to the early medical models, when is the dependence on a drug said to be cured?

when a user no longer had withdrawal symptoms

what is a "true addiction"?

where physical dependence is included